NTA Level 4 Semester Two

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Assessing Radiology Image Quality Using Computers CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Assessing Radiology Image Quality Using Computers using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Contents of This Topic SESSION 7:Apply computer application Utilize computer skill in adjusting image contrast and resolution 1. Using Image Editing Software: 2. Programming with OpenCV (Python): Use computer application in Assessing Radiology Image Quality Using Computers ASSIGNMENT 1 PRACTICAL Visual analysis critiquing images SESSION 7:Apply computer application skills in assessing radiology and images quality Learning objective: Utilize computer skill in adjusting image contrast and resolution Use computer application in labeling images Use computer application in assessing and critiquing images Utilize computer skill in adjusting image contrast and resolution To utilize computer skills in adjusting image contrast and resolution, you'll need to leverage image editing software or coding/programming languages. You can adjust contrast and resolution using software tools like Adobe Photoshop or online image editors. Alternatively, you can programmatically adjust these parameters using libraries like OpenCV with Python 1. Using Image Editing Software: Photoshop or similar software: Photoshop provides tools like "Brightness/Contrast" to adjust these settings. You can also use "Curves" or "Levels" for more precise control over contrast. Online image editors: Many online image editors offer similar tools for adjusting contrast and resolution. 2. Programming with OpenCV (Python): OpenCV Library: OpenCV (Computer Vision) is a library that enables image processing tasks, including contrast and resolution adjustment. Python: Python is a popular programming language used with OpenCV for image manipulation. Example: You can use Python code with OpenCV to adjust brightness, contrast, and even perform histogram equalization to enhance contrast. Use computer application in labeling images Image labeling is the process of identifying and marking various details in an image. Image labeling is useful when automating the process of generating metadata or making recommendations to users based on details in their images Assessing Radiology Image Quality Using Computers To effectively label images in a document, use captions to provide descriptions and context. In Microsoft Word, you can insert a caption by selecting the image, going to the References tab, and clicking "Insert Caption". You can choose a standard label like "Figure" or create a custom one. When citing images, include a figure or table number and a caption or title, along with an appropriate citation if the image is sourced from elsewhere ASSIGNMENT 1 PRACTICAL LABEL THE FOLLOWING PART USING COMPUTER APPLICATION SOFTWARE Use computer application in assessing and critiquing images Evaluating/Assessing of an image involves understanding the visual elements, the context it's used in, and potentially the source and intended message. It's a process of critically analyzing the image to discern its intended meaning and impact Visual analysis How is the image composed? What is in the background, and what is in the foreground? What are the most important visual elements in the image? How can you tell? How is color used? Can the image be looked at different ways? What meanings are conveyed by design choices? critiquing images It's about translating a personal experience into a visual story. And like any story, feedback can help refine and improve our narrative. Why Critiques Matter: 🤔 Critiques aren't just about pointing out what's “wrong” in a photograph. They are collaborative sessions, designed to help us see our work through fresh eyes. There are four basic steps: describing, analyzing, interpreting, and evaluating. ← PREVIOUS TOPICNEXT TOPIC →VIEW ALL MODULE NOTESVIEW SEMESTER NOTESVIEW ALL LEVEL NOTESALL DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY NOTES Need These Notes as PDF? Need a clean, well-formatted PDF copy for offline study, revision or printing? Request the complete notes directly through WhatsApp. GET WELL-FORMATTED PDF NOTES

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Managing Radiology Data with DICOM, RIS and PACS CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Managing Radiology Data with DICOM, RIS and PACS using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Contents of This Topic SESSION 5:Use computer application Definition Managing Radiology Data with DICOM, RIS and PACS Use computer application skills in Benefits of Using Computer Applications for Patient Data Entry: Improved Decision-Making: Types of Computer Applications Used in Healthcare: Medical Data Entry Software: Skills Required for Effective Use of Computer Applications in Patient Data Entry: Data Accuracy and Integrity: Use computer application skills to Here's a breakdown of how computer applications are used to retrieve patient data: 2. Hospital Information Systems (HIS): 4. Data Visualization and Reporting: 6. Clinical Decision Support Systems: SESSION 5:Use computer application skills in managing radiology data Learning objective: Define DICOM, RIS and PACS Use computer application skills in entering patient data Use computer application skills to retrieve patient’s data Definition DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) is an international standard for storing, transmitting, and managing medical images and related information. It defines how medical imaging devices, such as X-ray machines, MRIs, and ultrasound machines, can communicate and share data in a standardized way. Managing Radiology Data with DICOM, RIS and PACS DICOM is used in almost every radiology, cardiology, and radiotherapy device, and its use is increasingly expanding into other medical domains like ophthalmology and dentistry. RIS – In medical imaging, it stands for Radiological Information System, which is a software system used to manage patient data, scheduling, and billing in radiology departments. PACS stands for Picture Archiving and Communication System. It's a medical imaging technology that enables the digital storage, retrieval, and sharing of medical images like X-rays, MRIs, and CT scans. This system eliminates the need for traditional film storage and provides a more efficient, secure, and accessible way to manage medical images. Use computer application skills in entering patient data Using computer applications for patient data entry enhances efficiency, accuracy, and accessibility in healthcare. This involves using software and systems to record, update, and retrieve patient information, like medical history, diagnoses, and treatment plans. These applications also facilitate tasks such as billing, scheduling, and accessing clinical knowledge. Benefits of Using Computer Applications for Patient Data Entry: Efficiency: Computer applications streamline the process of entering and updating patient data, saving time and resources. Accuracy: Data entry software often includes features like data validation and auto-fill, reducing the risk of errors. Accessibility: Electronic health records (EHRs) allow authorized healthcare professionals to easily access patient information from various locations, promoting better coordination of care Improved Decision-Making: By providing quick access to relevant data, computer applications enable healthcare providers to make informed decisions about patient care. Data Analysis and Reporting: Many data entry systems offer tools for analyzing patient data, which can be used to identify trends, improve quality of care, and conduct research. Types of Computer Applications Used in Healthcare: Electronic Health Records (EHRs): These systems store and manage comprehensive patient information, including medical history, diagnoses, treatment plans, and other relevant data. Hospital Information Systems (HIS): HIS manage various aspects of hospital operations, including registration, billing, and inventory management. Medical Data Entry Software: These programs are specifically designed to facilitate the accurate and efficient entry of patient data into electronic records. Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS): CDSS provide clinical information and guidance to healthcare professionals, helping them make informed decisions about patient care. Skills Required for Effective Use of Computer Applications in Patient Data Entry: Computer Proficiency: Basic computer skills, including typing, navigating software, and using data entry tools, are essential. Knowledge of EHR Systems: Familiarity with specific EHR platforms used in a healthcare setting is crucial. Data Management Skills: Understanding how to organize, store, and retrieve data effectively is important. Data Accuracy and Integrity: Ensuring that data is entered correctly and maintained accurately is vital. Privacy and Confidentiality: Understanding and adhering to regulations regarding patient data privacy and security is essential. Use computer application skills to retrieve patient’s data To retrieve a patient's data using computer applications, healthcare professionals often utilize Electronic Health Records (EHRs) or Hospital Information Systems (HIS). These systems allow authorized users to access patient demographics, medical history, vital signs, test results, and other relevant information. The specific applications and methods for retrieving data may vary depending on the institution's chosen system and the user's role Here's a breakdown of how computer applications are used to retrieve patient data: Electronic Health Records (EHRs): EHRs are comprehensive digital records that store a patient's medical history, diagnoses, treatments, and other important health information. Healthcare providers can access these records from various locations and devices, making it easier to retrieve information when needed. 2. Hospital Information Systems (HIS): HIS are integrated software systems that manage various aspects of a hospital, including patient registration, admission/discharge, billing, and medical records. These systems often include features for accessing and retrieving patient data. Search and Retrieval Tools: EHRs and HIS typically offer search functionalities that allow users to quickly locate specific patient information based on keywords, patient ID, or other identifiers. 4. Data Visualization and Reporting: Some computer applications offer tools for visualizing patient data and generating reports, which can be helpful for analyzing trends and patterns in patient care. Remote Access and Mobility: Many healthcare organizations utilize mobile devices and remote access technologies to allow authorized personnel to retrieve patient data from anywhere, ensuring access to information even when away from the office. 6. Clinical Decision Support Systems: Some applications integrate clinical decision support tools that help healthcare professionals make informed decisions based on available patient data. In summary, computer applications like EHRs and HIS have revolutionized patient data management by providing efficient and secure access to information, enhancing patient care and decision-making processes. ← PREVIOUS TOPICNEXT TOPIC →VIEW ALL MODULE NOTESVIEW SEMESTER NOTESVIEW ALL LEVEL NOTESALL DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY NOTES Need These Notes as PDF? Need a clean,

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Computer Applications for Record Keeping CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Computer Applications for Record Keeping using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Contents of This Topic ©Radiology Informatics Learning objective: FEATURES OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS FEATURES OF MICROSOFT WORD FEATURES OF MICROSOFT EXCEL FEATURES OF STATISTICAL PACKAGES SCOPE OF COMPUTER INFORMATION SYSTEM CORE FUNCTIONS Computer Applications for Record Keeping BENEFITS OF CIS Cost reduction: by automating tasks, reducing errors and improving efficiency, can help organizations reduce costs CHALLENGES OF CIS Advantage of computer Packages Improved Data Management: Reduced Development Costs: Disadvantages of computer Packages Limited Customization: Dependency: Training: ©Radiology Informatics SESSION 2: Apply word processing program in keeping records Learning objective: Describe features of Microsoft excel, Microsoft access and statistical packages Demonstrate computer application in (excel, MS excel worksheet, charts) Describe the scope of Computer information system, functional support, benefits and challenges Discuss advantages and disadvantages of computer packages in information communication ©Radiology Informatics FEATURES OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS Computer features encompass a wide range of capabilities, from basic functionalities like user interface elements and file management to advanced features like data analysis, multimedia integration and online collaboration. ©Radiology Informatics FEATURES OF MICROSOFT WORD Microsoft word is a versatile word processing program with features like: Text formatting Grammar and spelling check Image insertion and Advanced page layout ©Radiology Informatics FEATURES OF MICROSOFT EXCEL Microsoft excel is the powerful spreadsheet program with numerous features for data organization, analysis and visualization. Key features are: Formulas Chart tables Pivot tables Along with functionalities for sorting, filtering and conditional formatting ©Radiology Informatics FEATURES OF STATISTICAL PACKAGES Statistical packages are software suites designed for performing statistical analysis, data management and visualization, Key features: Data entry and data management Descriptive and inferential statistics Hypothesis testing Data visualization Reporting ©Radiology Informatics ©Radiology Informatics ADDING NEW COLUMN/ ROW OR WORKSHEET Click on a Column(S) heading/ Row(s) heading or Worksheet name beside a new one. Click on “Insert” menu. Click on the option you want. E.g. Columns, Rows or Worksheet. Note: New column(s) is added at the left side of a selected column. New row(s) is added above a selected row(s) New worksheet(s) is added at the left side of a selected worksheet(s) ©Radiology Informatics REMOVING COLUMN/ ROW OR WORKSHEET Click on a Column(s) heading/ Row(s) heading or Worksheet name(s) you wish to remove. Click on “Edit” menu. Click on “Delete” command. OR: Click on “Delete Sheet” command, then click on “Yes” button to confirm. Note: When you remove a Worksheet, it is permanently deleted i.e. you can’t restore. ©Radiology Informatics RENAMING A WORKSHEET Click on the sheet name you wish to rename. Click on ‘Format’ menu Select ‘Sheet’ command Click on ‘Rename’ option Type a new name. Press ‘Enter’ key REARRANGING WORKSHEETS Press and hold down left mouse button over the sheet name you wish to rearrange. Drag to a new position and then release the mouse button. ©Radiology Informatics HANDS ON PRACTICE Copy the data as shown on the worksheet above and answer all the question on the next slide ©Radiology Informatics HANDS ON PRACTICE CONT… Insert a new Column between Name and Residence Column and name it Age type any numbers Insert a new row between Maimuna and Zakaria ,and type any entries as per columns headings Copy all the contents and paste in the sheet number 2 ©Radiology Informatics CHANGING TEXT ALIGNMENT Select the text you wish to change alignment. Click on ‘Format’ menu. Click on ‘Cells’ command. Click on ‘Alignment’ tab. Under “Orientation” text box, set an angle you want. Click on ‘Ok’ button when you are done Note: Under “Text Control” text box you can apply a “Wrap text” effect in a Cell. ©Radiology Informatics ©Radiology Informatics WORKING WITH CHARTS A Chart is the graphical representation of data. Using Microsoft Excel, you can represent numbers in a chart, by choosing from a variety of chart types. When you change your data, your chart will automatically update. You can use Microsoft Excel's Chart Wizard to take you through the process step-by-step to accomplish creating your chart. ©Radiology Informatics CREATING A CHART Select the range of data in your spreadsheet that you wish to include in the chart. Click on ‘Insert’ menu. Click on ‘Chart’ command. Note: Chart Wizard dialog box will appear Select a Chart Type and Subtype, then click ‘Next’ Select data Series for the chart. Click ‘Next’ button Click on “Titles” tab, type Chart Title, Category (X) axis, Value (Y) axis, and then click ‘Next’ button. Select a location to place your chart. E.g. “As new sheet” or “As Object in…” option. Click ‘Finish’ when you are done. ©Radiology Informatics FORMATTING CHARTS You can modify your chart by using the Chart toolbar. Click on a down arrow beside “Chart Object” tool Select the object you wish to format. E.g. Legend Click on “Options” tool Select the tab you want, E.g. Pattern, Font e.t.c. Note; Under Pattern Tab, select the options you want, E.g. Border Style, Border Color, Border Weight, Shadow, Area (Fill) color or using Fill Effects colors. Click on “Ok” button when you are done. ©Radiology Informatics Hands on Practice Use the data above to create a 3D bar chart type Format the chart as much as you can ©Radiology Informatics Hands on Practice Copy the data as shown below and create a pie chart then answer the questions on the next slide ©Radiology Informatics Hands on Practice Using the data and the chart above do the following. Change the chart above to Cylinder chart type. Remove the data for UCC-Dodoma. Does the data in the chart changes? Change the data label of pie chart to percentage values SCOPE OF COMPUTER INFORMATION SYSTEM Computer information system(CIS) encompasses the broad fields of using technology to manage and process information for business and organizational purposes. Essentially CIS focus on how technology can be leveraged to improve efficiency, decision making and strategic initiatives with organizations. ©Radiology Informatics

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Introduction to Computer CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Introduction to Computer using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Contents of This Topic Session 1: Learning Objectives General definition of computer Data Information Examples Summary ICT The 'C' in ICT stands for communications Computer cont…. TYPES OF COMPUTER Types of computers Types of computers cont…. Mini computer Mainframe Super computer HYBRID COMPUTER Ways Computers Are Used in Medicine Network computer CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER cont… Reading Assignment Factors that Impact a Computer’s Performance Factors that Impact a Computer’s Performance cont ….. Computer Use in Hospitals DISCUSSION QNS References Session 1: INTROCTION TO COMPUTER Learning Objectives Define the term computer How computer works? Describe types of computer Differentiate between data and information Describe factors that Impact a Computer’s Performance General definition of computer Computer Is an electronic machine that takes data, store it, processes that data and produce information. A computer is an electronic device which is capable of receiving the inputs (data from the user), storing it for a desired period of time, manipulating it according to the set of instructions (called program) and producing the output to the user in desired form. It performs a variety of operations in accordance to the set of instructions. Data Data are raw facts and figures that on their own have no meaning These can be any alphanumeric characters i.e. text, numbers, symbols Data Is anything enter in the computer for the purpose of getting output Types of data Alphanumeric –numbers, letters, symbols etc. Images-graphic images, pictures Audio-sound, noise, tones Video-moving pictures Information Information-Is the result obtained after data has been entered and processed OR Data that has been processed into a form that gives it meaning. Examples What information can then be derived from the data? Summary Information Data Context Meaning = Processing Data – raw facts and figures Information – data that has been processed (in a context) to give it meaning ICT ICT stands for Information Communications Technology. ICT refers to any device or system that allows the storage, retrieval, manipulation and transmission of digital information. For example, personal computers, digital television, email, robots. ICT ICT hardware include: Computers Scanners Digital cameras ICT ICT software include: Standard Office Applications: (Word processor, Spreadsheets, database, graphics etc) Accounting packages Computer Aided Design The 'C' in ICT stands for communications Covers all the communications technologies such as:- digital TV digital radio e-mail Internet broadband networks (wired and wireless) ICT mobile phones GPS (global positioning systems) videoconferencing instant messaging fax Computer cont…. Fig. 1.1: Personal Computer TYPES OF COMPUTER Types of Computer can be categories/classes depending upon: the size efficiency memory and Number of users. Types of computers Micro computer Mainframe computer Mini computer Super computer Network computer Hybrid computer Workstation computer Types of computers cont…. Micro computer A person computer designed to meet the computer needs of an individual. Five types of Microcomputers: Desktop Computers Notebook Computers/Laptop Computers Tablet PCs Personal Digital Assistants Mini computer This is designed to support more than one user at a time. It possesses large storage capacity and operates at a higher speed. The mini computer is used in multi-user system in which various users can work at the same time. This type of computer is generally used for processing large volume of data in an organisation. They are also used as servers in Local Area Networks(LAN) Mainframe A powerful computer used by large scale organization to manage large amount of computerized data and programs. Example Hospital, Banks, ets They are also used as controlling nodes in Wide Area Networks (WAN). Super computer Are those computer which are designed for scientific job like whether forecasting and artificial intelligence. They are the fastest and most expensive machines. They have high processing speed compared to other computers. Supercomputer Super computer…. Supercomputers are mainly being used for : weather forecasting biomedical research remote sensing aircraft design and other areas of science and technology. HYBRID COMPUTER Are those computer used in hospitals to measure the heartbeat of the patients Ways Computers Are Used in Medicine CT scanning machines are run and monitored by computers. Sample to be tested by spectroscopy. Computer measuring patient's statistics. Computers used during surgery. Research using computers. Network computer A computer allows you to connect two or more computers together. Allows sharing of resources. Example, instead of each PC requiring its own Printer, you can have single printer shared amongst, many network PCs CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER Speed Computer can work very fast. It takes only few seconds for calculations that we take hours to complete. Accuracy Suppose some one calculates faster but commits a lot of errors in computing. Such result is useless. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER cont… Diligence A computer is free from tiredness, lack of concentration, fatigue, etc. It can work for hours without creating any error. If millions of calculations are to be performed, a computer will perform every calculation with the same accuracy. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER cont… Versatility It means the capacity to perform completely different type of work. You may use your computer to prepare payroll slips. Next moment you may use it for inventory management or to prepare electric bills. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER cont… Power of Remembering Computer has the power of storing any amount of information or data. Any information can be stored and recalled as long as you require it, for any numbers of years. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER cont… No Feeling It does not have feelings or emotion, taste, knowledge and experience. Thus it does not get tired even after long hours of work. It does not distinguish between users. Reading Assignment Discuss Advantages and Disadvantage of using computers? What are the functions of computer? Computer Performance Factors that Impact a Computer’s Performance The higher the processor speed, the faster the computer. The more memory you have (RAM), the faster the PC will appear to operate. The more programs which are