NTA Level 4 Semester Two

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Computer Concepts and Applications – Electronic Data Interchange CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Computer Concepts and Applications – Electronic Data Interchange using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Computer Concepts and Applications – Electronic Data Interchange Electronic Data Interchange 2.1 Introduction to EDI: Definition: Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is the electronic exchange of business documentation and information in a standardized format between computers, usually of different organizations. It is also commonly known as electronic trading. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is the computer-to-computer exchange of business documents in a standardelectronic format between business partners. Each term in the definition is significant: Computer-to-computer EDI replaces postal mail, fax and email. While email is also an electronic approach, the documents exchanged via email must still be handled by people rather than computers. Having people involved slows down the processing of the documents and also introduces errors. Instead, EDI documents can flow straight through to the appropriate application on the receiver’s computer (e.g., the Order Management System) and processing can begin immediately. .A typical manual process looks like this, with lots of paper and people involvement : The EDI process looks like this — no paper, no people involved: Business documents –An EDI document is comprised of data elements, segments and envelopes that are formatted according to the rules of a particular EDI standard. These are any of the documents that are typically exchanged between businesses. The most common documents exchanged via EDI are purchase orders, invoices and advance ship notices. But there are many, many others such as bill of lading, customs documents, inventory documents, shipping status documents and payment documents. In the EDI language, a single business document, such as a purchase order, invoice or advance ship notice, is called a “transaction set” or “message.” And, a transaction set is comprised of data elements, segments and envelopes. EDI Data elements:The data elements in an EDI Transaction Set are the individual items of information within the document. For example, within many documents, such as the purchase order and invoice, you will find data elements such as city, state, country, item number, quantity and price. Each data element in a transaction set is defined in the EDI Standard by the type of data it represents. For example, it would be important to distinguish numeric data from text data or calendar dates. The data element definition will describe: -Data type of numeric, alphanumeric, date or time -Minimum and maximum length -Code values, if applicable, that must be observed with a particular type of data. For example, if the data element is unit cost, you would use a currency code element as well to allow you to indicate what currency (e.g., US dollars or euros) is being used in the unit cost field.Elements are combined into segment. EDI Data Segment: A segment in an EDI transaction set is a group of like data elements. If you were filling out information on a purchase order, you would expect to see groups of related data. For example, look at the diagram below of a paper purchase order in which only one item is being ordered. Note that there are four sections, each providing a different set of information: In an EDI document, each section is described by a particular segment. Below is the set of EDI segments that would describe the purchase order above when using the ANSI standard. Each segment begins with a segment ID (e.g., ST, BEG, N1) that describes the type of data elements that follows. The elements within each segment are separated by a data element separator, in this case the ‘*’. For each type of business document, the EDI standard documentation defines: -The segments that may be included and which ones are mandatory, optional and/or conditional (i.e. must be included only if another segment or element is included) -For each segment, the elements that may be included – for every piece of information in a paper document there is a corresponding EDI element. These elements are defined in the standards dictionary and each standard has its own dictionary -The required sequence of the segments and elements -How many times a segment may be repeated.Now, once all the segments are collected into a prescribed sequence, they form a complete electronic document, or transaction set. Next, the transaction sets must be put into envelopes in preparation for transmission to your partners. EDI Envelope:EDI document transmission uses a system of three “envelopes” to house your transaction sets – Message envelope, Group envelope and Interchange envelope. Just as paper business documents are sent in envelopes and it’s possible to mail many documents in a single envelope, EDI documents are exchanged using several envelopes. Each transaction set is placed in its individual envelope A group of transaction sets – e.g., a group of purchase orders – is placed in a group envelope. (The group envelope is mandatory in ANSI and optional in EDIFACT.) All group envelopes being sent from one sender to one receiver are placed in an Interchange envelope See the diagram below: An envelope is formed by a pair of segments that define the beginning and end of the appropriate section. Using the EDIFACT standard as the example, the Transaction Set Envelope uses the UNH and UNT segments, the Group Envelope uses the UNG and UNE segments and the Interchange Envelope uses the UNA/UNB and UNZ segments. In each case, the “S” indicates the “start” of the envelope and the “E” indicates the “end” of the envelope. The diagram below illustrates the three levels of envelopes that would surround a single EDI purchase order. Standard format– Because EDI documents must be processed by computers rather than humans, a standard format must be used so that the computer will be able to read and understand the documents. A standard format describes what each piece of information is and in what format (e.g., integer, decimal, mmddyy). Without a standard

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Computer Concepts and Applications – Internet and Web Applications CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Computer Concepts and Applications – Internet and Web Applications using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Contents of This Topic Computer Concepts and Applications – Internet and Web Applications Financial Transaction Vertical Search Personalized Search Food/Recipes Video Games Popular Browsers Computer Concepts and Applications – Internet and Web Applications Internet and Internet Application 1.1 Introduction It is a worldwide system which has the following characteristics: Internet is a world-wide / global system of interconnected computer networks. Internet uses the standard Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Every computer in internet is identified by a unique IP address. IP Address is a unique set of numbers (such as 110.22.33.114) which identifies a computer’s location. A special computer DNS (Domain Name Server) is used to give name to the IP Address so that user can locate a computer by a name. For example, a DNS server will resolve a name http://www.tutorialspoint.com to a particular IP address to uniquely identify the computer on which this website is hosted. Internet is accessible to every user all over the world. 1.1.1Evolution of the Internet The structure and makeup of the Internet has adapted as the needs of its community have changed. Today's Internet serves the largest and most diverse community of network users in the computing world. A brief chronology and summary of significant components are provided in this chapter to set the stage for understanding the challenges of interfacing the Internet and the steps to build scalable internetworks. Origins of the Internet The Internet started as an experiment in the late 1960s by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA, now called DARPA) of the U.S. Department of Defense. DARPA experimented with the connection of computer networks by giving grants to multiple universities and private companies to get them involved in the research. In December 1969, the experimental network went online with the connection of a four-node network connected via 56 Kbps circuits. This new technology proved to be highly reliable and led to the creation of two similar military networks, MILNET in the U.S. and MINET in Europe. Thousands of hosts and users subsequently connected their private networks (universities and government) to the ARPANET, thus creating the initial "ARPA Internet." ARPANET had an Acceptable Use Policy (AUP), which prohibited the use of the Internet for commercial use. ARPANET was decommissioned in 1989. By 1985, the ARPANET was heavily used and congested. In response, the National Science Foundation (NSF) initiated phase one development of the NSFNET. The NSFNET was composed of multiple regional networks and peer networks (such as the NASA Science Network) connected to a major backbone that constituted the core of the overall NSFNET. In its earliest form, in 1986, the NSFNET created a three-tiered network architecture. The architecture connected campuses and research organizations to regional networks, which in turn connected to a main backbone linking six nationally funded super-computer centers. The original links were 56 Kbps. The links were upgraded in 1988 to faster T1 (1.544 Mbps) links as a result of the NSFNET 1987 competitive solicitation for a faster network service, awarded to Merit Network, Inc. and its partners MCI, IBM, and the state of Michigan. The NSFNET T1 backbone connected a total of 13 sites that included Merit, BARRNET, MIDnet, Westnet, NorthWestNet, SESQUINET, SURANet, NCAR (National Center of Atmospheric Research), and five NSF supercomputer centers. In 1990, Merit, IBM, and MCI started a new organization known as Advanced Network and Services (ANS). Merit Network's Internet engineering group provided a policy routing database and routing consultation and management services for the NSFNET, whereas ANS operated the backbone routers and a Network Operation Center (NOC). The history of the Internet begins with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. Initial concepts of packet networking originated in several computer science laboratories in the United States, Great Britain, and France. The US Department of Defense awarded contracts as early as the 1960s for packet network systems, including the development of the ARPANET (which would become the first network to use the Internet Protocol.) The first message was sent over the ARPANET from computer science Professor Leonard Kleinrock's laboratory at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to the second network node at Stanford Research Institute (SRI). Packet switching networks such as ARPANET, Mark I at NPL in the UK, CYCLADES, Merit Network, Tymnet, and Telenet, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of communications protocols. The ARPANET in particular led to the development of protocols for internetworking, in which multiple separate networks could be joined into a network of networks. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation (NSF) funded the Computer Science Network (CSNET). In 1982, the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) was introduced as the standard networking protocol on the ARPANET. In the early 1980s the NSF funded the establishment for national supercomputing centers at several universities, and provided interconnectivity in 1986 with the NSFNET project, which also created network access to the supercomputer sites in the United States from research and education organizations. Commercial Internet service providers (ISPs) began to emerge in the late 1980s. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. Private connections to the Internet by commercial entities became widespread quickly, and the NSFNET was decommissioned in 1995, removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic. Since the mid-1990s, the Internet has had a revolutionary impact on culture and commerce, including the rise of near-instant communication by electronic mail, instant messaging, voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) telephone calls, two-way interactive video calls, and the World Wide Web with its discussion forums, blogs, social networking, and online shopping sites. The research and education community continues to develop and use advanced networks such as NSF's very high speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS), Internet2, and National LambdaRail. Increasing

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Computer Concepts and Applications – Computer Applications and Electronic Commerce CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Computer Concepts and Applications – Computer Applications and Electronic Commerce using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Computer Concepts and Applications – Computer Applications and Electronic Commerce 5 Use of Computer in Commerce 5.1 Data Processing Data is collection of facts- unorganized but able to organized in to useful information. Information is data arranged in an order.So Data Processing is a series of actions and operations that convert data into useful information. In the commercial world, data processing refers to the processing of data required to run organizations and businesses. 5.2 Files- a file is considered as a sequence of bytes, the operating system supplies routines that can read/write a specified number of bytes. file is a sequence of records of the same type. Records- file is a sequence of records of the same type. A record is a sequence of data bytes together with control information about the record's size and maybe some attributes.the unit of I/O operations is one or more record(s). File organization and access methods are separate but related concepts,organization refers to the internal structure, access method is an "allowed method" to read/write from/to the file. It may be possible to access a file in an access method other than the "natural" one. Possible file organizations are: Sequential – The info in file can be accessed only in the order it was written. The writing order defines the "natural" order of data, in simple cases the data will reside on the disk in consecutive locations. Relative – The file is a sequence of equal-sized "data cells" you can access any "cell" you want using its serial number, and the system will calculate the offset. Relative files are just like arrays [of structures] but instead of residing in main memory, they are recorded on a magnetic media. Indexed – The file is made of "data cells", not necessarily of the same size, and contain "indexes", lists of "pointers" to these cells arranged by some order. Standard FORTRAN 77 doesn't require that indexed files are to be implemented, but some vendors supply this nice extension. Computer application in Business: Needs and Scope:- It has great need to use computer applications in business. because world become a global market and everyone want to buy a good quality product and ideas. we can share our ideas through computer aplicantion sell our ideas and discuse about new product. Computer Application in various fields of Commerce: Almost every business uses computers to complete daily tasks. From making contact with clients to inputting data for reports, computers allow businesses a more efficient way to manage affairs when compared to traditional paper and manila folders. Businesses use a variety of different types of computers such as desktops, laptops, servers, smartphones and tablets, depending on their needs. With computers, employees are able to work anytime, anywhere. Communication Communication is key when gaining and maintaining clients and other important contacts. Computers give businesses access to email, instant messaging and custom customer contact systems. Computerized phone systems allow for automated support during off hours and a virtual operator can quickly direct callers to the correct department for faster support. Marketing Computers allow businesses to create websites, stunning ads and complete marketing campaigns. Marketing videos can be edited and custom ads created in-house with the use of specialized software. Businesses can completely develop and manage websites with their own servers or connect remotely to a third-party business to upload their latest content such as articles, product images and blog posts. Accounting Accounting without computers presents a high risk for human error. Accounting software allows businesses to simply input their financial data and instantly see gains and losses. All necessary tax reports are available the moment the data is entered. Using computers for invoicing, managing expenses and calculating payroll is vital for ensuring financial data is as accurate as possible. Storage Instead of filing cabinets, businesses are able to store millions of files using computers and servers. Data can be stored centrally for easy access from multiple computers or stored locally for individual use. Computerized storage saves space and provides a far more efficient organization strategy. With encryption, passwords and replace keys, data remains secure. Documents and Reports Most businesses have some sort of productivity software which typically includes a word processor and spreadsheet application. These two programs allow businesses to create reports, memos, tutorials and even colorful ads for company events. Spreadsheet applications give businesses the chance to organize, manage and calculate both numeric and alphabetic data. With charts and graphs, reporting becomes visual instead of text-based. Education Businesses use computers to help educate employees on software, company policy, standard procedures and safety. Instead of hiring teachers, computers can be used to educate employees at their own pace or through an online webinar with live questions and answers. This form of education fits the busy schedules of businesses without sacrificing the quality of the education. 5.3.1 Personal Administration (Human Resources) Personnel Administration, commonly known as Human Resources or HR, handles a great many issues in the workplace. The primary function is the recruiting selecting and hiring of new employees, but goes way beyond that in most companies. Human Resources is also responsible to see that workplace standards meet legal and ethical criteria, including the manner in which employees are treated by their supervisors. In some companies, HR is responsible for employee training, although this is often done by the department hiring the new employee. HR also administers employee benefits programs and keeps track of sick time and vacations. Employee guides are also created by Human Resources, usually with the assistance of an attorney knowledgeable in personnel law. Accounting Definition -The Systematic recording ,reporting and analysis of financial transactions of a business. Cost and Budgetary management:- Preparing a budget is an integral part of establishing

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Computer Concepts and Applications – Computer Networking CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Computer Concepts and Applications – Computer Networking using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Computer Concepts and Applications – Computer Networking 4 Importance of networking 4.1 Introduction Information and communication are two of the most important strategic issues for the success of every enterprise. While today nearly every organization uses a number of computers and communication tools (like telephone or fax), they are often still isolated. While managers today are able to use applications like wordprocessors or spreadsheets, not very many of them use computer-based tools to communicate with other departments or information retrieval programs. To overcome these obstacles in an effective usage of information technology, computer networks are necessary. They are a new kind of organization of computer systems produced by the need to merge computers and communications. Computer networks can manage to put down the barriers between information held on several systems. Only with the help of computer networks can a borderless communication and information environment be built. 4.2 Importance of Networking Computer networks allow the user to access remote programs and remote databases either of the same organization or from other enterprises or public sources. Computer networks provide communication possibilities faster than other facilities. Because of these optimal information and communication possibilities, computer networks may increase the organizational learning rate there are other reasons why any organization should have a computer network cost reduction by sharing hardware and software resources high reliability by having multiple sources of supply cost reduction by downsizing to microcomputer-based networks instead of using mainframes greater flexibility because of possibility to connect devices from various vendors A network is two or more computers connected together to share information and files between them. Businesses aren't the only ones that can benefit from creating a network. Home users can enjoy sharing music, movies and printers from any computer. File Sharing : Computers connected to a network can share files and documents with each other. Personal computers connected to a business network can choose which files and folders are available to share on the network. Printers : Computers can print pages to another computer with a printer on the network. Additionally, printers can be connected using a print server, which allows direct printing from all computers. 4.3 Computer Network 4.3.1 Types of Networks A)Local Area Networks Local area networks (LANs) are used to connect networking devices that are in a very close geographic area, such as a floor of a building, a building itself, or a campus environment. B)Wide Area Networks C)Wide area networks (WANs) are used to connect LANs together. Typically, WANs are used when the LANs that must be connected are separated by a large distance. D)Metropolitan Area Networks A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a hybrid between a LAN and a WAN. A computer network is an interconnection of various computer systems located at different places. In computer network two or more computers are linked together with a medium and data communication devices for the purpose of communicating data and sharing resources. The computer that provides resources to other computers on a network is known as server In the network the individual computers, which access shared network resources, are known as workstations or nodes. Computer Networks may be classified on the basis of geographical area in two broad categories. Local Area Network (LAN) Wide Area Network (WAN) I. Local Area Network: Networks used to interconnect computers in a single room, rooms within a building or buildings on one site are called Local Area Network (LAN). LAN links computers, i.e., software and hardware, in the same area for the purpose of sharing information. Usually LAN links computers within a limited geographical area because they must be connected by a cable, which is quite expensive. Major Characteristics of LAN are as follows: Every computer has the potential to communicate with any other computers of the network High degree of interconnection between computers Easy physical connection of computers in a network Inexpensive medium of data transmission High data transmission rate Advantages of LAN are as follows: The reliability of network is high because the failure of one computer in the network does not effect the functioning for other computers. Addition of new computer to network is easy. High rate of data transmission is possible. Peripheral devices like magnetic disk and printer can be shared by other computers. Disadvantages of LAN is If the communication line fails, the entire network system breaks down. Use of LAN : Followings are the major areas where LAN is normally used File transfers and Access Word and text processing Electronic message handling Remote database access Personal computing Digital voice transmission and storage 4.4 Network Components 1)Hub A hub works in the physical layer of the OSI model. It is basically a non-intelligent device, and has no decision making capability. What a Hub basically does is take the input data from one of the ports and broadcast the information to all the other ports connected to the network. Port network To demonstrate its working, consider a 4 port network as shown in Fig 1. There are 4 computers connected to the 4 ports. Suppose, if Computer A wants to send some data to Computer B using a Hub, then, Computer A broadcasts the data on the network, and Computer B, being connected to the network, has access to the data. But, in this case all the other ports connected to the network has access to the data that is being transmitted by Computer A. This happens because, the Hub works in the Physical Layer and hence it does not know about the MAC addresses of the ports connected to the network. So, there is a lack of security in the Hub. USB Hub The picture shows a USB Hub, wherein the data is fed into the input port and is broadcasted

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Computer Concepts and Applications – Operating Systems and Windows CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Computer Concepts and Applications – Operating Systems and Windows using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Contents of This Topic Computer Concepts and Applications – Operating Systems and Windows Memory Management The Desktop : Windows Explorer: Menu Bar Paint Window The Tools: Fill Styles: Picture Characteristics The Shape Tools Computer Concepts and Applications – Operating Systems and Windows 2 .Basics Of Operating System 2.1 Definition of Operating System: “An Operating system is a program that controls the execution of application programs and acts as an interface between the user of a computer and the computer hardware.” A more common definition is that the operating system is the one program running at all times on the computer (usually called the kernel), with all else being applications programs. An Operating system is concerned with the allocation of resources and services, such as memory, processors, devices and information. The Operating System correspondingly includes programs to manage these resources, such as a traffic controller, a scheduler, memory management module, I/O programs, and a file system. 2.2 Types Of Operating Systems: Operating systems are there from the very first computer generation. Operating systems keep evolving over the period of time. Following are few of the important types of operating system which are most commonly used. 1)Batch Operating System The users of batch operating system do not interact with the computer directly. Each user prepares his job on an off-line device like punch cards and submits it to the computer operator. To speed up processing, jobs with similar needs are batched together and run as a group. Thus, the programmers left their programs with the operator. The operator then sorts programs into batches with similar requirements. The problems with Batch Systems are following. Lack of interaction between the user and job. CPU is often idle, because the speeds of the mechanical I/O devices are slower than CPU. Difficult to provide the desired priority. 2)Time Sharing Operating System Time sharing is a technique which enables many people, located at various terminals, to use a particular computer system at the same time. Time-sharing or multitasking is a logical extension of multiprogramming. Processor's time which is shared among multiple users simultaneously is termed as time-sharing. The main difference between Multiprogrammed Batch Systems and Time-Sharing Systems is that in case of multiprogrammed batch systems, objective is to maximize processor use, whereas in Time-Sharing Systems objective is to minimize response time. Multiple jobs are executed by the CPU by switching between them, but the switches occur so frequently. Thus, the user can receive an immediate response. For example, in a transaction processing, processor execute each user program in a short burst or quantum of computation. That is if n users are present, each user can get time quantum. When the user submits the command, the response time is in few seconds at most. Operating system uses CPU scheduling and multiprogramming to provide each user with a small portion of a time. Computer systems that were designed primarily as batch systems have been modified to time-sharing systems. Advantages of Timesharing operating systems are following Provide advantage of quick response. Avoids duplication of software. Reduces CPU idle time. Disadvantages of Timesharing operating systems are following. Problem of reliability. Question of security and integrity of user programs and data. Problem of data communication. 3)Distributed Operating System Distributed systems use multiple central processors to serve multiple real time application and multiple users. Data processing jobs are distributed among the processors accordingly to which one can perform each job most efficiently. The processors communicate with one another through various communication lines (such as high-speed buses or telephone lines). These are referred as loosely coupled systems or distributed systems. Processors in a distributed system may vary in size and function. These processors are referred as sites, nodes, and computers and so on. The advantages of distributed systems are following. With resource sharing facility user at one site may be able to use the resources available at another. Speedup the exchange of data with one another via electronic mail. If one site fails in a distributed system, the remaining sites can potentially continue operating. Better service to the customers. Reduction of the load on the host computer. Reduction of delays in data processing. 4)Network Operating System Network Operating System runs on a server and and provides server the capability to manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions. The primary purpose of the network operating system is to allow shared file and printer access among multiple computers in a network, typically a local area network (LAN), a private network or to other networks. Examples of network operating systems are Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Microsoft Windows Server 2008, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare, and BSD. The advantages of network operating systems are following. Centralized servers are highly stable. Security is server managed. Upgrades to new technologies and hardware can be easily integrated into the system. Remote access to servers is possible from different locations and types of systems. The disadvantages of network operating systems are following. High cost of buying and running a server. Dependency on a central location for most operations. Regular maintenance and updates are required. 5)Real time Operating System Real time system is defines as a data processing system in which the time interval required to process and respond to inputs is so small that it controls the environment. Real time processing is always on line whereas on line system need not be real time. The time taken by the system to respond to an input and display of required updated information is termed as response time. So in this method response time is very less as compared to the online processing. Real-time systems are used when there are rigid time requirements on the operation of a processor or

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Computer Concepts and Applications – Computer Memory and Input/Output Devices CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Computer Concepts and Applications – Computer Memory and Input/Output Devices using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Contents of This Topic Computer Concepts and Applications – Computer Memory and Input/Output Devices Joy Stick Bar Code Reader Graphic Plotter Flat- Panel Display Impact Printers Character Printers Widely Used Drum Printer Laser Printers Introduction to free and open source software Resident Viruses Overwrite Viruses Macro Virus Polymorphic Virus Encrypted Viruses Nonresident Viruses Spacefiller (Cavity) Viruses Logic Bombs Computer Concepts and Applications – Computer Memory and Input/Output Devices 1.3 Computer Memory Memory is used to store the information (programs and data) that the computer is currently using. It is sometimes called main or primary memory. One form of memory is called RAM – random access memory. This means that any location in memory may be accessed in the same amount of time as any other location. Memory access means one of two things, either the CPU is reading from a memory location or the CPU is writing to a memory location. When the CPU reads from a memory location, the contents of the memory location are copied to a CPU register. When the CPU writes to a memory location, the CPU copies the contents of a CPU register to the memory location, overwriting the previous contents of the location. The CPU cannot carry out any other operations on memory locations. RAM is a form of short term or volatile memory. Information stored in short term storage is lost when the computer is switched off (or when power fails e.g. if you pull out the power lead!). There is therefore a requirement for permanent or long term storage which is also referred to as secondary storage or auxiliary storage. This role is fulfilled by disk and tape storage. 1.3.1 Random Access Memory (RAM) RAM(Random Access Memory) is the internal memory of the CPU for storing data, program and program result. It is read/write memory which stores data until the machine is working. As soon as the machine is switched off, data is erased. Access time in RAM is independent of the address that is, each storage location inside the memory is as easy to reach as other locations and takes the same amount of time. Data in the RAM can be accessed randomly but it is very expensive. RAM is volatile, i.e. data stored in it is lost when we switch off the computer or if there is a power failure. Hence a backup uninterruptible power system(UPS) is often used with computers. RAM is small, both in terms of its physical size and in the amount of data it can hold. RAM is of two types Static RAM (SRAM) Dynamic RAM (DRAM) 1)Static RAM (SRAM) The word static indicates that the memory retains its contents as long as power is being supplied. However, data is lost when the power gets down due to volatile nature. SRAM chips use a matrix of 6-transistors and no capacitors. Transistors do not require power to prevent leakage, so SRAM need not have to be refreshed on a regular basis. Because of the extra space in the matrix, SRAM uses more chips than DRAM for the same amount of storage space, thus making the manufacturing costs higher. So SRAM is used as cache memory and has very fast access. Characteristic of the Static RAM It has long life There is no need to refresh Faster Used as cache memory Large size Expensive High power consumption 2)Dynamic RAM (DRAM) DRAM, unlike SRAM, must be continually refreshed in order to maintain the data. This is done by placing the memory on a refresh circuit that rewrites the data several hundred times per second. DRAM is used for most system memory because it is cheap and small. All DRAMs are made up of memory cells which are composed of one capacitor and one transistor. Characteristics of the Dynamic RAM It has short data lifetime Need to be refreshed continuously Slower as compared to SRAM Used as RAM Lesser in size Less expensive Less power consumption 1.3.2 – Read Only Memory (ROM) ROM stands for Read Only Memory. The memory from which we can only read but cannot write on it. This type of memory is non-volatile. The information is stored permanently in such memories during manufacture. A ROM, stores such instructions that are required to start a computer. This operation is referred to as bootstrap. ROM chips are not only used in the computer but also in other electronic items like washing machine and microwave oven. Following are the various types of ROM 1)MROM (Masked ROM) The very first ROMs were hard-wired devices that contained a pre-programmed set of data or instructions. These kind of ROMs are known as masked ROMs which are inexpensive. 2)PROM (Programmable Read only Memory) PROM is read-only memory that can be modified only once by a user. The user buys a blank PROM and enters the desired contents using a PROM program. Inside the PROM chip there are small fuses which are burnt open during programming. It can be programmed only once and is not erasable. 3)EPROM(Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory) The EPROM can be erased by exposing it to ultra-violet light for a duration of up to 40 minutes. Usually, an EPROM eraser achieves this function. During programming, an electrical charge is trapped in an insulated gate region. The charge is retained for more than ten years because the charge has no leakage path. For erasing this charge, ultra-violet light is passed through a quartz crystal window(lid). This exposure to ultra-violet light dissipates the charge. During normal use the quartz lid is sealed with a sticker. 4)EEPROM(Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory) The EEPROM is programmed and erased electrically. It can be erased and reprogrammed about ten thousand times. Both

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Computer Concepts and Applications – Introduction CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Computer Concepts and Applications – Introduction using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Computer Concepts and Applications – Introduction Computer Concepts and Applications (Computer Fundamentals) Computer Concepts and Applications 104(B) (Computer Fundamentals) Term I Introduction to Computer Fundamentals 1.1 Introduction to Computer Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as input from the user and processes it under the control of set of instructions (called program), gives the result (output), and saves it for the future use. This Computer Fundamentals tutorial covers a foundational understanding of computer hardware, software, operating systems, peripherals etc. These notes provide a general introduction to computers systems. A computer system is made up of both hardware and software. Software is another term for computer program. Software controls the computer and makes it do useful work. Without software a computer is useless. Hardware refers to the physical components that make up a computer system. These include the computer's processor, memory, monitor, keyboard, mouse, disk drive, printer and so on. In these notes we take a brief look at the functions of the different hardware components. In addition we describe the some of the essential software required for the operation of a computer system. 1.1.1Functionalities of a computer Any digital computer carries out five functions in gross terms: Takes data as input. Stores the data/instructions in its memory and use them when required. Processes the data and converts it into useful information. Generates the output Controls all the above four steps. Definition Computer is an electronic data processing device which accepts and stores data input, processes the data input, and generates the output in a required format. 1.1.3Advantages Following list demonstrates the advantages of computers in today's arena. High Speed Computer is a very fast device. It is capable of performing calculation of very large amount of data. The computer has units of speed in microsecond, nanosecond, and even the picosecond. It can perform millions of calculations in a few seconds as compared to man who will spend many months for doing the same task. 2)Accuracy In addition to being very fast, computers are very accurate. The calculations are 100% error free. Computers perform all jobs with 100% accuracy provided that correct input has been given. 3)Storage Capability Memory is a very important characteristic of computers. A computer has much more storage capacity than human beings. It can store large amount of data. It can store any type of data such as images, videos, text, audio and many others. 4)Diligence Unlike human beings, a computer is free from monotony, tiredness and lack of concentration. It can work continuously without any error and boredom. It can do repeated work with same speed and accuracy. 5)Versatility A computer is a very versatile machine. A computer is very flexible in performing the jobs to be done. This machine can be used to solve the problems related to various fields. At one instance, it may be solving a complex scientific problem and the very next moment it may be playing a card game. 6)Reliability A computer is a reliable machine. Modern electronic components have long lives. Computers are designed to make maintenance easy. 7)Automation Computer is an automatic machine. Automation means ability to perform the given task automatically. Once a program is given to computer i.e., stored in computer memory, the program and instruction can control the program execution without human interaction. 8)Reduction in Paper Work The use of computers for data processing in an organization leads to reduction in paper work and results in speeding up a process. As data in electronic files can be retrieved as and when required, the problem of maintenance of large number of paper files gets reduced. 9)Reduction in Cost Though the initial investment for installing a computer is high but it substantially reduces the cost of each of its transaction. 1.1.4Disadvantages Following list demonstrates the disadvantages of computers in today's arena 1)No I.Q A computer is a machine that has no intelligence to perform any task. Each instruction has to be given to computer. A computer cannot take any decision on its own. 2)Dependency It functions as per a user’s instruction, so it is fully dependent on human being 3)Environment The operating environment of computer should be dust free and suitable. 4)No Feeling Computers have no feelings or emotions. It cannot make judgement based on feeling, taste, experience, and knowledge unlike a human being. 1.1.5 Components of computer All types of computers follow a same basic logical structure and perform the following five basic operations for converting raw input data into information useful to their users. Sr.No. Operation Description The process of entering data and instructions into the computer Take Input system Saving data and instructions so that they are available for Store Data processing as and when required. Performing arithmetic, and logical operations on data in order to Processing Data convert them into useful information. m Input Unit This unit contains devices with the help of which we enter data into computer. This unit makes link between user and computer. The input devices translate the information into the form understandable by computer. CPU (Central Processing Unit) CPU is considered as the brain of the computer. CPU performs all types of data processing operations. It stores data, intermediate results and instructions(program). It controls the operation of all parts of computer. CPU itself has following three components ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit) Memory Unit Control Unit Output Unit Output unit consists of devices with the help of which we get the information from computer. This unit is a link between computer and users. Output devices translate the computer's output into the form understandable by users. 1.1.6 Types of Computer Computers can be broadly classified by their speed and computing power. personal computer but have more powerful microprocessor. It is a multi-user computer system which

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Disseminating Radiology and Imaging Results CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Disseminating Radiology and Imaging Results using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Contents of This Topic SESSION 9:Apply computer application Utilize computer application Here's a breakdown of how computer applications enhance research: Data Entry and Editing: 3. Collaboration and Communication: 4. Writing and Publishing: 5. Simulations and Modeling: Utilize computer application skills in preparing session (clinical meeting, Elaboration: Cloud-Based Collaboration: Data Management: Multimedia: Use computer application skills in presentations (CME, research findings, cases presentations, teaching and learning) Here's how computer application skills are used in each area: Sharing case studies and patient data: 2. Research Findings Presentations: Sharing research papers and publications: Presenting patient data and medical imaging: Teaching and Learning: Creating engaging online courses: SESSION 9:Apply computer application skill in disseminating patient radiology and imaging results Learning objective: Utilize computer application skills in conducting research Utilize computer application skills in preparing session (clinical meeting, symposiums) Use computer application skills in presentations (CME, research findings, cases presentations, teaching and learning) Utilize computer application skills in conducting research Computer application skills are invaluable in research, aiding in every stage from data collection and analysis to disseminating findings. They enable efficient data storage, analysis, and sharing, as well as facilitate literature searches and collaboration. Here's a breakdown of how computer applications enhance research: Data Management and Analysis: Data Storage: Computers allow for efficient storage of large datasets, making it easier to manage and access information. Data Analysis: Software like statistical packages (SPSS, R) and specialized tools facilitate complex data analysis, identifying patterns and insights. Data Entry and Editing: Computers streamline data entry and editing, ensuring accuracy and efficiency Literature Review and Information Retrieval: Search Engines: Online databases and search engines like Google Scholar, JSTOR, and PubMed help researchers locate relevant literature efficiently. Database Management: Software like Zotero and Mendeley can manage large collections of research papers, making it easy to find and cite sources 3. Collaboration and Communication: Online Collaboration Tools: Platforms like Google Drive and Microsoft Teams enable researchers to share documents, data, and ideas in real-time, facilitating collaboration across geographical boundaries. Communication Tools: Email and social media platforms (e.g., LinkedIn, Twitter) help researchers connect with colleagues, share findings, and stay updated on the latest research. 4. Writing and Publishing: Word Processing Software: Programs like Microsoft Word and Google Docs streamline the writing and formatting of research papers, ensuring a polished final product. Presentation Software: Tools like Microsoft PowerPoint and Google Slides help researchers present their findings effectively at conferences and seminars. 5. Simulations and Modeling: Software Simulations: Specialized software allows researchers to simulate complex systems and phenomena, aiding in understanding and predicting outcomes. Modeling: Computer models can be used to explore different scenarios and hypotheses, helping researchers develop and test their theories. Utilize computer application skills in preparing session (clinical meeting, symposiums) To effectively use computer applications in preparing for a clinical meeting or symposium, leverage presentation software like PowerPoint to create engaging visuals and speaker notes. You can also use spreadsheet software like Excel for data analysis and reporting. For managing presentations and collaboration, utilize cloud-based platforms like Google Workspace or video conferencing tools like Zoom Elaboration: Presentation Software: Use presentation software (e.g., PowerPoint, Google Slides) to create visually appealing presentations. Incorporate graphics, animations, and hyperlinks to enhance engagement. Speaker notes can help guide your delivery. Spreadsheet Software: Utilize spreadsheet software (e.g., Excel, Google Sheets) for data analysis, reporting, and creating charts and graphs to illustrate findings. Cloud-Based Collaboration: For managing documents, presentations, and collaborating with others, leverage cloud-based platforms like Google Workspace (Google Docs, Sheets, Slides). This facilitates easy sharing and editing. Video Conferencing: If the meeting is virtual, use video conferencing platforms (e.g., Zoom, Google Meet, Skype) for real-time communication and screen sharing. Data Management: Consider using databases or specialized software for managing and analyzing large datasets related to the clinical meeting's topic. Publishing and Presentation: If preparing printed materials, utilize word processing and desktop publishing software to create professional-looking newsletters, booklets, and handouts. Multimedia: Incorporate multimedia elements like sound, video, and animation into your presentations to enhance engagement and understanding, especially when presenting complex information. Use computer application skills in presentations (CME, research findings, cases presentations, teaching and learning) Computer application skills are vital for effective presentations in various settings, including continuing medical education (CME), research dissemination, case presentations, and teaching/learning. These skills enable the creation of engaging visuals, interactive elements, and efficient sharing of information. Here's how computer application skills are used in each area: Continuing Medical Education (CME): Creating interactive lectures and workshops: Computer programs like PowerPoint or Prezi can be used to build interactive presentations with quizzes, polls, and embedded videos to engage attendees. Sharing case studies and patient data: Software like Microsoft Excel or specialized medical software can be used to present and analyze patient data, enabling interactive discussions Facilitating remote learning: Platforms like Zoom and WebEx can be used for virtual CME sessions, leveraging presentation software for screen sharing and interactive engagement. 2. Research Findings Presentations: Visualizing data and results: Software like Tableau or Power BI can be used to create compelling data visualizations, tables, and charts to present research outcomes. Developing engaging slides: Using presentation software to create slides that effectively communicate research findings, including key findings, methods, and conclusions. Sharing research papers and publications: Utilizing computer applications to share research papers and publications online, making them accessible to a wider audience. Case Presentations: Creating interactive case studies: Using presentation software or other tools to create engaging case studies with interactive elements, such as quizzes, polls, and scenario-based questions Presenting patient data and medical imaging: Utilizing computer applications to present patient data, medical imaging, and relevant information in a clear and concise manner. Facilitating discussions and problem-solving: Using computer-based tools to facilitate discussions and collaborative problem-solving during case presentations. Teaching and Learning: Developing interactive learning materials: Using presentation software to create

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Accessing Radiology Information and Teleradiology CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Accessing Radiology Information and Teleradiology using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Contents of This Topic SESSION 8:Use computer application Use computer application in assessing content of images Accessing Radiology Information and Teleradiology 3. Analyzing and making sense of the data: Applications: Content-Based Image Retrieval: Searching and retrieving images from large databases based on their content, rather than metadata. Utilize computer application skill Here's how you can utilize computer application skills to find more image information: Flickr: 2. Reverse Image Search: 3. Online Image Libraries and Databases: 4. Utilizing Computer Skills: Utilize computer application skills Key Computer Applications in Teleradiology: Shared-Access Online Collaboration Platforms: PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication System): Benefits of Using Computer Applications in Teleradiology: Reduced Costs: Challenges and Considerations: Training and Education: Provide adequate training for radiologists on how to use the new technologies and systems. SESSION 8:Use computer application skills in accessing radiology information Learning objective: Use computer application in assessing content of images Utilize computer application skill in inquiring for more image Information Utilize computer application skills in discussing images with colleagues (Teleradiology) Use computer application in assessing content of images Computer vision applications assess image content by analyzing visual data, identify patterns, and extract meaningful information. This allows for tasks like object recognition, face detection, and even identifying potential health issues in medical images Accessing Radiology Information and Teleradiology Computer vision systems leverage machine learning and deep learning techniques to enable computers to "see" and interpret images. The process typically involves: Capturing the image: Cameras, scanners, or other devices capture the raw visual data. Interpreting the image: Analyze the image data, detecting patterns and comparing them against a database of known objects, faces, or other visual features. 3. Analyzing and making sense of the data: Once patterns are identified, the system makes decisions about the image content, such as recognizing objects in a scene or identifying individuals. Delivering insights: The system provides insights based on the analysis, which can be used to inform decisions or actions, like flagging issues in a manufacturing line or detecting unauthorized access. Applications: Object Recognition: Identifying objects in images, such as cars in self-driving vehicles or products in retail environments. Face Detection and Recognition: Identifying individuals in security footage or verifying identities. Medical Image Analysis: Detecting anomalies in medical scans, like tumors or fractures. Quality Control: Inspecting products for defects in manufacturing. Content-Based Image Retrieval: Searching and retrieving images from large databases based on their content, rather than metadata. Automated Annotation: Automatically labeling images with descriptions, reducing the need for manual tagging. Wear Particle Analysis: Analyzing the morphology of wear particles in machines to assess their condition. Utilize computer application skill in inquiring for more image information To utilize computer application skills in inquiring for more image information, you can leverage image search tools and websites. These tools allow you to search for images based on keywords, visual similarity, or even uploaded images. This helps you find specific images or learn more about an image's context, origin, or usage Here's how you can utilize computer application skills to find more image information: Image Search Engines: Google Images: A powerful tool for searching images based on keywords or uploaded images. Bing Images: Similar to Google Images, with a user-friendly interface and image search capabilities. Flickr: A popular photo-sharing platform where you can search for images and find related information. Unsplash: A platform with high-quality, royalty-free images that you can search and download. Pexels: Another source for free and royalty-free images, with search functionality. 2. Reverse Image Search: Many search engines offer reverse image search, allowing you to upload an image and find similar images, websites where it's used, and related information. 3. Online Image Libraries and Databases: Getty Images: A professional image library for various visual assets, including photos and illustrations. Shutterstock: A platform for finding and licensing a wide range of images and other creative assets. Adobe Stock: A subscription-based service with a vast collection of images, graphics, and videos. 4. Utilizing Computer Skills: Keyword Search: Use relevant keywords and phrases to describe the image and its context. File Management: Organize and save your search results, image URLs, and any information you find. Web Browsing: Navigate different websites and platforms to explore different image sources. Image Editing Software: Use tools like Photoshop or GIMP to enhance images or extract information from them. Utilize computer application skills in discussing images with colleagues (Teleradiology In teleradiology, computer applications play a crucial role in facilitating image sharing, review, and discussion with colleagues. These applications allow radiologists to access and analyze medical images remotely, enabling collaboration and consultation regardless of geographical location. Tools like video conferencing, shared-access online collaboration platforms, and specialized radiology software enhance communication and image interpretation. Key Computer Applications in Teleradiology: Shared Image Viewing and Annotation: Radiologists can use specialized software or cloud-based platforms to share and view images simultaneously, allowing for real-time discussion and annotation of findings. Video Conferencing: Facilitates virtual meetings with colleagues to discuss complex cases, provide second opinions, and receive expert advice Shared-Access Online Collaboration Platforms: Enable radiologists to work on cases collaboratively, even if geographically separated, using tools like shared documents, whiteboards, and chat features. Specialized Radiology Software: Provides advanced image processing and analysis tools, like windowing, zooming, and measuring, to enhance image interpretation. PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication System): A system for storing, retrieving, and managing medical images, facilitating remote access and image sharing. RIS (Radiology Information System): A system for managing patient records, scheduling appointments, and generating reports, often integrated with PACS for a more comprehensive system. Benefits of Using Computer Applications in Teleradiology: Improved Collaboration: Facilitates seamless communication and collaboration among radiologists, even in remote locations. Enhanced Image Interpretation: Provides tools and techniques to improve image analysis and accuracy. Reduced Costs: Teleradiology can reduce travel expenses and time associated with in-person consultations Increased