Diagnostic Radiology Notes

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER ONE Disorders Of Female Reproductive System CRT04101 · Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology START READING NOTES Study Disorders Of Female Reproductive System using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology. Contents of This Topic By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Definition and Types of Female Reproductive Disorder Female reproductive disorder List common disorders of the female reproductive system. Sexually Transmitted Diseases Common Disorders of the Female Reproductive System Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) Disorders Of Female Reproductive System Getting regular exercise, avoiding caffeine, salt, and alcohol may bring relief Endometriosis Breast cancer Ovarian cancer Cervical cancer Vulvo-vaginal Candidiasis Gonorrhoea In females, infection typically occurs in the vagina, often with a discharge of pus Syphilis Genital Herpes The blisters disappear and reappear in most patients, but the virus itself remains in the body Key points Evaluation Common Disorders of the Female Reproductive System By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Female Reproductive Disorder List Common Disorders of the Female Reproductive System. Explain the Common Disorders of the Female Reproductive System Definition and Types of Female Reproductive Disorder What are the female reproductive disorder Female reproductive disorder Its infections that affect the reproductive tract which is part of the Reproductive System. Reproductive tract infections can be in either the upper reproductive tract (fallopian tubes, ovary and uterus), and the lower reproductive tract (vagina, cervix and vulva) List common disorders of the female reproductive system. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) Endometriosis Breast cancer Ovarian cancer Cervical cancer Vulvovaginal Candidiasis Sexually Transmitted Diseases Gonorrhoea Syphilis Genital Herpes Genital Warts Common Disorders of the Female Reproductive System What are common disorders of the female reproductive system? Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) It is a cyclical disorder of severe physical and emotional distress. Disorders Of Female Reproductive System It may be presented by oedema, weight gain, breast swelling and tenderness, abdominal distension, backache, joint pain, constipation, skin eruptions, fatigue and lethargy, greater need for sleep, depression or anxiety Getting regular exercise, avoiding caffeine, salt, and alcohol may bring relief Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) It is a more severe syndrome in which PMS-like signs and symptoms do not resolve after the onset of menstruation. Endometriosis Is characterized by the growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus. It can cause inflammation, pain, scarring, and infertility. Symptoms include premenstrual pain or unusually severe menstrual pain. Breast cancer Generally is not painful until it becomes quite advanced Any lump, no matter how small, should be reported to a physician at once Disorders Of Female Reproductive System Among the factors that increase the risk of developing breast cancer is a family history of breast cancer, null parity (never having borne a child) or having a first child after age 35, previous cancer in one breast, exposure to ionizing radiation, such as x-rays, excessive alcohol intake and cigarette smoking. Ovarian cancer Risk factors associated with ovarian cancer include age (over age 50), race (whites are at highest risk), family history of ovarian cancer, more than 40 years of active ovulation, null parity, a high-fat and low-fibre Cervical cancer Starts with cervical dysplasia; a change in the shape, growth, and number of cervical cells. The cells may either return to normal or progress to cancer. Increased risk is associated with having a large number of sexual partners, having first intercourse at a young age and smoking cigarettes. Vulvo-vaginal Candidiasis Candida albicans commonly grows on mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts. It is the most common form of vaginitis inflammation of the vagina. Candidiasis is characterized by severe itching, a thick, yellow and cheesy discharge, a yeasty odour and pain. Sexually Transmitted Diseases A sexually transmitted disease (STD) is one that is spread by sexual contact. It is in both male and female reproductive systems Chlamydia Is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis Disorders Of Female Reproductive System In males, urethritis is the principal result, causing a clear discharge, burning on urination, frequent urination, and painful urination. In 70% of females with chlamydia, symptoms are absent, but chlamydia is the leading cause of pelvic inflammatory disease. Gonorrhoea Gonorrhoea is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Males usually experience urethritis with profuse pus drainage and painful urination. Complication: salpingitis can cause infertility In females, infection typically occurs in the vagina, often with a discharge of pus Up to 50% of infected females may harbour the disease without any symptoms Syphilis Syphilis, caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum, is transmitted through sexual contact or exchange of blood, or through the placenta to a foetus. Disorders Of Female Reproductive System In primary stage, there may be a painless sores called chancre and a signs and symptoms such as a skin rash, fever, and aches in the joints and muscles usher in the secondary stage Genital Herpes Genital herpes is an incurable STD. Type II herpes simplex virus causes genital infections, producing painful blisters on the prepuce, glans penis, and penile shaft in males and on the vulva or sometimes high up in the vagina in females. The blisters disappear and reappear in most patients, but the virus itself remains in the body Genital Warts Warts are an infectious disease caused by viruses. Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes genital warts, which is commonly transmitted sexually. Disorders Of Female Reproductive System Patients with a history of genital warts may be at increased risk for cancers of the cervix, vagina, anus, vulva, and penis. There is no cure for genital warts. Key points Severe physical and emotional distress can cause premenstrual syndrome. Cigarette smoking and excess alcohol taking are the main causes of many cancers including those of the female reproductive system. child bearing at older age, earlier sexual intercourse and multiple partners as may cause cancers of the female reproductive system. Evaluation Define female reproductive disorder List common disorders of the female reproductive system. What are the

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER ONE Disorders Of Gi Tract CRT04101 · Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology START READING NOTES Study Disorders Of Gi Tract using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology. Contents of This Topic Regardless of the cause and type of a disease Gastrointestinal (GI )pathologies have the following presenting features; Abdominal pain Disorders Of Gi Tract Nausea and Vomiting Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Heartburn GI bleeding GI motility disorders Hernia Jaundice DISORDERS OF GI TRACT Regardless of the cause and type of a disease Gastrointestinal (GI )pathologies have the following presenting features; Abdominal pain GI bleeding Diarrhoea Steatorrhea Constipation Nausea Vomiting Dysphagia Odynophagia Gastroesophageal reflux Anorexia Weight loss Abdominal pain Pain originates from tissue injury, distention, contraction, inflammation, and direct chemical injury.Visceral pain is often poorly localized and loosely corresponds to the spinal segment that innervates the involved viscus. Somatoparietal pain arises from noxious stimulation of the parietal peritoneum. Diarrhoea An increased number or fluidity of stools is usually due to an excess of water in stool. Most people have experienced loose stools for a day or two (e.g. viral gastroenteritis), but other causes, such as inflammatory bowel disease, can be chronic and cause intermittent symptoms for a patient's entire lifetime. Disorders Of Gi Tract Diarrhoea results from either an increase in secretion or decrease in absorption or both.It is classified as : secretory or osmotic diarrhoea Bloody diarrhoea occurs with mucosal inflammation or erosions or ulcerations secondary to infectious, inflammatory, or ischemic entero-colitis. Blood in the stool always implies an underlying organic abnormality. Constipation It is characterised by difficult in passage of stool.It occurs most commonly in elderly and often used to describe more than one symptom, including: Infrequent stools A sense of incomplete evacuation Abdominal bloating or discomfort Treatment plans vary, but the simplest and most common starting point is to increase the patient's daily fibre and fluid intake. Nausea and Vomiting Nausea and vomiting may be manifestations of GI diseases or primary non-GI diseases and may lead to fluid and electrolyte imbalances, nutritional deficiencies, aspiration pneumonia and oesophageal rupture Nausea is the unpleasant sensation of the desire to vomit Retching, is coordinated voluntary muscle activity of the abdomen and chest without discharge of stomach contents into the mouth. Vomiting, or the act of emesis, occurs as gastric contents are forcefully ejected out of the mouth Nausea and vomiting may be acute, such as with acute obstruction, inflammation, or ischemia, other acute infections, medication, pregnancy or head trauma. Disorders Of Gi Tract Nausea and vomiting that are chronic in nature are usually associated with pregnancy, medications, and motility disorders such as diabetic, gastroparesis, partial obstruction, intracranial disease, psychogenic disorders, or an underlying metabolic or endocrine disturbance. Dysphagia Is the sensation of solids or liquids not passing from the mouth into the stomach.It is a common symptom and can be divided into: oropharyngeal dysphagia and oesophageal dysphagia. Oesophageal dysphagia is caused by either : Motility disorder, such as achalasia, diffuse oesophageal spasm, or scleroderma. Mechanical obstruction, such as a benign stricture, ring, or neoplasm. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) The terms heartburn, acid regurgitation, sour stomach, and bitter taste are all used to describe GERD symptoms.Reflux occurs when the oesophageal epithelium is exposed to gastric secretions. Some degree of gastric reflux is considered normal, but symptoms occur when the mucosa's tolerance to acid is exceeded. In addition to the typical symptoms of heartburn or chest pain, extra-oesophageal manifestations of GERD include laryngitis, asthma, and chronic cough GERD develops when acidic gastric contents reflux into the oesophagus and remain there long enough to overcome the resistance of the oesophageal epithelium. Heartburn Is typically a burning pain or discomfort that rises up the retro sternum arises from dyspepsia.Dyspepsia refers to persistent or recurrent epigastric pain or meal-related upper abdominal discomfort that may be characterized by early satiation or postprandial fullness Anorexia and Early Satiety Anorexia is loss of the desire to eat and is a major symptom in many GI and non-GI diseases, including central nervous system, systemic, and psychological disorders. Common causes include; Delayed gastric emptying such as occurs in long-term diabetes mellitus Decreased gastric distention secondary to gastric malignancy Gastric outlet obstruction caused by peptic ulcer disease GI bleeding GI bleeding can be either acute or chronic, and it can be massive or occult. Upper GI bleeding may be manifested as Hematemesis(vomiting blood) Lower GI bleeding may be manifested as; 1.Melena (black stool) 2.Haematochezia (Blood in stool) Esophageal varices also lead to upper GI bleeding The two most common causes of acute lower GI bleeding are diverticulosis and arterio-venous malformations. Occult bleeding is defined as the detection of asymptomatic blood loss from the gastrointestinal tract, generally by routine faecal occult blood testing or the presence of iron deficiency anaemia. GI motility disorders Intestinal obstruction Is a blockage that keeps food or liquid from passing through either small intestine or large intestine. There are two main causes of intestinal obstruction,which are; 1.Mechanical obstruction This may be due to extrinsic or intrinsic blockage factors such as Adhesions(Post abd surgery pt),volvulus (twisting of either ceacum or sigmoid colon),intussusception in pediatric patients and fecal impaction. 2.Paralytic ileus This occurs when the muscle of the intestine are paralyzed,preventing peristalsis Hernia Is a defect occurred on a membranous tissue or cavity.It can be congenital or acquired. There are three types of hernia,which are; 1.Reducible hernia 2.Incarcerated hernia 3.Strangulated hernia Other forms of hernia are hiatus,inguinal, Jaundice Is a yellowish discolouration of eye or skin caused by excessive bilirubin(hyperbilirubinemia).Bilirubin is a nitrogenous waste produced after death of red blood cells and is filterd by liver.There are two types of jaundice,which are; 1.Obstructive jaundice, Caused by blockage of biliary tree that lead to poor supply of bile.Bile is stored within Gall bladder 2.Non-obstrucutive jaundice, Caused by poor production of bile due to liver parenchyma diseases ← PREVIOUS TOPICNEXT TOPIC →VIEW ALL MODULE NOTESVIEW SEMESTER NOTESVIEW ALL LEVEL NOTESALL DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY NOTES Need These Notes

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER ONE Disorders Of Male Reproductive System CRT04101 · Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology START READING NOTES Study Disorders Of Male Reproductive System using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology. Contents of This Topic By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Common Disorders of the Male Reproductive System Male reproductive system disorders Explanation of the Common Disorders of the Male Reproductive System Disorders Of Male Reproductive System Erectile Dysfunction Sexually transmitted diseases Key point Evaluation Common Disorders of the Male Reproductive System By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Male Reproductive Disorder List Common Disorders of the Male Reproductive System. Explain the Common Disorders of the Male Reproductive System Common Disorders of the Male Reproductive System What are the common disorders of the male reproductive system? Male reproductive system disorders Its infections that affect the reproductive tract, which is part of the Reproductive System For males these infections are at the penis, testicles, urethra or the vas deferens. The course of these disorders could be bacterium, virus, fungus or other organism. Some infections are easily treatable and can be cured, some are more difficult, and some are non-curable such as AIDS and herpes Common disorders of the male reproductive system Testicular cancer Prostate disorders Prostate cancer Erectile Dysfunction Sexually transmitted diseases Explanation of the Common Disorders of the Male Reproductive System Testicular cancer It is the most common cancer in males between the ages of 20 and 35. An early sign of testicular cancer is a mass in the testis Prostate disorders Because the prostate surrounds part of the urethra, any infection, enlargement (Benign Prostate Hyperplasia), or tumour (Cancer) can obstruct the flow of urine. Disorders Of Male Reproductive System Acute and chronic infections of the prostate are common in postpubescent males, often in association with inflammation of the urethra. Symptoms may include fever, chills, urinary frequency, frequent urination at night, difficulty in urinating, burning or painful urination, low back pain, joint and muscle pain, blood in the urine, or painful ejaculation Prostate cancer Is the leading cause of death from cancer in men Treatment for prostate cancer may involve surgery, cryotherapy, radiation, hormonal therapy, and chemotherapy Erectile Dysfunction Erectile dysfunction (ED), previously termed impotence, is the consistent inability of an adult male to ejaculate or to attain or hold an erection long enough for sexual intercourse. Many cases of impotence are caused by insufficient release of nitric oxide (NO), which relaxes the smooth muscle of the penile arterioles and erectile tissue. Other causes of erectile dysfunction include Diabetes mellitus, physical abnormalities of the penis, Systemic disorders such as syphilis, Vascular disturbances (arterial or venous obstructions), Neurological disorders Surgery Testosterone deficiency Drugs (alcohol, antidepressants, antihistamines, antihypertensive, narcotics, nicotine, and tranquilizers). Psychological factors such as anxiety or depression, fear of causing pregnancy, fear of sexually transmitted diseases Sexually transmitted diseases The sexually transmitted diseases of the male reproductive system already discussed with the sexually transmitted diseases of the female reproductive system Key point The common disorders of the male reproductive system are testicular cancer, prostate disorders, erectile dysfunction and sexually transmitted diseases Erectile dysfunction is a big problem to the society and is caused by a number of factors. Evaluation Define male reproductive disorder List common disorders of the male reproductive system. What is the early sign of testicular cancer? What are the causes of erectile dysfunction? ← PREVIOUS TOPICNEXT TOPIC →VIEW ALL MODULE NOTESVIEW SEMESTER NOTESVIEW ALL LEVEL NOTESALL DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY NOTES Need These Notes as PDF? Need a clean, well-formatted PDF copy for offline study, revision or printing? Request the complete notes directly through WhatsApp. GET WELL-FORMATTED PDF NOTES