NTA Level 4 Semester Two

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Computer Concepts and Applications – Microsoft Word, Excel and PowerPoint CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Computer Concepts and Applications – Microsoft Word, Excel and PowerPoint using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Contents of This Topic Computer Concepts and Applications – Microsoft Word, Excel and PowerPoint • Formatting Font • Page Headers Hanging Indent Method 1 Copy, Cut, Paste Select Delete Introduction to Microsoft Office Powerpoint 2007 Building Slides Bulleted Lists Design Templates The Presentation Computer Concepts and Applications – Microsoft Word, Excel and PowerPoint 3 Introduction to Business Communication Tools Introduction Microsoft Office is a collection of different application programs that were originally designed to be used to perform many of the tasks that are completed every day in an office setting, but they can also be useful in your personal life as well. Microsoft Word is a word processing program that can be used to type documents, from simple letters to illustrated newsletters. Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet program that can be used to track of lists, numbers and statistics, such as might be used in accounting. Microsoft Access is a database program that can be used to track of diverse but related information, such as customer orders, customer billing information, customer shipping information, and product inventories. Microsoft PowerPoint is presentation software that can be used for making fully animated computer presentations. Microsoft Publisher is publication design software that can be used for creating greeting cards, business cards, calendars and more. 3.1 Microsoft Word Introduction A word processor is a type of computer program that is used to create a variety of documents, from simple letters to fully illustrated newsletters and fliers. Word Processing applications display text on a computer screen and allow users to easily add, remove, and change the style, size, and placement of text in a document without having to retype the entire document as they would with a typewriter. Microsoft Word is one of the most popular word-processing software applications in use today. Starting MS-Word 2007 Opening Microsoft Word To open Word, do either one of the following: Click once on the Start button on the bottom left corner of the screen. Click on Programs. Move the cursor to the new menu on the right and then click on Microsoft Office 2007. Move the cursor to the next menu that opens and click Microsoft Office Word 2007. A blank document will appear on the screen. Main screen of a Microsoft Word 2007 Document The screenshot below is the opening screen for Microsoft Word 2007. Here we will review screenshots and documentation on how to navigate some of the basic menus and the steps necessary to format a basic paper correctly. Page Setup and Margin Formatting The screenshot below displays the menu path to change the margins in a paper. According to APA, all margins are set at 1 inch. From the menu tab at the top of Word, select Page Layout. In the Page Layout menu, the margins button will allow you to change the margins to the correct format. Select Normal to set all margins to one inch. • Formatting Font The screenshot below displays the menu path to change the font. Use a traditional font such as Times New Roman or Courier in 12-point size. Select the Home tab. From the Font menu, you may adjust the font, style, and size to the correct format. Formatting Spacing The standard spacing format for a paper is double-spacing. Double-space the entire document, including the reference page. The screenshot below displays the menu path to change the spacing format to double. Select the Home tab. From the Paragraph menu, you may adjust the line spacing from the Line Spacing dropdown menu. (Note: Word 2007 places extra space between paragraphs. You will need to adjust this by selecting the Page Layout menu. Then access Paragraph and Indents and Spacing. Under the Spacing heading, set the spacing option to 0 pt. before and 0 pt. after. Click OK.) • Page Headers Identify each page with the first two or three words of the title and with the page number placed on the upper right hand corner of the page. Use five spaces between the title and the page number. Do not use your name to identify each page. Be sure the font type and size are the same as that used in the document. To create a correct APA header with a page number in Word 2007, use the following guidelines: Click on the Insert tab. Click on the Header tab. Click on the Blank header tab from the drop-down menu. This will put the curser inside the header. Click on the Page Number tab. Place the curser on the drop-down menu over Top of Page to bring up another drop-down menu. Click on Plain Number 3 on the drop-down menu (the third choice). This will place a page number inside the header at the right margin. Type the portion of the title to go in the header and add five spaces. Your header is complete. Click on Close Header and Footer on the far right. Hanging Indent Select the text that requires a hanging indent OR create a hanging indent before typing the text. From the Home menu, click on the Paragraph command (see Picture One). This will bring up the Indents and Spacing tab (see Picture Two). Under Indentation in the Special box, click on Hanging and OK. Centering Text The screenshot below is an example of text that is centered and that is not centered. In order to center text highlight the text that requires centering and select the icon in the formatting toolbar as shown. Select the Home tab. Highlight the text to be centered. Click the button to center the text on the Paragraph toolbar. 3.2 Microsoft Excel 1.Introduction to Microsoft Excel 2007 Microsoft Excel is a very powerful tool for you to

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Computer Concepts and Applications – Internet Security and Related Study Material CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Computer Concepts and Applications – Internet Security and Related Study Material using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Contents of This Topic Computer Concepts and Applications – Internet Security and Related Study Material Intellectual Property: Provide Legal Infrastructure: Promote E-Governance: Chapter-X: Introduction to Computer Fundamentals Introduction to Free and Open Source Software Introduction to Business Communication Tools [ Introduction to HTML. Direct/Random, Index ) Introduction to E-Commerce, Evolution of E-Commerce, Role of ECommerce, Introduction to Search engine and Searching the Web Electronic Payment System Credit/Debit Card Introduction To Web page Design Animation Effect, Sound Effect Ethical Issues & Cyber Law Sr.No. Typing Keys Special Purpose Keys ST*850*1001 N3*123 Main Street CTT*1*100 TARGET Row 2, Column 2 Ramesh Raman Column 1 Row 1 Cell 1 Cell 1 Computer Concepts and Applications – Internet Security and Related Study Material Internet Security Introduction : Internet security relies on specific resources and standards for protecting data that gets sent through the internet. This includes various kinds of encryption such as Pretty Good Privacy(PGP). Other aspects of a secure web setup includes firewalls, which block unwanted traffic, anti-malware, anti-spyware & anti-virus programs that work from specific networks or devices to monitor internet traffic for dangerous attachments. Internet security is generally becoming a top priority for both businesses & governments. Good internet security protects financial details & much more of what is handle by a business or agency’s servers & network hardware. Insufficient internet security can threaten to collapse an e-commerce business or any other operation where data gets routed over the web. 7.1 Internet Security : Web security may be termed as technological & managerial procedures applied to computer systems to ensure the availability, integrity & confidentiality of computer assets & services from associated threats & vulnerabilities. 7.1.1Concept of Internet Security : Three basics security concepts important to inforation on the internet are confidentiality, integrity, &availability. Concepts relating to the people who use that information are authentication, authorization & non-repudiation. Integrity and confidentiality can also be enforced on web services through the use of transport layer security(TLS).both SSL and TSL are the same. Integrity: The concept of integrity is divided in 2 forms: a)Data integrity: this property, that data has not been altered in an unauthorized manner while in storage, during processing or while in transit. another aspect of data integrity is the assurances that data can only be accessed and altered by those authorized to do so. often such integrity is insured by use of a number referred to as message integrity code or message authentication code. This are abbreviated as MIC and MAC respectively. b)System integrity: This quality states that a system has when performing the intended function in an unimpaired manner, is free from unauthorized manipulation. Integrity is commonly an organizations most important security objective, after availability. Integrity is particularly important for critical safety and financial data used for activities such as electronic funds transfers ,air traffic control ,and financial accounting. 2)Confidentiality: Confidentiality is the requirement that private or confidential information should not be disclosed to unauthorized individuals. Confidentiality protection is applies to data in storage ,during processing ,and while in transit. For many organizations ,confidentiality is frequently behind availability and integrity in terms of importance. For some types of information ,confidentiality is a very important attribute. Examples includes research data ,medical and insurance records ,new product specifications ,and corporate investments strategies. In some locations ,there may be a legal obligation to protect the privacy of individuals. This is particularly true for banks and loans companies; debt collectors; businesses is that extend credit to their customers or issue credit cards ; hospitals ,doctor offices ,and medical testing laboratories; individuals or agencies that offer services such as psychological counseling or drug treatment; and agencies that collect taxes. Availability: Availability is a requirement intended to assure that system works promptly and services is not denied to authorized users. This objective protects against , intentional or accidental attempts to either perform unauthorized deletion of data otherwise cause a denial of service or data. Availability is frequently an organizations foremost security objective. To make information available to those who need it and who can be trusted with it, organizations used authentication and authorization. 7.1.2Types internet Security: The Security of the web s divided into two (a) Computer Security, and (b) Network Security. In generic terms, computer security is the process of securing a single, standalone computer,while network security is the process of securing an entire network of computers. a)computer Security: technology and managerial procedures applied to computer systems to ensure the availability integrity , and confidentiality of data managed by the computer. b)Network security: Protection of network and their services from unauthorized modification destruction, or disclosure and provision of assurance that the network performs its critical functions correctly and there are no harmful side effects. The major points of weakness in computer system are hardware, software, and data however ,other components f the computer system may be targeted. 7.2 Internet Privacy: Internet privacy is the privacy and security level of personal data published via the internet. It is a broad term that refers to a Variety of factors, techniques and technology use to protect sensitive and private data, communication ,and preference. Internet privacy and anonymity are paramount to users, especially as a E-commerce continues to gain traction, privacy violation and threat risks are standard considerations for any website under development.internet privacy is also known as online privacy 7.3 Ethical Issues In Internet Security Ethics in everyday life serves as moral guide posts, comprising a code that defines behavior as right or wrong . The web offers a vast store of information coupled with extensive communications capabilities , and unethical users can harness this capabilities for personal and financial gains at others expense. Web ethics provide a guide to appropriate online behavior

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Computer Concepts and Applications – Designing Web Pages CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Computer Concepts and Applications – Designing Web Pages using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Contents of This Topic Computer Concepts and Applications – Designing Web Pages Step 1: Step 4 Home Pages: VALUE=#FFFFFF> D)Color Effect- Simultaneous Contrast: Cold-Warm-Contrast : Domain Name : Computer Concepts and Applications – Designing Web Pages Designing The web pages Introduction: WWW, world wide web,is a system used to find and access different internet resources. it uses hypertext to cross-reference or link related resources anywhere on the internet. HTML(hypertext markup language)is the language used by the Web to define and display its files. These files can contain text, or multimedia. HTML files are ASCII text files that contain the text to be displayed and the markup tags that tell how to display them. Web pages are created using HTML which stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. All web pages whether big or small, have to be developed in HTML to be displayed in web browsers. 6.1 Web Page: A web page or web page is a document or resource of information that is suitable for the World Wide Web and can be accessed through a web browser and display on a monitor or mobile device. This information is usually in HTML or XHTML format, and may provide navigation to other web page via hypertext links. Web pages may be retrieved from a local computer or from a remote web server. The web server may restrict access only to a private network, e.g. a corporate intranet, or it may publish pages on the World Wide Web. 6.1.1Page Size: Overall web page size may be considered from 2 factors: web pages and web page width. Web pages today are either 720 pixels wide or about a thousand pixels wide. Pages created at 7420 pixels wide can just make it when printing in standard printer mode- portrait and can be fully seen on monitors / screens setup at 800 wide. Wider web pages require the viewer adjusting the printer to landscape mode if they choose to print it. If web pages are created wider than 720 pixels, anyone with a monitor setup of 800 pixels wide will have to scroll right to see the entire page and that proves an inconvenience to the web page visitor. If the setup of web page is at a width of 720 pixels, users with wider screens can close down part of the screen to they can see other items on their screen at the same time which many do, but they would not miss any part of the message posted on the website. If designers are designing for 1024 pixel wide monitor use, the scroll bars are on the right and left and 80 pixels wide are to be deducted so that a page design should only be 944 pixels wide. Viewers will need to print the web page in landscape mode. 6.1.2 Page Type: There are many ways to classify web pages.One simple way is by the focus of the page. Is the page primarily a content page, a navigation page , a task page ,or some mixture types. Most pages tend to be some mixture, but certain pages,like site maps , are purely navigational,and some deep content page in site may be nearly all content based.most pages even home pages will focus on content ,navigation , and tasks to varying degrees .within the broad category of navigation oriented pages ,there are further classifications that can be made, users tend to view entrance and exit from a site as important steps. Content pages: Content pages are those subpages that are very focus on content presentation. In some sense ,a content page is destination page.often they are the leaf pages in site tree and represent the “bottom” of site .Like other subpages in a site, a content page will probably have some navigational elements , lest it become an orphan page.the layout of a content-focused page will vary with the content presented,but it tends to take cues from ancestors , pages, such as main section or home pages. Often , sites tend to get less visual the deeper in , but this is not necessarily hard and fast rule.common content pages found in commercial sites include things like press releases , product specification,biographics, customer testimonials ,technical support, documentation ,news articles , fianancial reports, leagal informations, and on.personal websites might have stories , resumes , poems,and family trees,while educational site might have syllabi, homework assignments ,and presentations. Other forms of site might have document types completely unique to themselves. The reality is that there are potentially as many types of content pages as there are prople in the world. Navigation-specific pages: A variety of special navigation-focused pages,beyond home pages or main sectional pages,can be found in many sites. Two of the most common special navigation pages are site maps and site indices. A site map is used to provide a structural overview of a web site,while a site index provides a list of site’s content organized alphabetically rather than structurally. A search page is the another common navigation-specific page. Search facilities generally include a query page, result pages and ideally, a help page. C) FAQ Pages: Frequently Asked question or FAQ pages are common types of document on the internet. The basic idea of a FAQ page is to provide concise answers to common questions in a single document, so that a user doesn’t have to hunt all over a site for information. FAQs are often formatted as a single, long, scrolling document, with an index of questions at the top with links from each question that jump the user down the page to the appropriate answer. An example of a typical FAQ is shown in figure. There may be some question why FAQ files jump up and down a

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Computer Concepts and Applications – Introduction to Web Design CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Computer Concepts and Applications – Introduction to Web Design using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Computer Concepts and Applications – Introduction to Web Design Introduction To Web page Design 5.1Introduction to Web Design The term web designing in simple terms can be understood as a representation of content, related to an individual, business or any other topic; using design and graphics principles on the internet in the form of web applications and web sites. Web design usually involves and uses technologies and standards such as HTML,CSS,XML,SSL,PHP,ASP ect. Web design differs completely from web development, which is more technical and deals with issues concerning the web site dynamics, validations and constrains. The principle of web site design further involves the conception and collection of web pages, which in-tern collectively is kn own as single entity, a web site. Web pages are usually the basic content and design holders for the entire web site. Web Design Web design is the process of creating websites. It encompassed several different aspects, including webpage layout, content production, and graphic design. While the terms web design and web development is often used interchangeably, web design is technically a subset of the broader category of web development. Meaning Web design is the art and process of creating a single web page or entire web sites and amy involve both the aesthetics and the mechanics of web site’s operation although primarily it focuses on the look and feel of the web site – design elements. Some of the aspects that may be included in the web design or web production are graphics and animation creation, colot selection , font selection, navigation design, content creation, HTML/XML authoring, Javascript programming , and ecommerce development. Web design is a form of electronic publishing. Web design Pyramid One way to think of all the components of web design is through the metaphor of the web pyramid as shown in figure. Content provides the bricks that build the pyramid, but the foundation rests solidly on both visuals and technology, with a heavy reliance on economics to make out projects worth doing. While web development challenges aren’t quite on the level of those faced by the ancient Egyptians, building a functional, pleasing web sites that can stand the test of internet time is certainly not easy. The pyramid provides a simple way for designers to think of all the aspects of web design in interplay, but does little to provide a deeper understanding of the web medium. The medium of the web While the web pyramid analogy is a very abstract way of describing web design, it is a useful tool for showing the interplay of the various components of web building. A more practical way to discuss web design is to think of the various components of the web medium. Today’s web sites are primarily a basic client – server network programming model with their common elements. The server side This includes the web server hardware and software as well as programming elements and built – in technologies. The technologies can range from simple CGI programs written in PERL to complex multi-tier java based applications, and include backend technologies such as database servers that may support the web site. The client side The client – side is concerned with the web browser and its supported technologies, such as HTML, CSS and Java script languages and Active – X controls or Netscape plug – ins , which are Utilized to create the presentation of a page or provide interactive features. The Network The network describes the various connectivity elements untilised to deliver the web site to a user. Such elements may be the various networks on the public internet or the private connections within a corporation – often dubbed an internet. 5.2 Types of web pages: A web page is a web document that is suitable for the world wide web and the web browser. A web browser displays a web page on monitor or mobile device. The web paqge is what displays, but the term also refers to computer file, usually written in HTML or comparable markup language, whose main distinction is to provide hypertext that will navigate to other web pages via links. Web browsers co-ordinate web resources centered around the written web page, such as style sheets, scripts and images , to present the web page. The five types of web pages are stated below: Advocacy An advocacy webpage is one sponsored by an organization to influence option. The URL address of this type of page frequently ends .in, .org. Example : de Business and marketing business or marketing webpage is one sponserd by a commercial enterprise that is typically trying to sell or market their services / products. The URL address frequently ends in, .com News news webpage is one whose purpose is to provide timely information about current events and issues. The URL address frequently ends in.com Informational An informational webpage’s purpose is to present factual information. This include reports research finding, and general topical information. The URL address frequently ends with edu.or.gov. Personal personal webpage is created by an individual for his/her own personal need. The URL frequently has a tilde(~) somewhere in the address 5.3 Building web sites Web site building involves complex tasks. Though it is complex it is not touch. Following points enlist the necessary things bear in mind while creating and building a web site. Registration of Government Domain Names A domain name is like an internet address of the websites and has labeling effect. Government bureau and department are advised to register a bundles pair of englesh and chiness domain names under gov.hk and ??.?? categories respectively for setting up website addresses in bilingual to facilitate public access. Portable Document Format file Users should use the portable Document Format(PDF)

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Computer Concepts and Applications – Introduction to HTML CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Computer Concepts and Applications – Introduction to HTML using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Contents of This Topic Computer Concepts and Applications – Introduction to HTML <!DOCTYPE> DOCUMENT BODY RELATED TAGS.. <HTML> <HEAD> <HTML> <LINK …> CONTENT III. <HR> < HR NOSHADE> <IMG …> HOME | CONTACT | ABOUT OTHER TAGS: <Font > Tag: I. <IMG …> Attributes Description Table Caption Nested Tables Computer Concepts and Applications – Introduction to HTML 4 Introduction to HTML: HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language, it is the widely used language to write Web Pages. Hypertext refers to the way in which Web pages (HTML documents) are linked together. Thus the link available on a webpage are called Hypertext. HTML is a Markup Language which means you use HTML to simply "mark up" a text document with tags that tell a Web browser how to structure it to display. HTML was developed with the intent of defining the structure of documents like headings, paragraphs, lists, etc. HTML is being widely used to format web pages with the help of different tags available in HTML. Create An HTML Document Open notepad (Editor) and write the following code <html> <head></head> <body>This is my first html application </body> </html> Then Save this code clicking on file save with name “first.html” in D:\ drive . .html extension is important This will create an html file. After that Open Internet Explorer (browser). Click on file open D:\first.html. It will load the document in web browser. HTML Document Structure A typical HTML document will have following structure: <!DOCTYPE> <html> <head> <Title>TITLE OF WEB PAGE</Title> SCRIPT AND STYLE TAGS HERE… </head> <body> DOCUMENT BODY RELATED TAGS.. </body> </html> <!DOCTYPE html> The < !DOCTYPE> declaration tag is used by the web browser to understand the version of the HTML used in the document. <html> This tag encloses the complete HTML document and mainly comprises of document header which is represented by <head>…</head> and document body which is represented by <body>…</body> tags. <head> This tag represents the document's header which can keep other HTML tags like <title>, <link>, <script> etc. <title> The <title> tag is used inside the <head> tag to mention the document title. <body> This tag represents the document's body which keeps other HTML tags like <h1>, <div>, <p> etc. Ex. <HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE>HTML demo</TITLE> </HEAD> <BODY> This is First HTML Program </BODY> <HTML> Stand alone tags: Container tag : A container tag has a beginning (opening) tag and an ending (closing) tag. Eg. <p></p> Stand Alone Tags: An empty tag has only the opening tag. All of the data represented by an empty tag is contained in the tags attributes. Eg. <Br/> List of Stand alone tags: <LINK …> This tag is a stand-alone tag that can be used to denote relationships between documents.This is used to manage several documents in large website. The attributes for this tag are href, name, rel, title, etc. The <LINK> tag also has a role in providing style sheet information in HTML documents. If style information is in a separate <META …> The META tag is used within the HEAD tag to embed Meta information. Such information can be extracted by servers/clients for use in identifying, indexing and cataloguing documents. The attributes for this tag are HTTP-EQUIV,name, content,etc. Http-equiv: Provides an HTTP header for the information/value of the content attribute This attribute can have values content-type, default-style, refresh. NAME Meta-information name. It can have values application-name, author, description, generator, keywords. CONTENT The meta-information content to be associated with the given name and/or HTTP response header. Typically, the META tag would be used to introduce Client Pull into HTML documents, or to specify keywords that may be used by search engines to determine a documents relevance to the current search (although some are stopping using this method). Ex. <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="description" content="Free Web tutorials"> <meta name="keywords" content="HTML,CSS,XML,JavaScript"> <meta name="author" content="Hege Refsnes"> </head> III. <HR> A <HR> or Horizontal Rule element is a divider between sections of text such as a full width horizontal rule or equivalent graphic. Attributes which allow the document author to describe how the horizontal rule should look are; < HR SIZE=number> The SIZE attributes lets the author give an indication of how thick they wish the horizontal rule to be. A pixel value should be given. < HR WIDTH=number|percent> The default horizontal rule is always as wide as the page. With the WIDTH attribute, the author can specify an exact width in pixels, or a relative width measured in percent of document width. < HR ALIGN=left|right|center> Now that horizontal rules do not have to be the width of the page it possible to specify the horizontal alignment of the rule. < HR NOSHADE> For those times when a solid bar is required, the NOSHADE attribute specifies that the horizontal rule should not be shaded at all. Example: <p>HTML is a language for describing web pages.</p> <hr> <p>CSS defines how to display HTML elements.</p> It will appear in browser as: HTML is a language for describing web pages. CSS defines how to display HTML elements. <IMG …> This tag adds images into the web browser. Attributes of <img> tag are align, src, alt, height, width etc.This is also a stand alone tag as t doesn’t have closing tag. Ex. <img src="smiley.gif" alt="Smiley face" height="42" width="42"> It will display an image smiley.gif with height 42 & width 42. <INPUT> The Input element represents a field whose contents may be edited by the user. <BR> The Line Break element specifies that a new line must be started at the given point. A new line indents the same as that of line-wrapped text. Example : < P> Line 1 of text<BR> Line 2 of text<BR> Formatting tags: Bold Text(<b>…</b>) Anything that appears within <b>…</b> element, is displayed in bold as

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Computer Concepts and Applications – Electronic Payment Systems CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Computer Concepts and Applications – Electronic Payment Systems using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Computer Concepts and Applications – Electronic Payment Systems Electronic Payment System 3.1 Introduction to EPS Issues of trust and acceptance play a more significant role in the e-commerce worldthan in traditional businesses as far as payment systems are concerned. Traditionally, a customer sees a product, examines it, and then pays for it by cash, check, or credit card (Figure 3.1). In the e-commerce world, in most cases the customer does not actually see the concrete product at the time of transaction, and the method of payment is performed electronically. Figure 3.1 : Traditional payment scheme EPSs enable a customer to pay for the goods and services online by using integrated hardware and software systems. The main objectives of EPS are to increase efficiency, improve security, and enhance customer convenience and ease of use. Although these systems are in their immaturity, some significant development has been made. There are several methods and tools that can be used to enable EPS implementation (Figure 3.2) Figure3.2 Electronic payment scheme While customers pay for goods/services by cash, check, or credit cards in conventional businesses, online buyers may use one of the following EPSs to pay for products/services purchased online: Electronic funds transfer (EFT): EFT involves electronic transfer of money by financial institutions. Payment cards : They contain stored financial value that can be transferred from the customer's computer to the businessman's computer. Credit cards : They are the most popular method used in EPSs and are used by charging against the customer credit. Smart cards: They include stored financial value and other important personal and financial information used for online payments. Electronic money (e-money/e-cash): This is standard money converted into an electronic format to pay for online purchases. Online payment: This can be used for monthly payment for Internet, phone bills, etc. Electronic wallets (e-wallets) : They are similar to smart cards as they include stored financial value for online payments. Micro-payment systems : They are similar to e-wallets in that they include stored financial value for online payments; on the other hand, they are used for small payments, such as kurus in Turkey . Electronic gifts : They are one way of sending electronic currency or gift certificates from one individual to another. The receiver can spend these gifts in their favorite online stores provided they accept this type of currency. Although these groups appear to be separate, there is some overlap among them. When the industry matures, this duplication in naming and function ought to be renamed. For example, e-wallets can be classified as payment cards when they are used to store credit card information or as e-money when they store electronic currency. The standardization of payment mechanisms on the Internet is essential to the success of e-commerce. Businesses offering domestic and international services must have assurance that payment will be received, that it is secure and that it is valid. Addressing security issues is crucial to the acceptance of online payment standards: consumers and merchants must be able to trust that their information is kept intact and remains secure during transmission. SET and SSL are two standards that protect the integrity of online transactions. 3.2 Introduction to Electronic Fund Transfer(EFT) Electronic funds transfer is one of the oldest electronic payment systems. EFT isthe groundwork of the cash-less and check-less culture where and paper bills, checks, envelopes, stamps are eliminated. EFT is used for transferring money from one bank account directly to another without any paper money changing hands. The most popular application of EFT is that instead of getting a paycheck and putting it into a bank account, the money is deposited to an account electronically.EFT is considered to be a safe, reliable, and convenient way to conduct business. The advantages of EFT contain the following: Simplified accounting Improved efficiency Reduced administrative costs Improved security 3.3 Introduction to Secure Electronic Transaction(SET) SET (Secure Electronic Transaction) protocol was developed by VISA and MasterCardspecifically for enabling secure credit card transactions on the Internet. This protocol ismainly used for payment. However, since it separates the purchase order informationfrom the payment information to be sent to the Merchant and Payment Authorityrespectively, it can also be used to transmit order information. SET does not follow anyfixed standard for its message format. Instead, it provides its own message format foreach type of message sent between the merchant and consumer. SET uses public-keyencryption and X.509 digital certificates for its security implementation. One of the niceadditional features provided by SET is the error handling capability. SET handles errorssuch as duplicate, corrupted, or malformed messages. Depending on the type of the error found, SET either ignores the message or retransmits it. When a consumer initiates a transaction at their computer, they can use a piece of software called electronic wallet containing a digital certificate that authenticates that the consumer is who he or she says, while the merchant’s certificate provides the consumer with the same authenticating information about the merchant. SET is basically a process that operates under a fixed set of rules. It has characteristics that are different than those associated with digital money such as DigiCash. Digital money by itself can cause a transaction to occur. SET requires a functional meeting (or at least an exchange of messages) of all the interested parties before a transaction can occur. A SET transaction must be authorized by all the parties concerned in order to complete, while merchants in the digital money realm may change the resultant value of adigital cash token. SET merchants cannot directly touch cardholder information, which is available only to the Issuer (and by extension the Payment Gateway), while digital money merchants can derive transaction/recipient information SET allows for the merchant's identity to be authenticated via digital certificates.However, SET also