Diagnostic Radiology Notes

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Computer Concepts and Applications – Computer Applications and Electronic Commerce CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Computer Concepts and Applications – Computer Applications and Electronic Commerce using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Computer Concepts and Applications – Computer Applications and Electronic Commerce 5 Use of Computer in Commerce 5.1 Data Processing Data is collection of facts- unorganized but able to organized in to useful information. Information is data arranged in an order.So Data Processing is a series of actions and operations that convert data into useful information. In the commercial world, data processing refers to the processing of data required to run organizations and businesses. 5.2 Files- a file is considered as a sequence of bytes, the operating system supplies routines that can read/write a specified number of bytes. file is a sequence of records of the same type. Records- file is a sequence of records of the same type. A record is a sequence of data bytes together with control information about the record's size and maybe some attributes.the unit of I/O operations is one or more record(s). File organization and access methods are separate but related concepts,organization refers to the internal structure, access method is an "allowed method" to read/write from/to the file. It may be possible to access a file in an access method other than the "natural" one. Possible file organizations are: Sequential – The info in file can be accessed only in the order it was written. The writing order defines the "natural" order of data, in simple cases the data will reside on the disk in consecutive locations. Relative – The file is a sequence of equal-sized "data cells" you can access any "cell" you want using its serial number, and the system will calculate the offset. Relative files are just like arrays [of structures] but instead of residing in main memory, they are recorded on a magnetic media. Indexed – The file is made of "data cells", not necessarily of the same size, and contain "indexes", lists of "pointers" to these cells arranged by some order. Standard FORTRAN 77 doesn't require that indexed files are to be implemented, but some vendors supply this nice extension. Computer application in Business: Needs and Scope:- It has great need to use computer applications in business. because world become a global market and everyone want to buy a good quality product and ideas. we can share our ideas through computer aplicantion sell our ideas and discuse about new product. Computer Application in various fields of Commerce: Almost every business uses computers to complete daily tasks. From making contact with clients to inputting data for reports, computers allow businesses a more efficient way to manage affairs when compared to traditional paper and manila folders. Businesses use a variety of different types of computers such as desktops, laptops, servers, smartphones and tablets, depending on their needs. With computers, employees are able to work anytime, anywhere. Communication Communication is key when gaining and maintaining clients and other important contacts. Computers give businesses access to email, instant messaging and custom customer contact systems. Computerized phone systems allow for automated support during off hours and a virtual operator can quickly direct callers to the correct department for faster support. Marketing Computers allow businesses to create websites, stunning ads and complete marketing campaigns. Marketing videos can be edited and custom ads created in-house with the use of specialized software. Businesses can completely develop and manage websites with their own servers or connect remotely to a third-party business to upload their latest content such as articles, product images and blog posts. Accounting Accounting without computers presents a high risk for human error. Accounting software allows businesses to simply input their financial data and instantly see gains and losses. All necessary tax reports are available the moment the data is entered. Using computers for invoicing, managing expenses and calculating payroll is vital for ensuring financial data is as accurate as possible. Storage Instead of filing cabinets, businesses are able to store millions of files using computers and servers. Data can be stored centrally for easy access from multiple computers or stored locally for individual use. Computerized storage saves space and provides a far more efficient organization strategy. With encryption, passwords and replace keys, data remains secure. Documents and Reports Most businesses have some sort of productivity software which typically includes a word processor and spreadsheet application. These two programs allow businesses to create reports, memos, tutorials and even colorful ads for company events. Spreadsheet applications give businesses the chance to organize, manage and calculate both numeric and alphabetic data. With charts and graphs, reporting becomes visual instead of text-based. Education Businesses use computers to help educate employees on software, company policy, standard procedures and safety. Instead of hiring teachers, computers can be used to educate employees at their own pace or through an online webinar with live questions and answers. This form of education fits the busy schedules of businesses without sacrificing the quality of the education. 5.3.1 Personal Administration (Human Resources) Personnel Administration, commonly known as Human Resources or HR, handles a great many issues in the workplace. The primary function is the recruiting selecting and hiring of new employees, but goes way beyond that in most companies. Human Resources is also responsible to see that workplace standards meet legal and ethical criteria, including the manner in which employees are treated by their supervisors. In some companies, HR is responsible for employee training, although this is often done by the department hiring the new employee. HR also administers employee benefits programs and keeps track of sick time and vacations. Employee guides are also created by Human Resources, usually with the assistance of an attorney knowledgeable in personnel law. Accounting Definition -The Systematic recording ,reporting and analysis of financial transactions of a business. Cost and Budgetary management:- Preparing a budget is an integral part of establishing

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Computer Concepts and Applications – Internet and Web Applications CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Computer Concepts and Applications – Internet and Web Applications using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Contents of This Topic Computer Concepts and Applications – Internet and Web Applications Financial Transaction Vertical Search Personalized Search Food/Recipes Video Games Popular Browsers Computer Concepts and Applications – Internet and Web Applications Internet and Internet Application 1.1 Introduction It is a worldwide system which has the following characteristics: Internet is a world-wide / global system of interconnected computer networks. Internet uses the standard Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Every computer in internet is identified by a unique IP address. IP Address is a unique set of numbers (such as 110.22.33.114) which identifies a computer’s location. A special computer DNS (Domain Name Server) is used to give name to the IP Address so that user can locate a computer by a name. For example, a DNS server will resolve a name http://www.tutorialspoint.com to a particular IP address to uniquely identify the computer on which this website is hosted. Internet is accessible to every user all over the world. 1.1.1Evolution of the Internet The structure and makeup of the Internet has adapted as the needs of its community have changed. Today's Internet serves the largest and most diverse community of network users in the computing world. A brief chronology and summary of significant components are provided in this chapter to set the stage for understanding the challenges of interfacing the Internet and the steps to build scalable internetworks. Origins of the Internet The Internet started as an experiment in the late 1960s by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA, now called DARPA) of the U.S. Department of Defense. DARPA experimented with the connection of computer networks by giving grants to multiple universities and private companies to get them involved in the research. In December 1969, the experimental network went online with the connection of a four-node network connected via 56 Kbps circuits. This new technology proved to be highly reliable and led to the creation of two similar military networks, MILNET in the U.S. and MINET in Europe. Thousands of hosts and users subsequently connected their private networks (universities and government) to the ARPANET, thus creating the initial "ARPA Internet." ARPANET had an Acceptable Use Policy (AUP), which prohibited the use of the Internet for commercial use. ARPANET was decommissioned in 1989. By 1985, the ARPANET was heavily used and congested. In response, the National Science Foundation (NSF) initiated phase one development of the NSFNET. The NSFNET was composed of multiple regional networks and peer networks (such as the NASA Science Network) connected to a major backbone that constituted the core of the overall NSFNET. In its earliest form, in 1986, the NSFNET created a three-tiered network architecture. The architecture connected campuses and research organizations to regional networks, which in turn connected to a main backbone linking six nationally funded super-computer centers. The original links were 56 Kbps. The links were upgraded in 1988 to faster T1 (1.544 Mbps) links as a result of the NSFNET 1987 competitive solicitation for a faster network service, awarded to Merit Network, Inc. and its partners MCI, IBM, and the state of Michigan. The NSFNET T1 backbone connected a total of 13 sites that included Merit, BARRNET, MIDnet, Westnet, NorthWestNet, SESQUINET, SURANet, NCAR (National Center of Atmospheric Research), and five NSF supercomputer centers. In 1990, Merit, IBM, and MCI started a new organization known as Advanced Network and Services (ANS). Merit Network's Internet engineering group provided a policy routing database and routing consultation and management services for the NSFNET, whereas ANS operated the backbone routers and a Network Operation Center (NOC). The history of the Internet begins with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. Initial concepts of packet networking originated in several computer science laboratories in the United States, Great Britain, and France. The US Department of Defense awarded contracts as early as the 1960s for packet network systems, including the development of the ARPANET (which would become the first network to use the Internet Protocol.) The first message was sent over the ARPANET from computer science Professor Leonard Kleinrock's laboratory at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to the second network node at Stanford Research Institute (SRI). Packet switching networks such as ARPANET, Mark I at NPL in the UK, CYCLADES, Merit Network, Tymnet, and Telenet, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of communications protocols. The ARPANET in particular led to the development of protocols for internetworking, in which multiple separate networks could be joined into a network of networks. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation (NSF) funded the Computer Science Network (CSNET). In 1982, the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) was introduced as the standard networking protocol on the ARPANET. In the early 1980s the NSF funded the establishment for national supercomputing centers at several universities, and provided interconnectivity in 1986 with the NSFNET project, which also created network access to the supercomputer sites in the United States from research and education organizations. Commercial Internet service providers (ISPs) began to emerge in the late 1980s. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. Private connections to the Internet by commercial entities became widespread quickly, and the NSFNET was decommissioned in 1995, removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic. Since the mid-1990s, the Internet has had a revolutionary impact on culture and commerce, including the rise of near-instant communication by electronic mail, instant messaging, voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) telephone calls, two-way interactive video calls, and the World Wide Web with its discussion forums, blogs, social networking, and online shopping sites. The research and education community continues to develop and use advanced networks such as NSF's very high speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS), Internet2, and National LambdaRail. Increasing

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Computer Concepts and Applications – Electronic Data Interchange CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Computer Concepts and Applications – Electronic Data Interchange using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Computer Concepts and Applications – Electronic Data Interchange Electronic Data Interchange 2.1 Introduction to EDI: Definition: Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is the electronic exchange of business documentation and information in a standardized format between computers, usually of different organizations. It is also commonly known as electronic trading. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is the computer-to-computer exchange of business documents in a standardelectronic format between business partners. Each term in the definition is significant: Computer-to-computer EDI replaces postal mail, fax and email. While email is also an electronic approach, the documents exchanged via email must still be handled by people rather than computers. Having people involved slows down the processing of the documents and also introduces errors. Instead, EDI documents can flow straight through to the appropriate application on the receiver’s computer (e.g., the Order Management System) and processing can begin immediately. .A typical manual process looks like this, with lots of paper and people involvement : The EDI process looks like this — no paper, no people involved: Business documents –An EDI document is comprised of data elements, segments and envelopes that are formatted according to the rules of a particular EDI standard. These are any of the documents that are typically exchanged between businesses. The most common documents exchanged via EDI are purchase orders, invoices and advance ship notices. But there are many, many others such as bill of lading, customs documents, inventory documents, shipping status documents and payment documents. In the EDI language, a single business document, such as a purchase order, invoice or advance ship notice, is called a “transaction set” or “message.” And, a transaction set is comprised of data elements, segments and envelopes. EDI Data elements:The data elements in an EDI Transaction Set are the individual items of information within the document. For example, within many documents, such as the purchase order and invoice, you will find data elements such as city, state, country, item number, quantity and price. Each data element in a transaction set is defined in the EDI Standard by the type of data it represents. For example, it would be important to distinguish numeric data from text data or calendar dates. The data element definition will describe: -Data type of numeric, alphanumeric, date or time -Minimum and maximum length -Code values, if applicable, that must be observed with a particular type of data. For example, if the data element is unit cost, you would use a currency code element as well to allow you to indicate what currency (e.g., US dollars or euros) is being used in the unit cost field.Elements are combined into segment. EDI Data Segment: A segment in an EDI transaction set is a group of like data elements. If you were filling out information on a purchase order, you would expect to see groups of related data. For example, look at the diagram below of a paper purchase order in which only one item is being ordered. Note that there are four sections, each providing a different set of information: In an EDI document, each section is described by a particular segment. Below is the set of EDI segments that would describe the purchase order above when using the ANSI standard. Each segment begins with a segment ID (e.g., ST, BEG, N1) that describes the type of data elements that follows. The elements within each segment are separated by a data element separator, in this case the ‘*’. For each type of business document, the EDI standard documentation defines: -The segments that may be included and which ones are mandatory, optional and/or conditional (i.e. must be included only if another segment or element is included) -For each segment, the elements that may be included – for every piece of information in a paper document there is a corresponding EDI element. These elements are defined in the standards dictionary and each standard has its own dictionary -The required sequence of the segments and elements -How many times a segment may be repeated.Now, once all the segments are collected into a prescribed sequence, they form a complete electronic document, or transaction set. Next, the transaction sets must be put into envelopes in preparation for transmission to your partners. EDI Envelope:EDI document transmission uses a system of three “envelopes” to house your transaction sets – Message envelope, Group envelope and Interchange envelope. Just as paper business documents are sent in envelopes and it’s possible to mail many documents in a single envelope, EDI documents are exchanged using several envelopes. Each transaction set is placed in its individual envelope A group of transaction sets – e.g., a group of purchase orders – is placed in a group envelope. (The group envelope is mandatory in ANSI and optional in EDIFACT.) All group envelopes being sent from one sender to one receiver are placed in an Interchange envelope See the diagram below: An envelope is formed by a pair of segments that define the beginning and end of the appropriate section. Using the EDIFACT standard as the example, the Transaction Set Envelope uses the UNH and UNT segments, the Group Envelope uses the UNG and UNE segments and the Interchange Envelope uses the UNA/UNB and UNZ segments. In each case, the “S” indicates the “start” of the envelope and the “E” indicates the “end” of the envelope. The diagram below illustrates the three levels of envelopes that would surround a single EDI purchase order. Standard format– Because EDI documents must be processed by computers rather than humans, a standard format must be used so that the computer will be able to read and understand the documents. A standard format describes what each piece of information is and in what format (e.g., integer, decimal, mmddyy). Without a standard

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Computer Concepts and Applications – Electronic Payment Systems CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Computer Concepts and Applications – Electronic Payment Systems using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Computer Concepts and Applications – Electronic Payment Systems Electronic Payment System 3.1 Introduction to EPS Issues of trust and acceptance play a more significant role in the e-commerce worldthan in traditional businesses as far as payment systems are concerned. Traditionally, a customer sees a product, examines it, and then pays for it by cash, check, or credit card (Figure 3.1). In the e-commerce world, in most cases the customer does not actually see the concrete product at the time of transaction, and the method of payment is performed electronically. Figure 3.1 : Traditional payment scheme EPSs enable a customer to pay for the goods and services online by using integrated hardware and software systems. The main objectives of EPS are to increase efficiency, improve security, and enhance customer convenience and ease of use. Although these systems are in their immaturity, some significant development has been made. There are several methods and tools that can be used to enable EPS implementation (Figure 3.2) Figure3.2 Electronic payment scheme While customers pay for goods/services by cash, check, or credit cards in conventional businesses, online buyers may use one of the following EPSs to pay for products/services purchased online: Electronic funds transfer (EFT): EFT involves electronic transfer of money by financial institutions. Payment cards : They contain stored financial value that can be transferred from the customer's computer to the businessman's computer. Credit cards : They are the most popular method used in EPSs and are used by charging against the customer credit. Smart cards: They include stored financial value and other important personal and financial information used for online payments. Electronic money (e-money/e-cash): This is standard money converted into an electronic format to pay for online purchases. Online payment: This can be used for monthly payment for Internet, phone bills, etc. Electronic wallets (e-wallets) : They are similar to smart cards as they include stored financial value for online payments. Micro-payment systems : They are similar to e-wallets in that they include stored financial value for online payments; on the other hand, they are used for small payments, such as kurus in Turkey . Electronic gifts : They are one way of sending electronic currency or gift certificates from one individual to another. The receiver can spend these gifts in their favorite online stores provided they accept this type of currency. Although these groups appear to be separate, there is some overlap among them. When the industry matures, this duplication in naming and function ought to be renamed. For example, e-wallets can be classified as payment cards when they are used to store credit card information or as e-money when they store electronic currency. The standardization of payment mechanisms on the Internet is essential to the success of e-commerce. Businesses offering domestic and international services must have assurance that payment will be received, that it is secure and that it is valid. Addressing security issues is crucial to the acceptance of online payment standards: consumers and merchants must be able to trust that their information is kept intact and remains secure during transmission. SET and SSL are two standards that protect the integrity of online transactions. 3.2 Introduction to Electronic Fund Transfer(EFT) Electronic funds transfer is one of the oldest electronic payment systems. EFT isthe groundwork of the cash-less and check-less culture where and paper bills, checks, envelopes, stamps are eliminated. EFT is used for transferring money from one bank account directly to another without any paper money changing hands. The most popular application of EFT is that instead of getting a paycheck and putting it into a bank account, the money is deposited to an account electronically.EFT is considered to be a safe, reliable, and convenient way to conduct business. The advantages of EFT contain the following: Simplified accounting Improved efficiency Reduced administrative costs Improved security 3.3 Introduction to Secure Electronic Transaction(SET) SET (Secure Electronic Transaction) protocol was developed by VISA and MasterCardspecifically for enabling secure credit card transactions on the Internet. This protocol ismainly used for payment. However, since it separates the purchase order informationfrom the payment information to be sent to the Merchant and Payment Authorityrespectively, it can also be used to transmit order information. SET does not follow anyfixed standard for its message format. Instead, it provides its own message format foreach type of message sent between the merchant and consumer. SET uses public-keyencryption and X.509 digital certificates for its security implementation. One of the niceadditional features provided by SET is the error handling capability. SET handles errorssuch as duplicate, corrupted, or malformed messages. Depending on the type of the error found, SET either ignores the message or retransmits it. When a consumer initiates a transaction at their computer, they can use a piece of software called electronic wallet containing a digital certificate that authenticates that the consumer is who he or she says, while the merchant’s certificate provides the consumer with the same authenticating information about the merchant. SET is basically a process that operates under a fixed set of rules. It has characteristics that are different than those associated with digital money such as DigiCash. Digital money by itself can cause a transaction to occur. SET requires a functional meeting (or at least an exchange of messages) of all the interested parties before a transaction can occur. A SET transaction must be authorized by all the parties concerned in order to complete, while merchants in the digital money realm may change the resultant value of adigital cash token. SET merchants cannot directly touch cardholder information, which is available only to the Issuer (and by extension the Payment Gateway), while digital money merchants can derive transaction/recipient information SET allows for the merchant's identity to be authenticated via digital certificates.However, SET also

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Computer Concepts and Applications – Introduction to HTML CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Computer Concepts and Applications – Introduction to HTML using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Contents of This Topic Computer Concepts and Applications – Introduction to HTML <!DOCTYPE> DOCUMENT BODY RELATED TAGS.. <HTML> <HEAD> <HTML> <LINK …> CONTENT III. <HR> < HR NOSHADE> <IMG …> HOME | CONTACT | ABOUT OTHER TAGS: <Font > Tag: I. <IMG …> Attributes Description Table Caption Nested Tables Computer Concepts and Applications – Introduction to HTML 4 Introduction to HTML: HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language, it is the widely used language to write Web Pages. Hypertext refers to the way in which Web pages (HTML documents) are linked together. Thus the link available on a webpage are called Hypertext. HTML is a Markup Language which means you use HTML to simply "mark up" a text document with tags that tell a Web browser how to structure it to display. HTML was developed with the intent of defining the structure of documents like headings, paragraphs, lists, etc. HTML is being widely used to format web pages with the help of different tags available in HTML. Create An HTML Document Open notepad (Editor) and write the following code <html> <head></head> <body>This is my first html application </body> </html> Then Save this code clicking on file save with name “first.html” in D:\ drive . .html extension is important This will create an html file. After that Open Internet Explorer (browser). Click on file open D:\first.html. It will load the document in web browser. HTML Document Structure A typical HTML document will have following structure: <!DOCTYPE> <html> <head> <Title>TITLE OF WEB PAGE</Title> SCRIPT AND STYLE TAGS HERE… </head> <body> DOCUMENT BODY RELATED TAGS.. </body> </html> <!DOCTYPE html> The < !DOCTYPE> declaration tag is used by the web browser to understand the version of the HTML used in the document. <html> This tag encloses the complete HTML document and mainly comprises of document header which is represented by <head>…</head> and document body which is represented by <body>…</body> tags. <head> This tag represents the document's header which can keep other HTML tags like <title>, <link>, <script> etc. <title> The <title> tag is used inside the <head> tag to mention the document title. <body> This tag represents the document's body which keeps other HTML tags like <h1>, <div>, <p> etc. Ex. <HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE>HTML demo</TITLE> </HEAD> <BODY> This is First HTML Program </BODY> <HTML> Stand alone tags: Container tag : A container tag has a beginning (opening) tag and an ending (closing) tag. Eg. <p></p> Stand Alone Tags: An empty tag has only the opening tag. All of the data represented by an empty tag is contained in the tags attributes. Eg. <Br/> List of Stand alone tags: <LINK …> This tag is a stand-alone tag that can be used to denote relationships between documents.This is used to manage several documents in large website. The attributes for this tag are href, name, rel, title, etc. The <LINK> tag also has a role in providing style sheet information in HTML documents. If style information is in a separate <META …> The META tag is used within the HEAD tag to embed Meta information. Such information can be extracted by servers/clients for use in identifying, indexing and cataloguing documents. The attributes for this tag are HTTP-EQUIV,name, content,etc. Http-equiv: Provides an HTTP header for the information/value of the content attribute This attribute can have values content-type, default-style, refresh. NAME Meta-information name. It can have values application-name, author, description, generator, keywords. CONTENT The meta-information content to be associated with the given name and/or HTTP response header. Typically, the META tag would be used to introduce Client Pull into HTML documents, or to specify keywords that may be used by search engines to determine a documents relevance to the current search (although some are stopping using this method). Ex. <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="description" content="Free Web tutorials"> <meta name="keywords" content="HTML,CSS,XML,JavaScript"> <meta name="author" content="Hege Refsnes"> </head> III. <HR> A <HR> or Horizontal Rule element is a divider between sections of text such as a full width horizontal rule or equivalent graphic. Attributes which allow the document author to describe how the horizontal rule should look are; < HR SIZE=number> The SIZE attributes lets the author give an indication of how thick they wish the horizontal rule to be. A pixel value should be given. < HR WIDTH=number|percent> The default horizontal rule is always as wide as the page. With the WIDTH attribute, the author can specify an exact width in pixels, or a relative width measured in percent of document width. < HR ALIGN=left|right|center> Now that horizontal rules do not have to be the width of the page it possible to specify the horizontal alignment of the rule. < HR NOSHADE> For those times when a solid bar is required, the NOSHADE attribute specifies that the horizontal rule should not be shaded at all. Example: <p>HTML is a language for describing web pages.</p> <hr> <p>CSS defines how to display HTML elements.</p> It will appear in browser as: HTML is a language for describing web pages. CSS defines how to display HTML elements. <IMG …> This tag adds images into the web browser. Attributes of <img> tag are align, src, alt, height, width etc.This is also a stand alone tag as t doesn’t have closing tag. Ex. <img src="smiley.gif" alt="Smiley face" height="42" width="42"> It will display an image smiley.gif with height 42 & width 42. <INPUT> The Input element represents a field whose contents may be edited by the user. <BR> The Line Break element specifies that a new line must be started at the given point. A new line indents the same as that of line-wrapped text. Example : < P> Line 1 of text<BR> Line 2 of text<BR> Formatting tags: Bold Text(<b>…</b>) Anything that appears within <b>…</b> element, is displayed in bold as

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Computer Concepts and Applications – Introduction to Web Design CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Computer Concepts and Applications – Introduction to Web Design using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Computer Concepts and Applications – Introduction to Web Design Introduction To Web page Design 5.1Introduction to Web Design The term web designing in simple terms can be understood as a representation of content, related to an individual, business or any other topic; using design and graphics principles on the internet in the form of web applications and web sites. Web design usually involves and uses technologies and standards such as HTML,CSS,XML,SSL,PHP,ASP ect. Web design differs completely from web development, which is more technical and deals with issues concerning the web site dynamics, validations and constrains. The principle of web site design further involves the conception and collection of web pages, which in-tern collectively is kn own as single entity, a web site. Web pages are usually the basic content and design holders for the entire web site. Web Design Web design is the process of creating websites. It encompassed several different aspects, including webpage layout, content production, and graphic design. While the terms web design and web development is often used interchangeably, web design is technically a subset of the broader category of web development. Meaning Web design is the art and process of creating a single web page or entire web sites and amy involve both the aesthetics and the mechanics of web site’s operation although primarily it focuses on the look and feel of the web site – design elements. Some of the aspects that may be included in the web design or web production are graphics and animation creation, colot selection , font selection, navigation design, content creation, HTML/XML authoring, Javascript programming , and ecommerce development. Web design is a form of electronic publishing. Web design Pyramid One way to think of all the components of web design is through the metaphor of the web pyramid as shown in figure. Content provides the bricks that build the pyramid, but the foundation rests solidly on both visuals and technology, with a heavy reliance on economics to make out projects worth doing. While web development challenges aren’t quite on the level of those faced by the ancient Egyptians, building a functional, pleasing web sites that can stand the test of internet time is certainly not easy. The pyramid provides a simple way for designers to think of all the aspects of web design in interplay, but does little to provide a deeper understanding of the web medium. The medium of the web While the web pyramid analogy is a very abstract way of describing web design, it is a useful tool for showing the interplay of the various components of web building. A more practical way to discuss web design is to think of the various components of the web medium. Today’s web sites are primarily a basic client – server network programming model with their common elements. The server side This includes the web server hardware and software as well as programming elements and built – in technologies. The technologies can range from simple CGI programs written in PERL to complex multi-tier java based applications, and include backend technologies such as database servers that may support the web site. The client side The client – side is concerned with the web browser and its supported technologies, such as HTML, CSS and Java script languages and Active – X controls or Netscape plug – ins , which are Utilized to create the presentation of a page or provide interactive features. The Network The network describes the various connectivity elements untilised to deliver the web site to a user. Such elements may be the various networks on the public internet or the private connections within a corporation – often dubbed an internet. 5.2 Types of web pages: A web page is a web document that is suitable for the world wide web and the web browser. A web browser displays a web page on monitor or mobile device. The web paqge is what displays, but the term also refers to computer file, usually written in HTML or comparable markup language, whose main distinction is to provide hypertext that will navigate to other web pages via links. Web browsers co-ordinate web resources centered around the written web page, such as style sheets, scripts and images , to present the web page. The five types of web pages are stated below: Advocacy An advocacy webpage is one sponsored by an organization to influence option. The URL address of this type of page frequently ends .in, .org. Example : de Business and marketing business or marketing webpage is one sponserd by a commercial enterprise that is typically trying to sell or market their services / products. The URL address frequently ends in, .com News news webpage is one whose purpose is to provide timely information about current events and issues. The URL address frequently ends in.com Informational An informational webpage’s purpose is to present factual information. This include reports research finding, and general topical information. The URL address frequently ends with edu.or.gov. Personal personal webpage is created by an individual for his/her own personal need. The URL frequently has a tilde(~) somewhere in the address 5.3 Building web sites Web site building involves complex tasks. Though it is complex it is not touch. Following points enlist the necessary things bear in mind while creating and building a web site. Registration of Government Domain Names A domain name is like an internet address of the websites and has labeling effect. Government bureau and department are advised to register a bundles pair of englesh and chiness domain names under gov.hk and ??.?? categories respectively for setting up website addresses in bilingual to facilitate public access. Portable Document Format file Users should use the portable Document Format(PDF)

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Computer Concepts and Applications – Designing Web Pages CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Computer Concepts and Applications – Designing Web Pages using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Contents of This Topic Computer Concepts and Applications – Designing Web Pages Step 1: Step 4 Home Pages: VALUE=#FFFFFF> D)Color Effect- Simultaneous Contrast: Cold-Warm-Contrast : Domain Name : Computer Concepts and Applications – Designing Web Pages Designing The web pages Introduction: WWW, world wide web,is a system used to find and access different internet resources. it uses hypertext to cross-reference or link related resources anywhere on the internet. HTML(hypertext markup language)is the language used by the Web to define and display its files. These files can contain text, or multimedia. HTML files are ASCII text files that contain the text to be displayed and the markup tags that tell how to display them. Web pages are created using HTML which stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. All web pages whether big or small, have to be developed in HTML to be displayed in web browsers. 6.1 Web Page: A web page or web page is a document or resource of information that is suitable for the World Wide Web and can be accessed through a web browser and display on a monitor or mobile device. This information is usually in HTML or XHTML format, and may provide navigation to other web page via hypertext links. Web pages may be retrieved from a local computer or from a remote web server. The web server may restrict access only to a private network, e.g. a corporate intranet, or it may publish pages on the World Wide Web. 6.1.1Page Size: Overall web page size may be considered from 2 factors: web pages and web page width. Web pages today are either 720 pixels wide or about a thousand pixels wide. Pages created at 7420 pixels wide can just make it when printing in standard printer mode- portrait and can be fully seen on monitors / screens setup at 800 wide. Wider web pages require the viewer adjusting the printer to landscape mode if they choose to print it. If web pages are created wider than 720 pixels, anyone with a monitor setup of 800 pixels wide will have to scroll right to see the entire page and that proves an inconvenience to the web page visitor. If the setup of web page is at a width of 720 pixels, users with wider screens can close down part of the screen to they can see other items on their screen at the same time which many do, but they would not miss any part of the message posted on the website. If designers are designing for 1024 pixel wide monitor use, the scroll bars are on the right and left and 80 pixels wide are to be deducted so that a page design should only be 944 pixels wide. Viewers will need to print the web page in landscape mode. 6.1.2 Page Type: There are many ways to classify web pages.One simple way is by the focus of the page. Is the page primarily a content page, a navigation page , a task page ,or some mixture types. Most pages tend to be some mixture, but certain pages,like site maps , are purely navigational,and some deep content page in site may be nearly all content based.most pages even home pages will focus on content ,navigation , and tasks to varying degrees .within the broad category of navigation oriented pages ,there are further classifications that can be made, users tend to view entrance and exit from a site as important steps. Content pages: Content pages are those subpages that are very focus on content presentation. In some sense ,a content page is destination page.often they are the leaf pages in site tree and represent the “bottom” of site .Like other subpages in a site, a content page will probably have some navigational elements , lest it become an orphan page.the layout of a content-focused page will vary with the content presented,but it tends to take cues from ancestors , pages, such as main section or home pages. Often , sites tend to get less visual the deeper in , but this is not necessarily hard and fast rule.common content pages found in commercial sites include things like press releases , product specification,biographics, customer testimonials ,technical support, documentation ,news articles , fianancial reports, leagal informations, and on.personal websites might have stories , resumes , poems,and family trees,while educational site might have syllabi, homework assignments ,and presentations. Other forms of site might have document types completely unique to themselves. The reality is that there are potentially as many types of content pages as there are prople in the world. Navigation-specific pages: A variety of special navigation-focused pages,beyond home pages or main sectional pages,can be found in many sites. Two of the most common special navigation pages are site maps and site indices. A site map is used to provide a structural overview of a web site,while a site index provides a list of site’s content organized alphabetically rather than structurally. A search page is the another common navigation-specific page. Search facilities generally include a query page, result pages and ideally, a help page. C) FAQ Pages: Frequently Asked question or FAQ pages are common types of document on the internet. The basic idea of a FAQ page is to provide concise answers to common questions in a single document, so that a user doesn’t have to hunt all over a site for information. FAQs are often formatted as a single, long, scrolling document, with an index of questions at the top with links from each question that jump the user down the page to the appropriate answer. An example of a typical FAQ is shown in figure. There may be some question why FAQ files jump up and down a

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Computer Concepts and Applications – Internet Security and Related Study Material CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Computer Concepts and Applications – Internet Security and Related Study Material using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Contents of This Topic Computer Concepts and Applications – Internet Security and Related Study Material Intellectual Property: Provide Legal Infrastructure: Promote E-Governance: Chapter-X: Introduction to Computer Fundamentals Introduction to Free and Open Source Software Introduction to Business Communication Tools [ Introduction to HTML. Direct/Random, Index ) Introduction to E-Commerce, Evolution of E-Commerce, Role of ECommerce, Introduction to Search engine and Searching the Web Electronic Payment System Credit/Debit Card Introduction To Web page Design Animation Effect, Sound Effect Ethical Issues & Cyber Law Sr.No. Typing Keys Special Purpose Keys ST*850*1001 N3*123 Main Street CTT*1*100 TARGET Row 2, Column 2 Ramesh Raman Column 1 Row 1 Cell 1 Cell 1 Computer Concepts and Applications – Internet Security and Related Study Material Internet Security Introduction : Internet security relies on specific resources and standards for protecting data that gets sent through the internet. This includes various kinds of encryption such as Pretty Good Privacy(PGP). Other aspects of a secure web setup includes firewalls, which block unwanted traffic, anti-malware, anti-spyware & anti-virus programs that work from specific networks or devices to monitor internet traffic for dangerous attachments. Internet security is generally becoming a top priority for both businesses & governments. Good internet security protects financial details & much more of what is handle by a business or agency’s servers & network hardware. Insufficient internet security can threaten to collapse an e-commerce business or any other operation where data gets routed over the web. 7.1 Internet Security : Web security may be termed as technological & managerial procedures applied to computer systems to ensure the availability, integrity & confidentiality of computer assets & services from associated threats & vulnerabilities. 7.1.1Concept of Internet Security : Three basics security concepts important to inforation on the internet are confidentiality, integrity, &availability. Concepts relating to the people who use that information are authentication, authorization & non-repudiation. Integrity and confidentiality can also be enforced on web services through the use of transport layer security(TLS).both SSL and TSL are the same. Integrity: The concept of integrity is divided in 2 forms: a)Data integrity: this property, that data has not been altered in an unauthorized manner while in storage, during processing or while in transit. another aspect of data integrity is the assurances that data can only be accessed and altered by those authorized to do so. often such integrity is insured by use of a number referred to as message integrity code or message authentication code. This are abbreviated as MIC and MAC respectively. b)System integrity: This quality states that a system has when performing the intended function in an unimpaired manner, is free from unauthorized manipulation. Integrity is commonly an organizations most important security objective, after availability. Integrity is particularly important for critical safety and financial data used for activities such as electronic funds transfers ,air traffic control ,and financial accounting. 2)Confidentiality: Confidentiality is the requirement that private or confidential information should not be disclosed to unauthorized individuals. Confidentiality protection is applies to data in storage ,during processing ,and while in transit. For many organizations ,confidentiality is frequently behind availability and integrity in terms of importance. For some types of information ,confidentiality is a very important attribute. Examples includes research data ,medical and insurance records ,new product specifications ,and corporate investments strategies. In some locations ,there may be a legal obligation to protect the privacy of individuals. This is particularly true for banks and loans companies; debt collectors; businesses is that extend credit to their customers or issue credit cards ; hospitals ,doctor offices ,and medical testing laboratories; individuals or agencies that offer services such as psychological counseling or drug treatment; and agencies that collect taxes. Availability: Availability is a requirement intended to assure that system works promptly and services is not denied to authorized users. This objective protects against , intentional or accidental attempts to either perform unauthorized deletion of data otherwise cause a denial of service or data. Availability is frequently an organizations foremost security objective. To make information available to those who need it and who can be trusted with it, organizations used authentication and authorization. 7.1.2Types internet Security: The Security of the web s divided into two (a) Computer Security, and (b) Network Security. In generic terms, computer security is the process of securing a single, standalone computer,while network security is the process of securing an entire network of computers. a)computer Security: technology and managerial procedures applied to computer systems to ensure the availability integrity , and confidentiality of data managed by the computer. b)Network security: Protection of network and their services from unauthorized modification destruction, or disclosure and provision of assurance that the network performs its critical functions correctly and there are no harmful side effects. The major points of weakness in computer system are hardware, software, and data however ,other components f the computer system may be targeted. 7.2 Internet Privacy: Internet privacy is the privacy and security level of personal data published via the internet. It is a broad term that refers to a Variety of factors, techniques and technology use to protect sensitive and private data, communication ,and preference. Internet privacy and anonymity are paramount to users, especially as a E-commerce continues to gain traction, privacy violation and threat risks are standard considerations for any website under development.internet privacy is also known as online privacy 7.3 Ethical Issues In Internet Security Ethics in everyday life serves as moral guide posts, comprising a code that defines behavior as right or wrong . The web offers a vast store of information coupled with extensive communications capabilities , and unethical users can harness this capabilities for personal and financial gains at others expense. Web ethics provide a guide to appropriate online behavior