Diagnostic Radiology Notes

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Computer Applications for Record Keeping CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Computer Applications for Record Keeping using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Contents of This Topic ©Radiology Informatics Learning objective: FEATURES OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS FEATURES OF MICROSOFT WORD FEATURES OF MICROSOFT EXCEL FEATURES OF STATISTICAL PACKAGES SCOPE OF COMPUTER INFORMATION SYSTEM CORE FUNCTIONS Computer Applications for Record Keeping BENEFITS OF CIS Cost reduction: by automating tasks, reducing errors and improving efficiency, can help organizations reduce costs CHALLENGES OF CIS Advantage of computer Packages Improved Data Management: Reduced Development Costs: Disadvantages of computer Packages Limited Customization: Dependency: Training: ©Radiology Informatics SESSION 2: Apply word processing program in keeping records Learning objective: Describe features of Microsoft excel, Microsoft access and statistical packages Demonstrate computer application in (excel, MS excel worksheet, charts) Describe the scope of Computer information system, functional support, benefits and challenges Discuss advantages and disadvantages of computer packages in information communication ©Radiology Informatics FEATURES OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS Computer features encompass a wide range of capabilities, from basic functionalities like user interface elements and file management to advanced features like data analysis, multimedia integration and online collaboration. ©Radiology Informatics FEATURES OF MICROSOFT WORD Microsoft word is a versatile word processing program with features like: Text formatting Grammar and spelling check Image insertion and Advanced page layout ©Radiology Informatics FEATURES OF MICROSOFT EXCEL Microsoft excel is the powerful spreadsheet program with numerous features for data organization, analysis and visualization. Key features are: Formulas Chart tables Pivot tables Along with functionalities for sorting, filtering and conditional formatting ©Radiology Informatics FEATURES OF STATISTICAL PACKAGES Statistical packages are software suites designed for performing statistical analysis, data management and visualization, Key features: Data entry and data management Descriptive and inferential statistics Hypothesis testing Data visualization Reporting ©Radiology Informatics ©Radiology Informatics ADDING NEW COLUMN/ ROW OR WORKSHEET Click on a Column(S) heading/ Row(s) heading or Worksheet name beside a new one. Click on “Insert” menu. Click on the option you want. E.g. Columns, Rows or Worksheet. Note: New column(s) is added at the left side of a selected column. New row(s) is added above a selected row(s) New worksheet(s) is added at the left side of a selected worksheet(s) ©Radiology Informatics REMOVING COLUMN/ ROW OR WORKSHEET Click on a Column(s) heading/ Row(s) heading or Worksheet name(s) you wish to remove. Click on “Edit” menu. Click on “Delete” command. OR: Click on “Delete Sheet” command, then click on “Yes” button to confirm. Note: When you remove a Worksheet, it is permanently deleted i.e. you can’t restore. ©Radiology Informatics RENAMING A WORKSHEET Click on the sheet name you wish to rename. Click on ‘Format’ menu Select ‘Sheet’ command Click on ‘Rename’ option Type a new name. Press ‘Enter’ key REARRANGING WORKSHEETS Press and hold down left mouse button over the sheet name you wish to rearrange. Drag to a new position and then release the mouse button. ©Radiology Informatics HANDS ON PRACTICE Copy the data as shown on the worksheet above and answer all the question on the next slide ©Radiology Informatics HANDS ON PRACTICE CONT… Insert a new Column between Name and Residence Column and name it Age type any numbers Insert a new row between Maimuna and Zakaria ,and type any entries as per columns headings Copy all the contents and paste in the sheet number 2 ©Radiology Informatics CHANGING TEXT ALIGNMENT Select the text you wish to change alignment. Click on ‘Format’ menu. Click on ‘Cells’ command. Click on ‘Alignment’ tab. Under “Orientation” text box, set an angle you want. Click on ‘Ok’ button when you are done Note: Under “Text Control” text box you can apply a “Wrap text” effect in a Cell. ©Radiology Informatics ©Radiology Informatics WORKING WITH CHARTS A Chart is the graphical representation of data. Using Microsoft Excel, you can represent numbers in a chart, by choosing from a variety of chart types. When you change your data, your chart will automatically update. You can use Microsoft Excel's Chart Wizard to take you through the process step-by-step to accomplish creating your chart. ©Radiology Informatics CREATING A CHART Select the range of data in your spreadsheet that you wish to include in the chart. Click on ‘Insert’ menu. Click on ‘Chart’ command. Note: Chart Wizard dialog box will appear Select a Chart Type and Subtype, then click ‘Next’ Select data Series for the chart. Click ‘Next’ button Click on “Titles” tab, type Chart Title, Category (X) axis, Value (Y) axis, and then click ‘Next’ button. Select a location to place your chart. E.g. “As new sheet” or “As Object in…” option. Click ‘Finish’ when you are done. ©Radiology Informatics FORMATTING CHARTS You can modify your chart by using the Chart toolbar. Click on a down arrow beside “Chart Object” tool Select the object you wish to format. E.g. Legend Click on “Options” tool Select the tab you want, E.g. Pattern, Font e.t.c. Note; Under Pattern Tab, select the options you want, E.g. Border Style, Border Color, Border Weight, Shadow, Area (Fill) color or using Fill Effects colors. Click on “Ok” button when you are done. ©Radiology Informatics Hands on Practice Use the data above to create a 3D bar chart type Format the chart as much as you can ©Radiology Informatics Hands on Practice Copy the data as shown below and create a pie chart then answer the questions on the next slide ©Radiology Informatics Hands on Practice Using the data and the chart above do the following. Change the chart above to Cylinder chart type. Remove the data for UCC-Dodoma. Does the data in the chart changes? Change the data label of pie chart to percentage values SCOPE OF COMPUTER INFORMATION SYSTEM Computer information system(CIS) encompasses the broad fields of using technology to manage and process information for business and organizational purposes. Essentially CIS focus on how technology can be leveraged to improve efficiency, decision making and strategic initiatives with organizations. ©Radiology Informatics

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Managing Radiology Data with DICOM, RIS and PACS CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Managing Radiology Data with DICOM, RIS and PACS using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Contents of This Topic SESSION 5:Use computer application Definition Managing Radiology Data with DICOM, RIS and PACS Use computer application skills in Benefits of Using Computer Applications for Patient Data Entry: Improved Decision-Making: Types of Computer Applications Used in Healthcare: Medical Data Entry Software: Skills Required for Effective Use of Computer Applications in Patient Data Entry: Data Accuracy and Integrity: Use computer application skills to Here's a breakdown of how computer applications are used to retrieve patient data: 2. Hospital Information Systems (HIS): 4. Data Visualization and Reporting: 6. Clinical Decision Support Systems: SESSION 5:Use computer application skills in managing radiology data Learning objective: Define DICOM, RIS and PACS Use computer application skills in entering patient data Use computer application skills to retrieve patient’s data Definition DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) is an international standard for storing, transmitting, and managing medical images and related information. It defines how medical imaging devices, such as X-ray machines, MRIs, and ultrasound machines, can communicate and share data in a standardized way. Managing Radiology Data with DICOM, RIS and PACS DICOM is used in almost every radiology, cardiology, and radiotherapy device, and its use is increasingly expanding into other medical domains like ophthalmology and dentistry. RIS – In medical imaging, it stands for Radiological Information System, which is a software system used to manage patient data, scheduling, and billing in radiology departments. PACS stands for Picture Archiving and Communication System. It's a medical imaging technology that enables the digital storage, retrieval, and sharing of medical images like X-rays, MRIs, and CT scans. This system eliminates the need for traditional film storage and provides a more efficient, secure, and accessible way to manage medical images. Use computer application skills in entering patient data Using computer applications for patient data entry enhances efficiency, accuracy, and accessibility in healthcare. This involves using software and systems to record, update, and retrieve patient information, like medical history, diagnoses, and treatment plans. These applications also facilitate tasks such as billing, scheduling, and accessing clinical knowledge. Benefits of Using Computer Applications for Patient Data Entry: Efficiency: Computer applications streamline the process of entering and updating patient data, saving time and resources. Accuracy: Data entry software often includes features like data validation and auto-fill, reducing the risk of errors. Accessibility: Electronic health records (EHRs) allow authorized healthcare professionals to easily access patient information from various locations, promoting better coordination of care Improved Decision-Making: By providing quick access to relevant data, computer applications enable healthcare providers to make informed decisions about patient care. Data Analysis and Reporting: Many data entry systems offer tools for analyzing patient data, which can be used to identify trends, improve quality of care, and conduct research. Types of Computer Applications Used in Healthcare: Electronic Health Records (EHRs): These systems store and manage comprehensive patient information, including medical history, diagnoses, treatment plans, and other relevant data. Hospital Information Systems (HIS): HIS manage various aspects of hospital operations, including registration, billing, and inventory management. Medical Data Entry Software: These programs are specifically designed to facilitate the accurate and efficient entry of patient data into electronic records. Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS): CDSS provide clinical information and guidance to healthcare professionals, helping them make informed decisions about patient care. Skills Required for Effective Use of Computer Applications in Patient Data Entry: Computer Proficiency: Basic computer skills, including typing, navigating software, and using data entry tools, are essential. Knowledge of EHR Systems: Familiarity with specific EHR platforms used in a healthcare setting is crucial. Data Management Skills: Understanding how to organize, store, and retrieve data effectively is important. Data Accuracy and Integrity: Ensuring that data is entered correctly and maintained accurately is vital. Privacy and Confidentiality: Understanding and adhering to regulations regarding patient data privacy and security is essential. Use computer application skills to retrieve patient’s data To retrieve a patient's data using computer applications, healthcare professionals often utilize Electronic Health Records (EHRs) or Hospital Information Systems (HIS). These systems allow authorized users to access patient demographics, medical history, vital signs, test results, and other relevant information. The specific applications and methods for retrieving data may vary depending on the institution's chosen system and the user's role Here's a breakdown of how computer applications are used to retrieve patient data: Electronic Health Records (EHRs): EHRs are comprehensive digital records that store a patient's medical history, diagnoses, treatments, and other important health information. Healthcare providers can access these records from various locations and devices, making it easier to retrieve information when needed. 2. Hospital Information Systems (HIS): HIS are integrated software systems that manage various aspects of a hospital, including patient registration, admission/discharge, billing, and medical records. These systems often include features for accessing and retrieving patient data. Search and Retrieval Tools: EHRs and HIS typically offer search functionalities that allow users to quickly locate specific patient information based on keywords, patient ID, or other identifiers. 4. Data Visualization and Reporting: Some computer applications offer tools for visualizing patient data and generating reports, which can be helpful for analyzing trends and patterns in patient care. Remote Access and Mobility: Many healthcare organizations utilize mobile devices and remote access technologies to allow authorized personnel to retrieve patient data from anywhere, ensuring access to information even when away from the office. 6. Clinical Decision Support Systems: Some applications integrate clinical decision support tools that help healthcare professionals make informed decisions based on available patient data. In summary, computer applications like EHRs and HIS have revolutionized patient data management by providing efficient and secure access to information, enhancing patient care and decision-making processes. ← PREVIOUS TOPICNEXT TOPIC →VIEW ALL MODULE NOTESVIEW SEMESTER NOTESVIEW ALL LEVEL NOTESALL DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY NOTES Need These Notes as PDF? Need a clean,

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Assessing Radiology Image Quality Using Computers CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Assessing Radiology Image Quality Using Computers using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Contents of This Topic SESSION 7:Apply computer application Utilize computer skill in adjusting image contrast and resolution 1. Using Image Editing Software: 2. Programming with OpenCV (Python): Use computer application in Assessing Radiology Image Quality Using Computers ASSIGNMENT 1 PRACTICAL Visual analysis critiquing images SESSION 7:Apply computer application skills in assessing radiology and images quality Learning objective: Utilize computer skill in adjusting image contrast and resolution Use computer application in labeling images Use computer application in assessing and critiquing images Utilize computer skill in adjusting image contrast and resolution To utilize computer skills in adjusting image contrast and resolution, you'll need to leverage image editing software or coding/programming languages. You can adjust contrast and resolution using software tools like Adobe Photoshop or online image editors. Alternatively, you can programmatically adjust these parameters using libraries like OpenCV with Python 1. Using Image Editing Software: Photoshop or similar software: Photoshop provides tools like "Brightness/Contrast" to adjust these settings. You can also use "Curves" or "Levels" for more precise control over contrast. Online image editors: Many online image editors offer similar tools for adjusting contrast and resolution. 2. Programming with OpenCV (Python): OpenCV Library: OpenCV (Computer Vision) is a library that enables image processing tasks, including contrast and resolution adjustment. Python: Python is a popular programming language used with OpenCV for image manipulation. Example: You can use Python code with OpenCV to adjust brightness, contrast, and even perform histogram equalization to enhance contrast. Use computer application in labeling images Image labeling is the process of identifying and marking various details in an image. Image labeling is useful when automating the process of generating metadata or making recommendations to users based on details in their images Assessing Radiology Image Quality Using Computers To effectively label images in a document, use captions to provide descriptions and context. In Microsoft Word, you can insert a caption by selecting the image, going to the References tab, and clicking "Insert Caption". You can choose a standard label like "Figure" or create a custom one. When citing images, include a figure or table number and a caption or title, along with an appropriate citation if the image is sourced from elsewhere ASSIGNMENT 1 PRACTICAL LABEL THE FOLLOWING PART USING COMPUTER APPLICATION SOFTWARE Use computer application in assessing and critiquing images Evaluating/Assessing of an image involves understanding the visual elements, the context it's used in, and potentially the source and intended message. It's a process of critically analyzing the image to discern its intended meaning and impact Visual analysis How is the image composed? What is in the background, and what is in the foreground? What are the most important visual elements in the image? How can you tell? How is color used? Can the image be looked at different ways? What meanings are conveyed by design choices? critiquing images It's about translating a personal experience into a visual story. And like any story, feedback can help refine and improve our narrative. Why Critiques Matter: 🤔 Critiques aren't just about pointing out what's “wrong” in a photograph. They are collaborative sessions, designed to help us see our work through fresh eyes. There are four basic steps: describing, analyzing, interpreting, and evaluating. ← PREVIOUS TOPICNEXT TOPIC →VIEW ALL MODULE NOTESVIEW SEMESTER NOTESVIEW ALL LEVEL NOTESALL DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY NOTES Need These Notes as PDF? Need a clean, well-formatted PDF copy for offline study, revision or printing? Request the complete notes directly through WhatsApp. GET WELL-FORMATTED PDF NOTES

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Accessing Radiology Information and Teleradiology CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Accessing Radiology Information and Teleradiology using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Contents of This Topic SESSION 8:Use computer application Use computer application in assessing content of images Accessing Radiology Information and Teleradiology 3. Analyzing and making sense of the data: Applications: Content-Based Image Retrieval: Searching and retrieving images from large databases based on their content, rather than metadata. Utilize computer application skill Here's how you can utilize computer application skills to find more image information: Flickr: 2. Reverse Image Search: 3. Online Image Libraries and Databases: 4. Utilizing Computer Skills: Utilize computer application skills Key Computer Applications in Teleradiology: Shared-Access Online Collaboration Platforms: PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication System): Benefits of Using Computer Applications in Teleradiology: Reduced Costs: Challenges and Considerations: Training and Education: Provide adequate training for radiologists on how to use the new technologies and systems. SESSION 8:Use computer application skills in accessing radiology information Learning objective: Use computer application in assessing content of images Utilize computer application skill in inquiring for more image Information Utilize computer application skills in discussing images with colleagues (Teleradiology) Use computer application in assessing content of images Computer vision applications assess image content by analyzing visual data, identify patterns, and extract meaningful information. This allows for tasks like object recognition, face detection, and even identifying potential health issues in medical images Accessing Radiology Information and Teleradiology Computer vision systems leverage machine learning and deep learning techniques to enable computers to "see" and interpret images. The process typically involves: Capturing the image: Cameras, scanners, or other devices capture the raw visual data. Interpreting the image: Analyze the image data, detecting patterns and comparing them against a database of known objects, faces, or other visual features. 3. Analyzing and making sense of the data: Once patterns are identified, the system makes decisions about the image content, such as recognizing objects in a scene or identifying individuals. Delivering insights: The system provides insights based on the analysis, which can be used to inform decisions or actions, like flagging issues in a manufacturing line or detecting unauthorized access. Applications: Object Recognition: Identifying objects in images, such as cars in self-driving vehicles or products in retail environments. Face Detection and Recognition: Identifying individuals in security footage or verifying identities. Medical Image Analysis: Detecting anomalies in medical scans, like tumors or fractures. Quality Control: Inspecting products for defects in manufacturing. Content-Based Image Retrieval: Searching and retrieving images from large databases based on their content, rather than metadata. Automated Annotation: Automatically labeling images with descriptions, reducing the need for manual tagging. Wear Particle Analysis: Analyzing the morphology of wear particles in machines to assess their condition. Utilize computer application skill in inquiring for more image information To utilize computer application skills in inquiring for more image information, you can leverage image search tools and websites. These tools allow you to search for images based on keywords, visual similarity, or even uploaded images. This helps you find specific images or learn more about an image's context, origin, or usage Here's how you can utilize computer application skills to find more image information: Image Search Engines: Google Images: A powerful tool for searching images based on keywords or uploaded images. Bing Images: Similar to Google Images, with a user-friendly interface and image search capabilities. Flickr: A popular photo-sharing platform where you can search for images and find related information. Unsplash: A platform with high-quality, royalty-free images that you can search and download. Pexels: Another source for free and royalty-free images, with search functionality. 2. Reverse Image Search: Many search engines offer reverse image search, allowing you to upload an image and find similar images, websites where it's used, and related information. 3. Online Image Libraries and Databases: Getty Images: A professional image library for various visual assets, including photos and illustrations. Shutterstock: A platform for finding and licensing a wide range of images and other creative assets. Adobe Stock: A subscription-based service with a vast collection of images, graphics, and videos. 4. Utilizing Computer Skills: Keyword Search: Use relevant keywords and phrases to describe the image and its context. File Management: Organize and save your search results, image URLs, and any information you find. Web Browsing: Navigate different websites and platforms to explore different image sources. Image Editing Software: Use tools like Photoshop or GIMP to enhance images or extract information from them. Utilize computer application skills in discussing images with colleagues (Teleradiology In teleradiology, computer applications play a crucial role in facilitating image sharing, review, and discussion with colleagues. These applications allow radiologists to access and analyze medical images remotely, enabling collaboration and consultation regardless of geographical location. Tools like video conferencing, shared-access online collaboration platforms, and specialized radiology software enhance communication and image interpretation. Key Computer Applications in Teleradiology: Shared Image Viewing and Annotation: Radiologists can use specialized software or cloud-based platforms to share and view images simultaneously, allowing for real-time discussion and annotation of findings. Video Conferencing: Facilitates virtual meetings with colleagues to discuss complex cases, provide second opinions, and receive expert advice Shared-Access Online Collaboration Platforms: Enable radiologists to work on cases collaboratively, even if geographically separated, using tools like shared documents, whiteboards, and chat features. Specialized Radiology Software: Provides advanced image processing and analysis tools, like windowing, zooming, and measuring, to enhance image interpretation. PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication System): A system for storing, retrieving, and managing medical images, facilitating remote access and image sharing. RIS (Radiology Information System): A system for managing patient records, scheduling appointments, and generating reports, often integrated with PACS for a more comprehensive system. Benefits of Using Computer Applications in Teleradiology: Improved Collaboration: Facilitates seamless communication and collaboration among radiologists, even in remote locations. Enhanced Image Interpretation: Provides tools and techniques to improve image analysis and accuracy. Reduced Costs: Teleradiology can reduce travel expenses and time associated with in-person consultations Increased

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Disseminating Radiology and Imaging Results CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Disseminating Radiology and Imaging Results using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Contents of This Topic SESSION 9:Apply computer application Utilize computer application Here's a breakdown of how computer applications enhance research: Data Entry and Editing: 3. Collaboration and Communication: 4. Writing and Publishing: 5. Simulations and Modeling: Utilize computer application skills in preparing session (clinical meeting, Elaboration: Cloud-Based Collaboration: Data Management: Multimedia: Use computer application skills in presentations (CME, research findings, cases presentations, teaching and learning) Here's how computer application skills are used in each area: Sharing case studies and patient data: 2. Research Findings Presentations: Sharing research papers and publications: Presenting patient data and medical imaging: Teaching and Learning: Creating engaging online courses: SESSION 9:Apply computer application skill in disseminating patient radiology and imaging results Learning objective: Utilize computer application skills in conducting research Utilize computer application skills in preparing session (clinical meeting, symposiums) Use computer application skills in presentations (CME, research findings, cases presentations, teaching and learning) Utilize computer application skills in conducting research Computer application skills are invaluable in research, aiding in every stage from data collection and analysis to disseminating findings. They enable efficient data storage, analysis, and sharing, as well as facilitate literature searches and collaboration. Here's a breakdown of how computer applications enhance research: Data Management and Analysis: Data Storage: Computers allow for efficient storage of large datasets, making it easier to manage and access information. Data Analysis: Software like statistical packages (SPSS, R) and specialized tools facilitate complex data analysis, identifying patterns and insights. Data Entry and Editing: Computers streamline data entry and editing, ensuring accuracy and efficiency Literature Review and Information Retrieval: Search Engines: Online databases and search engines like Google Scholar, JSTOR, and PubMed help researchers locate relevant literature efficiently. Database Management: Software like Zotero and Mendeley can manage large collections of research papers, making it easy to find and cite sources 3. Collaboration and Communication: Online Collaboration Tools: Platforms like Google Drive and Microsoft Teams enable researchers to share documents, data, and ideas in real-time, facilitating collaboration across geographical boundaries. Communication Tools: Email and social media platforms (e.g., LinkedIn, Twitter) help researchers connect with colleagues, share findings, and stay updated on the latest research. 4. Writing and Publishing: Word Processing Software: Programs like Microsoft Word and Google Docs streamline the writing and formatting of research papers, ensuring a polished final product. Presentation Software: Tools like Microsoft PowerPoint and Google Slides help researchers present their findings effectively at conferences and seminars. 5. Simulations and Modeling: Software Simulations: Specialized software allows researchers to simulate complex systems and phenomena, aiding in understanding and predicting outcomes. Modeling: Computer models can be used to explore different scenarios and hypotheses, helping researchers develop and test their theories. Utilize computer application skills in preparing session (clinical meeting, symposiums) To effectively use computer applications in preparing for a clinical meeting or symposium, leverage presentation software like PowerPoint to create engaging visuals and speaker notes. You can also use spreadsheet software like Excel for data analysis and reporting. For managing presentations and collaboration, utilize cloud-based platforms like Google Workspace or video conferencing tools like Zoom Elaboration: Presentation Software: Use presentation software (e.g., PowerPoint, Google Slides) to create visually appealing presentations. Incorporate graphics, animations, and hyperlinks to enhance engagement. Speaker notes can help guide your delivery. Spreadsheet Software: Utilize spreadsheet software (e.g., Excel, Google Sheets) for data analysis, reporting, and creating charts and graphs to illustrate findings. Cloud-Based Collaboration: For managing documents, presentations, and collaborating with others, leverage cloud-based platforms like Google Workspace (Google Docs, Sheets, Slides). This facilitates easy sharing and editing. Video Conferencing: If the meeting is virtual, use video conferencing platforms (e.g., Zoom, Google Meet, Skype) for real-time communication and screen sharing. Data Management: Consider using databases or specialized software for managing and analyzing large datasets related to the clinical meeting's topic. Publishing and Presentation: If preparing printed materials, utilize word processing and desktop publishing software to create professional-looking newsletters, booklets, and handouts. Multimedia: Incorporate multimedia elements like sound, video, and animation into your presentations to enhance engagement and understanding, especially when presenting complex information. Use computer application skills in presentations (CME, research findings, cases presentations, teaching and learning) Computer application skills are vital for effective presentations in various settings, including continuing medical education (CME), research dissemination, case presentations, and teaching/learning. These skills enable the creation of engaging visuals, interactive elements, and efficient sharing of information. Here's how computer application skills are used in each area: Continuing Medical Education (CME): Creating interactive lectures and workshops: Computer programs like PowerPoint or Prezi can be used to build interactive presentations with quizzes, polls, and embedded videos to engage attendees. Sharing case studies and patient data: Software like Microsoft Excel or specialized medical software can be used to present and analyze patient data, enabling interactive discussions Facilitating remote learning: Platforms like Zoom and WebEx can be used for virtual CME sessions, leveraging presentation software for screen sharing and interactive engagement. 2. Research Findings Presentations: Visualizing data and results: Software like Tableau or Power BI can be used to create compelling data visualizations, tables, and charts to present research outcomes. Developing engaging slides: Using presentation software to create slides that effectively communicate research findings, including key findings, methods, and conclusions. Sharing research papers and publications: Utilizing computer applications to share research papers and publications online, making them accessible to a wider audience. Case Presentations: Creating interactive case studies: Using presentation software or other tools to create engaging case studies with interactive elements, such as quizzes, polls, and scenario-based questions Presenting patient data and medical imaging: Utilizing computer applications to present patient data, medical imaging, and relevant information in a clear and concise manner. Facilitating discussions and problem-solving: Using computer-based tools to facilitate discussions and collaborative problem-solving during case presentations. Teaching and Learning: Developing interactive learning materials: Using presentation software to create

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Computer Concepts and Applications – Introduction CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Computer Concepts and Applications – Introduction using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Computer Concepts and Applications – Introduction Computer Concepts and Applications (Computer Fundamentals) Computer Concepts and Applications 104(B) (Computer Fundamentals) Term I Introduction to Computer Fundamentals 1.1 Introduction to Computer Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as input from the user and processes it under the control of set of instructions (called program), gives the result (output), and saves it for the future use. This Computer Fundamentals tutorial covers a foundational understanding of computer hardware, software, operating systems, peripherals etc. These notes provide a general introduction to computers systems. A computer system is made up of both hardware and software. Software is another term for computer program. Software controls the computer and makes it do useful work. Without software a computer is useless. Hardware refers to the physical components that make up a computer system. These include the computer's processor, memory, monitor, keyboard, mouse, disk drive, printer and so on. In these notes we take a brief look at the functions of the different hardware components. In addition we describe the some of the essential software required for the operation of a computer system. 1.1.1Functionalities of a computer Any digital computer carries out five functions in gross terms: Takes data as input. Stores the data/instructions in its memory and use them when required. Processes the data and converts it into useful information. Generates the output Controls all the above four steps. Definition Computer is an electronic data processing device which accepts and stores data input, processes the data input, and generates the output in a required format. 1.1.3Advantages Following list demonstrates the advantages of computers in today's arena. High Speed Computer is a very fast device. It is capable of performing calculation of very large amount of data. The computer has units of speed in microsecond, nanosecond, and even the picosecond. It can perform millions of calculations in a few seconds as compared to man who will spend many months for doing the same task. 2)Accuracy In addition to being very fast, computers are very accurate. The calculations are 100% error free. Computers perform all jobs with 100% accuracy provided that correct input has been given. 3)Storage Capability Memory is a very important characteristic of computers. A computer has much more storage capacity than human beings. It can store large amount of data. It can store any type of data such as images, videos, text, audio and many others. 4)Diligence Unlike human beings, a computer is free from monotony, tiredness and lack of concentration. It can work continuously without any error and boredom. It can do repeated work with same speed and accuracy. 5)Versatility A computer is a very versatile machine. A computer is very flexible in performing the jobs to be done. This machine can be used to solve the problems related to various fields. At one instance, it may be solving a complex scientific problem and the very next moment it may be playing a card game. 6)Reliability A computer is a reliable machine. Modern electronic components have long lives. Computers are designed to make maintenance easy. 7)Automation Computer is an automatic machine. Automation means ability to perform the given task automatically. Once a program is given to computer i.e., stored in computer memory, the program and instruction can control the program execution without human interaction. 8)Reduction in Paper Work The use of computers for data processing in an organization leads to reduction in paper work and results in speeding up a process. As data in electronic files can be retrieved as and when required, the problem of maintenance of large number of paper files gets reduced. 9)Reduction in Cost Though the initial investment for installing a computer is high but it substantially reduces the cost of each of its transaction. 1.1.4Disadvantages Following list demonstrates the disadvantages of computers in today's arena 1)No I.Q A computer is a machine that has no intelligence to perform any task. Each instruction has to be given to computer. A computer cannot take any decision on its own. 2)Dependency It functions as per a user’s instruction, so it is fully dependent on human being 3)Environment The operating environment of computer should be dust free and suitable. 4)No Feeling Computers have no feelings or emotions. It cannot make judgement based on feeling, taste, experience, and knowledge unlike a human being. 1.1.5 Components of computer All types of computers follow a same basic logical structure and perform the following five basic operations for converting raw input data into information useful to their users. Sr.No. Operation Description The process of entering data and instructions into the computer Take Input system Saving data and instructions so that they are available for Store Data processing as and when required. Performing arithmetic, and logical operations on data in order to Processing Data convert them into useful information. m Input Unit This unit contains devices with the help of which we enter data into computer. This unit makes link between user and computer. The input devices translate the information into the form understandable by computer. CPU (Central Processing Unit) CPU is considered as the brain of the computer. CPU performs all types of data processing operations. It stores data, intermediate results and instructions(program). It controls the operation of all parts of computer. CPU itself has following three components ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit) Memory Unit Control Unit Output Unit Output unit consists of devices with the help of which we get the information from computer. This unit is a link between computer and users. Output devices translate the computer's output into the form understandable by users. 1.1.6 Types of Computer Computers can be broadly classified by their speed and computing power. personal computer but have more powerful microprocessor. It is a multi-user computer system which

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Computer Concepts and Applications – Computer Memory and Input/Output Devices CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Computer Concepts and Applications – Computer Memory and Input/Output Devices using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Contents of This Topic Computer Concepts and Applications – Computer Memory and Input/Output Devices Joy Stick Bar Code Reader Graphic Plotter Flat- Panel Display Impact Printers Character Printers Widely Used Drum Printer Laser Printers Introduction to free and open source software Resident Viruses Overwrite Viruses Macro Virus Polymorphic Virus Encrypted Viruses Nonresident Viruses Spacefiller (Cavity) Viruses Logic Bombs Computer Concepts and Applications – Computer Memory and Input/Output Devices 1.3 Computer Memory Memory is used to store the information (programs and data) that the computer is currently using. It is sometimes called main or primary memory. One form of memory is called RAM – random access memory. This means that any location in memory may be accessed in the same amount of time as any other location. Memory access means one of two things, either the CPU is reading from a memory location or the CPU is writing to a memory location. When the CPU reads from a memory location, the contents of the memory location are copied to a CPU register. When the CPU writes to a memory location, the CPU copies the contents of a CPU register to the memory location, overwriting the previous contents of the location. The CPU cannot carry out any other operations on memory locations. RAM is a form of short term or volatile memory. Information stored in short term storage is lost when the computer is switched off (or when power fails e.g. if you pull out the power lead!). There is therefore a requirement for permanent or long term storage which is also referred to as secondary storage or auxiliary storage. This role is fulfilled by disk and tape storage. 1.3.1 Random Access Memory (RAM) RAM(Random Access Memory) is the internal memory of the CPU for storing data, program and program result. It is read/write memory which stores data until the machine is working. As soon as the machine is switched off, data is erased. Access time in RAM is independent of the address that is, each storage location inside the memory is as easy to reach as other locations and takes the same amount of time. Data in the RAM can be accessed randomly but it is very expensive. RAM is volatile, i.e. data stored in it is lost when we switch off the computer or if there is a power failure. Hence a backup uninterruptible power system(UPS) is often used with computers. RAM is small, both in terms of its physical size and in the amount of data it can hold. RAM is of two types Static RAM (SRAM) Dynamic RAM (DRAM) 1)Static RAM (SRAM) The word static indicates that the memory retains its contents as long as power is being supplied. However, data is lost when the power gets down due to volatile nature. SRAM chips use a matrix of 6-transistors and no capacitors. Transistors do not require power to prevent leakage, so SRAM need not have to be refreshed on a regular basis. Because of the extra space in the matrix, SRAM uses more chips than DRAM for the same amount of storage space, thus making the manufacturing costs higher. So SRAM is used as cache memory and has very fast access. Characteristic of the Static RAM It has long life There is no need to refresh Faster Used as cache memory Large size Expensive High power consumption 2)Dynamic RAM (DRAM) DRAM, unlike SRAM, must be continually refreshed in order to maintain the data. This is done by placing the memory on a refresh circuit that rewrites the data several hundred times per second. DRAM is used for most system memory because it is cheap and small. All DRAMs are made up of memory cells which are composed of one capacitor and one transistor. Characteristics of the Dynamic RAM It has short data lifetime Need to be refreshed continuously Slower as compared to SRAM Used as RAM Lesser in size Less expensive Less power consumption 1.3.2 – Read Only Memory (ROM) ROM stands for Read Only Memory. The memory from which we can only read but cannot write on it. This type of memory is non-volatile. The information is stored permanently in such memories during manufacture. A ROM, stores such instructions that are required to start a computer. This operation is referred to as bootstrap. ROM chips are not only used in the computer but also in other electronic items like washing machine and microwave oven. Following are the various types of ROM 1)MROM (Masked ROM) The very first ROMs were hard-wired devices that contained a pre-programmed set of data or instructions. These kind of ROMs are known as masked ROMs which are inexpensive. 2)PROM (Programmable Read only Memory) PROM is read-only memory that can be modified only once by a user. The user buys a blank PROM and enters the desired contents using a PROM program. Inside the PROM chip there are small fuses which are burnt open during programming. It can be programmed only once and is not erasable. 3)EPROM(Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory) The EPROM can be erased by exposing it to ultra-violet light for a duration of up to 40 minutes. Usually, an EPROM eraser achieves this function. During programming, an electrical charge is trapped in an insulated gate region. The charge is retained for more than ten years because the charge has no leakage path. For erasing this charge, ultra-violet light is passed through a quartz crystal window(lid). This exposure to ultra-violet light dissipates the charge. During normal use the quartz lid is sealed with a sticker. 4)EEPROM(Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory) The EEPROM is programmed and erased electrically. It can be erased and reprogrammed about ten thousand times. Both

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Computer Concepts and Applications – Operating Systems and Windows CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Computer Concepts and Applications – Operating Systems and Windows using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Contents of This Topic Computer Concepts and Applications – Operating Systems and Windows Memory Management The Desktop : Windows Explorer: Menu Bar Paint Window The Tools: Fill Styles: Picture Characteristics The Shape Tools Computer Concepts and Applications – Operating Systems and Windows 2 .Basics Of Operating System 2.1 Definition of Operating System: “An Operating system is a program that controls the execution of application programs and acts as an interface between the user of a computer and the computer hardware.” A more common definition is that the operating system is the one program running at all times on the computer (usually called the kernel), with all else being applications programs. An Operating system is concerned with the allocation of resources and services, such as memory, processors, devices and information. The Operating System correspondingly includes programs to manage these resources, such as a traffic controller, a scheduler, memory management module, I/O programs, and a file system. 2.2 Types Of Operating Systems: Operating systems are there from the very first computer generation. Operating systems keep evolving over the period of time. Following are few of the important types of operating system which are most commonly used. 1)Batch Operating System The users of batch operating system do not interact with the computer directly. Each user prepares his job on an off-line device like punch cards and submits it to the computer operator. To speed up processing, jobs with similar needs are batched together and run as a group. Thus, the programmers left their programs with the operator. The operator then sorts programs into batches with similar requirements. The problems with Batch Systems are following. Lack of interaction between the user and job. CPU is often idle, because the speeds of the mechanical I/O devices are slower than CPU. Difficult to provide the desired priority. 2)Time Sharing Operating System Time sharing is a technique which enables many people, located at various terminals, to use a particular computer system at the same time. Time-sharing or multitasking is a logical extension of multiprogramming. Processor's time which is shared among multiple users simultaneously is termed as time-sharing. The main difference between Multiprogrammed Batch Systems and Time-Sharing Systems is that in case of multiprogrammed batch systems, objective is to maximize processor use, whereas in Time-Sharing Systems objective is to minimize response time. Multiple jobs are executed by the CPU by switching between them, but the switches occur so frequently. Thus, the user can receive an immediate response. For example, in a transaction processing, processor execute each user program in a short burst or quantum of computation. That is if n users are present, each user can get time quantum. When the user submits the command, the response time is in few seconds at most. Operating system uses CPU scheduling and multiprogramming to provide each user with a small portion of a time. Computer systems that were designed primarily as batch systems have been modified to time-sharing systems. Advantages of Timesharing operating systems are following Provide advantage of quick response. Avoids duplication of software. Reduces CPU idle time. Disadvantages of Timesharing operating systems are following. Problem of reliability. Question of security and integrity of user programs and data. Problem of data communication. 3)Distributed Operating System Distributed systems use multiple central processors to serve multiple real time application and multiple users. Data processing jobs are distributed among the processors accordingly to which one can perform each job most efficiently. The processors communicate with one another through various communication lines (such as high-speed buses or telephone lines). These are referred as loosely coupled systems or distributed systems. Processors in a distributed system may vary in size and function. These processors are referred as sites, nodes, and computers and so on. The advantages of distributed systems are following. With resource sharing facility user at one site may be able to use the resources available at another. Speedup the exchange of data with one another via electronic mail. If one site fails in a distributed system, the remaining sites can potentially continue operating. Better service to the customers. Reduction of the load on the host computer. Reduction of delays in data processing. 4)Network Operating System Network Operating System runs on a server and and provides server the capability to manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions. The primary purpose of the network operating system is to allow shared file and printer access among multiple computers in a network, typically a local area network (LAN), a private network or to other networks. Examples of network operating systems are Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Microsoft Windows Server 2008, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare, and BSD. The advantages of network operating systems are following. Centralized servers are highly stable. Security is server managed. Upgrades to new technologies and hardware can be easily integrated into the system. Remote access to servers is possible from different locations and types of systems. The disadvantages of network operating systems are following. High cost of buying and running a server. Dependency on a central location for most operations. Regular maintenance and updates are required. 5)Real time Operating System Real time system is defines as a data processing system in which the time interval required to process and respond to inputs is so small that it controls the environment. Real time processing is always on line whereas on line system need not be real time. The time taken by the system to respond to an input and display of required updated information is termed as response time. So in this method response time is very less as compared to the online processing. Real-time systems are used when there are rigid time requirements on the operation of a processor or

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Computer Concepts and Applications – Microsoft Word, Excel and PowerPoint CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Computer Concepts and Applications – Microsoft Word, Excel and PowerPoint using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Contents of This Topic Computer Concepts and Applications – Microsoft Word, Excel and PowerPoint • Formatting Font • Page Headers Hanging Indent Method 1 Copy, Cut, Paste Select Delete Introduction to Microsoft Office Powerpoint 2007 Building Slides Bulleted Lists Design Templates The Presentation Computer Concepts and Applications – Microsoft Word, Excel and PowerPoint 3 Introduction to Business Communication Tools Introduction Microsoft Office is a collection of different application programs that were originally designed to be used to perform many of the tasks that are completed every day in an office setting, but they can also be useful in your personal life as well. Microsoft Word is a word processing program that can be used to type documents, from simple letters to illustrated newsletters. Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet program that can be used to track of lists, numbers and statistics, such as might be used in accounting. Microsoft Access is a database program that can be used to track of diverse but related information, such as customer orders, customer billing information, customer shipping information, and product inventories. Microsoft PowerPoint is presentation software that can be used for making fully animated computer presentations. Microsoft Publisher is publication design software that can be used for creating greeting cards, business cards, calendars and more. 3.1 Microsoft Word Introduction A word processor is a type of computer program that is used to create a variety of documents, from simple letters to fully illustrated newsletters and fliers. Word Processing applications display text on a computer screen and allow users to easily add, remove, and change the style, size, and placement of text in a document without having to retype the entire document as they would with a typewriter. Microsoft Word is one of the most popular word-processing software applications in use today. Starting MS-Word 2007 Opening Microsoft Word To open Word, do either one of the following: Click once on the Start button on the bottom left corner of the screen. Click on Programs. Move the cursor to the new menu on the right and then click on Microsoft Office 2007. Move the cursor to the next menu that opens and click Microsoft Office Word 2007. A blank document will appear on the screen. Main screen of a Microsoft Word 2007 Document The screenshot below is the opening screen for Microsoft Word 2007. Here we will review screenshots and documentation on how to navigate some of the basic menus and the steps necessary to format a basic paper correctly. Page Setup and Margin Formatting The screenshot below displays the menu path to change the margins in a paper. According to APA, all margins are set at 1 inch. From the menu tab at the top of Word, select Page Layout. In the Page Layout menu, the margins button will allow you to change the margins to the correct format. Select Normal to set all margins to one inch. • Formatting Font The screenshot below displays the menu path to change the font. Use a traditional font such as Times New Roman or Courier in 12-point size. Select the Home tab. From the Font menu, you may adjust the font, style, and size to the correct format. Formatting Spacing The standard spacing format for a paper is double-spacing. Double-space the entire document, including the reference page. The screenshot below displays the menu path to change the spacing format to double. Select the Home tab. From the Paragraph menu, you may adjust the line spacing from the Line Spacing dropdown menu. (Note: Word 2007 places extra space between paragraphs. You will need to adjust this by selecting the Page Layout menu. Then access Paragraph and Indents and Spacing. Under the Spacing heading, set the spacing option to 0 pt. before and 0 pt. after. Click OK.) • Page Headers Identify each page with the first two or three words of the title and with the page number placed on the upper right hand corner of the page. Use five spaces between the title and the page number. Do not use your name to identify each page. Be sure the font type and size are the same as that used in the document. To create a correct APA header with a page number in Word 2007, use the following guidelines: Click on the Insert tab. Click on the Header tab. Click on the Blank header tab from the drop-down menu. This will put the curser inside the header. Click on the Page Number tab. Place the curser on the drop-down menu over Top of Page to bring up another drop-down menu. Click on Plain Number 3 on the drop-down menu (the third choice). This will place a page number inside the header at the right margin. Type the portion of the title to go in the header and add five spaces. Your header is complete. Click on Close Header and Footer on the far right. Hanging Indent Select the text that requires a hanging indent OR create a hanging indent before typing the text. From the Home menu, click on the Paragraph command (see Picture One). This will bring up the Indents and Spacing tab (see Picture Two). Under Indentation in the Special box, click on Hanging and OK. Centering Text The screenshot below is an example of text that is centered and that is not centered. In order to center text highlight the text that requires centering and select the icon in the formatting toolbar as shown. Select the Home tab. Highlight the text to be centered. Click the button to center the text on the Paragraph toolbar. 3.2 Microsoft Excel 1.Introduction to Microsoft Excel 2007 Microsoft Excel is a very powerful tool for you to

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Computer Concepts and Applications – Computer Networking CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Computer Concepts and Applications – Computer Networking using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Computer Concepts and Applications – Computer Networking 4 Importance of networking 4.1 Introduction Information and communication are two of the most important strategic issues for the success of every enterprise. While today nearly every organization uses a number of computers and communication tools (like telephone or fax), they are often still isolated. While managers today are able to use applications like wordprocessors or spreadsheets, not very many of them use computer-based tools to communicate with other departments or information retrieval programs. To overcome these obstacles in an effective usage of information technology, computer networks are necessary. They are a new kind of organization of computer systems produced by the need to merge computers and communications. Computer networks can manage to put down the barriers between information held on several systems. Only with the help of computer networks can a borderless communication and information environment be built. 4.2 Importance of Networking Computer networks allow the user to access remote programs and remote databases either of the same organization or from other enterprises or public sources. Computer networks provide communication possibilities faster than other facilities. Because of these optimal information and communication possibilities, computer networks may increase the organizational learning rate there are other reasons why any organization should have a computer network cost reduction by sharing hardware and software resources high reliability by having multiple sources of supply cost reduction by downsizing to microcomputer-based networks instead of using mainframes greater flexibility because of possibility to connect devices from various vendors A network is two or more computers connected together to share information and files between them. Businesses aren't the only ones that can benefit from creating a network. Home users can enjoy sharing music, movies and printers from any computer. File Sharing : Computers connected to a network can share files and documents with each other. Personal computers connected to a business network can choose which files and folders are available to share on the network. Printers : Computers can print pages to another computer with a printer on the network. Additionally, printers can be connected using a print server, which allows direct printing from all computers. 4.3 Computer Network 4.3.1 Types of Networks A)Local Area Networks Local area networks (LANs) are used to connect networking devices that are in a very close geographic area, such as a floor of a building, a building itself, or a campus environment. B)Wide Area Networks C)Wide area networks (WANs) are used to connect LANs together. Typically, WANs are used when the LANs that must be connected are separated by a large distance. D)Metropolitan Area Networks A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a hybrid between a LAN and a WAN. A computer network is an interconnection of various computer systems located at different places. In computer network two or more computers are linked together with a medium and data communication devices for the purpose of communicating data and sharing resources. The computer that provides resources to other computers on a network is known as server In the network the individual computers, which access shared network resources, are known as workstations or nodes. Computer Networks may be classified on the basis of geographical area in two broad categories. Local Area Network (LAN) Wide Area Network (WAN) I. Local Area Network: Networks used to interconnect computers in a single room, rooms within a building or buildings on one site are called Local Area Network (LAN). LAN links computers, i.e., software and hardware, in the same area for the purpose of sharing information. Usually LAN links computers within a limited geographical area because they must be connected by a cable, which is quite expensive. Major Characteristics of LAN are as follows: Every computer has the potential to communicate with any other computers of the network High degree of interconnection between computers Easy physical connection of computers in a network Inexpensive medium of data transmission High data transmission rate Advantages of LAN are as follows: The reliability of network is high because the failure of one computer in the network does not effect the functioning for other computers. Addition of new computer to network is easy. High rate of data transmission is possible. Peripheral devices like magnetic disk and printer can be shared by other computers. Disadvantages of LAN is If the communication line fails, the entire network system breaks down. Use of LAN : Followings are the major areas where LAN is normally used File transfers and Access Word and text processing Electronic message handling Remote database access Personal computing Digital voice transmission and storage 4.4 Network Components 1)Hub A hub works in the physical layer of the OSI model. It is basically a non-intelligent device, and has no decision making capability. What a Hub basically does is take the input data from one of the ports and broadcast the information to all the other ports connected to the network. Port network To demonstrate its working, consider a 4 port network as shown in Fig 1. There are 4 computers connected to the 4 ports. Suppose, if Computer A wants to send some data to Computer B using a Hub, then, Computer A broadcasts the data on the network, and Computer B, being connected to the network, has access to the data. But, in this case all the other ports connected to the network has access to the data that is being transmitted by Computer A. This happens because, the Hub works in the Physical Layer and hence it does not know about the MAC addresses of the ports connected to the network. So, there is a lack of security in the Hub. USB Hub The picture shows a USB Hub, wherein the data is fed into the input port and is broadcasted