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DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Computer Concepts and Applications – Introduction to Web Design CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Computer Concepts and Applications – Introduction to Web Design using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Computer Concepts and Applications – Introduction to Web Design Introduction To Web page Design 5.1Introduction to Web Design The term web designing in simple terms can be understood as a representation of content, related to an individual, business or any other topic; using design and graphics principles on the internet in the form of web applications and web sites. Web design usually involves and uses technologies and standards such as HTML,CSS,XML,SSL,PHP,ASP ect. Web design differs completely from web development, which is more technical and deals with issues concerning the web site dynamics, validations and constrains. The principle of web site design further involves the conception and collection of web pages, which in-tern collectively is kn own as single entity, a web site. Web pages are usually the basic content and design holders for the entire web site. Web Design Web design is the process of creating websites. It encompassed several different aspects, including webpage layout, content production, and graphic design. While the terms web design and web development is often used interchangeably, web design is technically a subset of the broader category of web development. Meaning Web design is the art and process of creating a single web page or entire web sites and amy involve both the aesthetics and the mechanics of web site’s operation although primarily it focuses on the look and feel of the web site – design elements. Some of the aspects that may be included in the web design or web production are graphics and animation creation, colot selection , font selection, navigation design, content creation, HTML/XML authoring, Javascript programming , and ecommerce development. Web design is a form of electronic publishing. Web design Pyramid One way to think of all the components of web design is through the metaphor of the web pyramid as shown in figure. Content provides the bricks that build the pyramid, but the foundation rests solidly on both visuals and technology, with a heavy reliance on economics to make out projects worth doing. While web development challenges aren’t quite on the level of those faced by the ancient Egyptians, building a functional, pleasing web sites that can stand the test of internet time is certainly not easy. The pyramid provides a simple way for designers to think of all the aspects of web design in interplay, but does little to provide a deeper understanding of the web medium. The medium of the web While the web pyramid analogy is a very abstract way of describing web design, it is a useful tool for showing the interplay of the various components of web building. A more practical way to discuss web design is to think of the various components of the web medium. Today’s web sites are primarily a basic client – server network programming model with their common elements. The server side This includes the web server hardware and software as well as programming elements and built – in technologies. The technologies can range from simple CGI programs written in PERL to complex multi-tier java based applications, and include backend technologies such as database servers that may support the web site. The client side The client – side is concerned with the web browser and its supported technologies, such as HTML, CSS and Java script languages and Active – X controls or Netscape plug – ins , which are Utilized to create the presentation of a page or provide interactive features. The Network The network describes the various connectivity elements untilised to deliver the web site to a user. Such elements may be the various networks on the public internet or the private connections within a corporation – often dubbed an internet. 5.2 Types of web pages: A web page is a web document that is suitable for the world wide web and the web browser. A web browser displays a web page on monitor or mobile device. The web paqge is what displays, but the term also refers to computer file, usually written in HTML or comparable markup language, whose main distinction is to provide hypertext that will navigate to other web pages via links. Web browsers co-ordinate web resources centered around the written web page, such as style sheets, scripts and images , to present the web page. The five types of web pages are stated below: Advocacy An advocacy webpage is one sponsored by an organization to influence option. The URL address of this type of page frequently ends .in, .org. Example : de Business and marketing business or marketing webpage is one sponserd by a commercial enterprise that is typically trying to sell or market their services / products. The URL address frequently ends in, .com News news webpage is one whose purpose is to provide timely information about current events and issues. The URL address frequently ends in.com Informational An informational webpage’s purpose is to present factual information. This include reports research finding, and general topical information. The URL address frequently ends with edu.or.gov. Personal personal webpage is created by an individual for his/her own personal need. The URL frequently has a tilde(~) somewhere in the address 5.3 Building web sites Web site building involves complex tasks. Though it is complex it is not touch. Following points enlist the necessary things bear in mind while creating and building a web site. Registration of Government Domain Names A domain name is like an internet address of the websites and has labeling effect. Government bureau and department are advised to register a bundles pair of englesh and chiness domain names under gov.hk and ??.?? categories respectively for setting up website addresses in bilingual to facilitate public access. Portable Document Format file Users should use the portable Document Format(PDF)

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Computer Concepts and Applications – Introduction to HTML CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Computer Concepts and Applications – Introduction to HTML using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Contents of This Topic Computer Concepts and Applications – Introduction to HTML <!DOCTYPE> DOCUMENT BODY RELATED TAGS.. <HTML> <HEAD> <HTML> <LINK …> CONTENT III. <HR> < HR NOSHADE> <IMG …> HOME | CONTACT | ABOUT OTHER TAGS: <Font > Tag: I. <IMG …> Attributes Description Table Caption Nested Tables Computer Concepts and Applications – Introduction to HTML 4 Introduction to HTML: HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language, it is the widely used language to write Web Pages. Hypertext refers to the way in which Web pages (HTML documents) are linked together. Thus the link available on a webpage are called Hypertext. HTML is a Markup Language which means you use HTML to simply "mark up" a text document with tags that tell a Web browser how to structure it to display. HTML was developed with the intent of defining the structure of documents like headings, paragraphs, lists, etc. HTML is being widely used to format web pages with the help of different tags available in HTML. Create An HTML Document Open notepad (Editor) and write the following code <html> <head></head> <body>This is my first html application </body> </html> Then Save this code clicking on file save with name “first.html” in D:\ drive . .html extension is important This will create an html file. After that Open Internet Explorer (browser). Click on file open D:\first.html. It will load the document in web browser. HTML Document Structure A typical HTML document will have following structure: <!DOCTYPE> <html> <head> <Title>TITLE OF WEB PAGE</Title> SCRIPT AND STYLE TAGS HERE… </head> <body> DOCUMENT BODY RELATED TAGS.. </body> </html> <!DOCTYPE html> The < !DOCTYPE> declaration tag is used by the web browser to understand the version of the HTML used in the document. <html> This tag encloses the complete HTML document and mainly comprises of document header which is represented by <head>…</head> and document body which is represented by <body>…</body> tags. <head> This tag represents the document's header which can keep other HTML tags like <title>, <link>, <script> etc. <title> The <title> tag is used inside the <head> tag to mention the document title. <body> This tag represents the document's body which keeps other HTML tags like <h1>, <div>, <p> etc. Ex. <HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE>HTML demo</TITLE> </HEAD> <BODY> This is First HTML Program </BODY> <HTML> Stand alone tags: Container tag : A container tag has a beginning (opening) tag and an ending (closing) tag. Eg. <p></p> Stand Alone Tags: An empty tag has only the opening tag. All of the data represented by an empty tag is contained in the tags attributes. Eg. <Br/> List of Stand alone tags: <LINK …> This tag is a stand-alone tag that can be used to denote relationships between documents.This is used to manage several documents in large website. The attributes for this tag are href, name, rel, title, etc. The <LINK> tag also has a role in providing style sheet information in HTML documents. If style information is in a separate <META …> The META tag is used within the HEAD tag to embed Meta information. Such information can be extracted by servers/clients for use in identifying, indexing and cataloguing documents. The attributes for this tag are HTTP-EQUIV,name, content,etc. Http-equiv: Provides an HTTP header for the information/value of the content attribute This attribute can have values content-type, default-style, refresh. NAME Meta-information name. It can have values application-name, author, description, generator, keywords. CONTENT The meta-information content to be associated with the given name and/or HTTP response header. Typically, the META tag would be used to introduce Client Pull into HTML documents, or to specify keywords that may be used by search engines to determine a documents relevance to the current search (although some are stopping using this method). Ex. <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="description" content="Free Web tutorials"> <meta name="keywords" content="HTML,CSS,XML,JavaScript"> <meta name="author" content="Hege Refsnes"> </head> III. <HR> A <HR> or Horizontal Rule element is a divider between sections of text such as a full width horizontal rule or equivalent graphic. Attributes which allow the document author to describe how the horizontal rule should look are; < HR SIZE=number> The SIZE attributes lets the author give an indication of how thick they wish the horizontal rule to be. A pixel value should be given. < HR WIDTH=number|percent> The default horizontal rule is always as wide as the page. With the WIDTH attribute, the author can specify an exact width in pixels, or a relative width measured in percent of document width. < HR ALIGN=left|right|center> Now that horizontal rules do not have to be the width of the page it possible to specify the horizontal alignment of the rule. < HR NOSHADE> For those times when a solid bar is required, the NOSHADE attribute specifies that the horizontal rule should not be shaded at all. Example: <p>HTML is a language for describing web pages.</p> <hr> <p>CSS defines how to display HTML elements.</p> It will appear in browser as: HTML is a language for describing web pages. CSS defines how to display HTML elements. <IMG …> This tag adds images into the web browser. Attributes of <img> tag are align, src, alt, height, width etc.This is also a stand alone tag as t doesn’t have closing tag. Ex. <img src="smiley.gif" alt="Smiley face" height="42" width="42"> It will display an image smiley.gif with height 42 & width 42. <INPUT> The Input element represents a field whose contents may be edited by the user. <BR> The Line Break element specifies that a new line must be started at the given point. A new line indents the same as that of line-wrapped text. Example : < P> Line 1 of text<BR> Line 2 of text<BR> Formatting tags: Bold Text(<b>…</b>) Anything that appears within <b>…</b> element, is displayed in bold as

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Computer Concepts and Applications – Electronic Payment Systems CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Computer Concepts and Applications – Electronic Payment Systems using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Computer Concepts and Applications – Electronic Payment Systems Electronic Payment System 3.1 Introduction to EPS Issues of trust and acceptance play a more significant role in the e-commerce worldthan in traditional businesses as far as payment systems are concerned. Traditionally, a customer sees a product, examines it, and then pays for it by cash, check, or credit card (Figure 3.1). In the e-commerce world, in most cases the customer does not actually see the concrete product at the time of transaction, and the method of payment is performed electronically. Figure 3.1 : Traditional payment scheme EPSs enable a customer to pay for the goods and services online by using integrated hardware and software systems. The main objectives of EPS are to increase efficiency, improve security, and enhance customer convenience and ease of use. Although these systems are in their immaturity, some significant development has been made. There are several methods and tools that can be used to enable EPS implementation (Figure 3.2) Figure3.2 Electronic payment scheme While customers pay for goods/services by cash, check, or credit cards in conventional businesses, online buyers may use one of the following EPSs to pay for products/services purchased online: Electronic funds transfer (EFT): EFT involves electronic transfer of money by financial institutions. Payment cards : They contain stored financial value that can be transferred from the customer's computer to the businessman's computer. Credit cards : They are the most popular method used in EPSs and are used by charging against the customer credit. Smart cards: They include stored financial value and other important personal and financial information used for online payments. Electronic money (e-money/e-cash): This is standard money converted into an electronic format to pay for online purchases. Online payment: This can be used for monthly payment for Internet, phone bills, etc. Electronic wallets (e-wallets) : They are similar to smart cards as they include stored financial value for online payments. Micro-payment systems : They are similar to e-wallets in that they include stored financial value for online payments; on the other hand, they are used for small payments, such as kurus in Turkey . Electronic gifts : They are one way of sending electronic currency or gift certificates from one individual to another. The receiver can spend these gifts in their favorite online stores provided they accept this type of currency. Although these groups appear to be separate, there is some overlap among them. When the industry matures, this duplication in naming and function ought to be renamed. For example, e-wallets can be classified as payment cards when they are used to store credit card information or as e-money when they store electronic currency. The standardization of payment mechanisms on the Internet is essential to the success of e-commerce. Businesses offering domestic and international services must have assurance that payment will be received, that it is secure and that it is valid. Addressing security issues is crucial to the acceptance of online payment standards: consumers and merchants must be able to trust that their information is kept intact and remains secure during transmission. SET and SSL are two standards that protect the integrity of online transactions. 3.2 Introduction to Electronic Fund Transfer(EFT) Electronic funds transfer is one of the oldest electronic payment systems. EFT isthe groundwork of the cash-less and check-less culture where and paper bills, checks, envelopes, stamps are eliminated. EFT is used for transferring money from one bank account directly to another without any paper money changing hands. The most popular application of EFT is that instead of getting a paycheck and putting it into a bank account, the money is deposited to an account electronically.EFT is considered to be a safe, reliable, and convenient way to conduct business. The advantages of EFT contain the following: Simplified accounting Improved efficiency Reduced administrative costs Improved security 3.3 Introduction to Secure Electronic Transaction(SET) SET (Secure Electronic Transaction) protocol was developed by VISA and MasterCardspecifically for enabling secure credit card transactions on the Internet. This protocol ismainly used for payment. However, since it separates the purchase order informationfrom the payment information to be sent to the Merchant and Payment Authorityrespectively, it can also be used to transmit order information. SET does not follow anyfixed standard for its message format. Instead, it provides its own message format foreach type of message sent between the merchant and consumer. SET uses public-keyencryption and X.509 digital certificates for its security implementation. One of the niceadditional features provided by SET is the error handling capability. SET handles errorssuch as duplicate, corrupted, or malformed messages. Depending on the type of the error found, SET either ignores the message or retransmits it. When a consumer initiates a transaction at their computer, they can use a piece of software called electronic wallet containing a digital certificate that authenticates that the consumer is who he or she says, while the merchant’s certificate provides the consumer with the same authenticating information about the merchant. SET is basically a process that operates under a fixed set of rules. It has characteristics that are different than those associated with digital money such as DigiCash. Digital money by itself can cause a transaction to occur. SET requires a functional meeting (or at least an exchange of messages) of all the interested parties before a transaction can occur. A SET transaction must be authorized by all the parties concerned in order to complete, while merchants in the digital money realm may change the resultant value of adigital cash token. SET merchants cannot directly touch cardholder information, which is available only to the Issuer (and by extension the Payment Gateway), while digital money merchants can derive transaction/recipient information SET allows for the merchant's identity to be authenticated via digital certificates.However, SET also

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Computer Concepts and Applications – Electronic Data Interchange CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Computer Concepts and Applications – Electronic Data Interchange using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Computer Concepts and Applications – Electronic Data Interchange Electronic Data Interchange 2.1 Introduction to EDI: Definition: Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is the electronic exchange of business documentation and information in a standardized format between computers, usually of different organizations. It is also commonly known as electronic trading. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is the computer-to-computer exchange of business documents in a standardelectronic format between business partners. Each term in the definition is significant: Computer-to-computer EDI replaces postal mail, fax and email. While email is also an electronic approach, the documents exchanged via email must still be handled by people rather than computers. Having people involved slows down the processing of the documents and also introduces errors. Instead, EDI documents can flow straight through to the appropriate application on the receiver’s computer (e.g., the Order Management System) and processing can begin immediately. .A typical manual process looks like this, with lots of paper and people involvement : The EDI process looks like this — no paper, no people involved: Business documents –An EDI document is comprised of data elements, segments and envelopes that are formatted according to the rules of a particular EDI standard. These are any of the documents that are typically exchanged between businesses. The most common documents exchanged via EDI are purchase orders, invoices and advance ship notices. But there are many, many others such as bill of lading, customs documents, inventory documents, shipping status documents and payment documents. In the EDI language, a single business document, such as a purchase order, invoice or advance ship notice, is called a “transaction set” or “message.” And, a transaction set is comprised of data elements, segments and envelopes. EDI Data elements:The data elements in an EDI Transaction Set are the individual items of information within the document. For example, within many documents, such as the purchase order and invoice, you will find data elements such as city, state, country, item number, quantity and price. Each data element in a transaction set is defined in the EDI Standard by the type of data it represents. For example, it would be important to distinguish numeric data from text data or calendar dates. The data element definition will describe: -Data type of numeric, alphanumeric, date or time -Minimum and maximum length -Code values, if applicable, that must be observed with a particular type of data. For example, if the data element is unit cost, you would use a currency code element as well to allow you to indicate what currency (e.g., US dollars or euros) is being used in the unit cost field.Elements are combined into segment. EDI Data Segment: A segment in an EDI transaction set is a group of like data elements. If you were filling out information on a purchase order, you would expect to see groups of related data. For example, look at the diagram below of a paper purchase order in which only one item is being ordered. Note that there are four sections, each providing a different set of information: In an EDI document, each section is described by a particular segment. Below is the set of EDI segments that would describe the purchase order above when using the ANSI standard. Each segment begins with a segment ID (e.g., ST, BEG, N1) that describes the type of data elements that follows. The elements within each segment are separated by a data element separator, in this case the ‘*’. For each type of business document, the EDI standard documentation defines: -The segments that may be included and which ones are mandatory, optional and/or conditional (i.e. must be included only if another segment or element is included) -For each segment, the elements that may be included – for every piece of information in a paper document there is a corresponding EDI element. These elements are defined in the standards dictionary and each standard has its own dictionary -The required sequence of the segments and elements -How many times a segment may be repeated.Now, once all the segments are collected into a prescribed sequence, they form a complete electronic document, or transaction set. Next, the transaction sets must be put into envelopes in preparation for transmission to your partners. EDI Envelope:EDI document transmission uses a system of three “envelopes” to house your transaction sets – Message envelope, Group envelope and Interchange envelope. Just as paper business documents are sent in envelopes and it’s possible to mail many documents in a single envelope, EDI documents are exchanged using several envelopes. Each transaction set is placed in its individual envelope A group of transaction sets – e.g., a group of purchase orders – is placed in a group envelope. (The group envelope is mandatory in ANSI and optional in EDIFACT.) All group envelopes being sent from one sender to one receiver are placed in an Interchange envelope See the diagram below: An envelope is formed by a pair of segments that define the beginning and end of the appropriate section. Using the EDIFACT standard as the example, the Transaction Set Envelope uses the UNH and UNT segments, the Group Envelope uses the UNG and UNE segments and the Interchange Envelope uses the UNA/UNB and UNZ segments. In each case, the “S” indicates the “start” of the envelope and the “E” indicates the “end” of the envelope. The diagram below illustrates the three levels of envelopes that would surround a single EDI purchase order. Standard format– Because EDI documents must be processed by computers rather than humans, a standard format must be used so that the computer will be able to read and understand the documents. A standard format describes what each piece of information is and in what format (e.g., integer, decimal, mmddyy). Without a standard

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Computer Concepts and Applications – Internet and Web Applications CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Computer Concepts and Applications – Internet and Web Applications using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Contents of This Topic Computer Concepts and Applications – Internet and Web Applications Financial Transaction Vertical Search Personalized Search Food/Recipes Video Games Popular Browsers Computer Concepts and Applications – Internet and Web Applications Internet and Internet Application 1.1 Introduction It is a worldwide system which has the following characteristics: Internet is a world-wide / global system of interconnected computer networks. Internet uses the standard Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Every computer in internet is identified by a unique IP address. IP Address is a unique set of numbers (such as 110.22.33.114) which identifies a computer’s location. A special computer DNS (Domain Name Server) is used to give name to the IP Address so that user can locate a computer by a name. For example, a DNS server will resolve a name http://www.tutorialspoint.com to a particular IP address to uniquely identify the computer on which this website is hosted. Internet is accessible to every user all over the world. 1.1.1Evolution of the Internet The structure and makeup of the Internet has adapted as the needs of its community have changed. Today's Internet serves the largest and most diverse community of network users in the computing world. A brief chronology and summary of significant components are provided in this chapter to set the stage for understanding the challenges of interfacing the Internet and the steps to build scalable internetworks. Origins of the Internet The Internet started as an experiment in the late 1960s by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA, now called DARPA) of the U.S. Department of Defense. DARPA experimented with the connection of computer networks by giving grants to multiple universities and private companies to get them involved in the research. In December 1969, the experimental network went online with the connection of a four-node network connected via 56 Kbps circuits. This new technology proved to be highly reliable and led to the creation of two similar military networks, MILNET in the U.S. and MINET in Europe. Thousands of hosts and users subsequently connected their private networks (universities and government) to the ARPANET, thus creating the initial "ARPA Internet." ARPANET had an Acceptable Use Policy (AUP), which prohibited the use of the Internet for commercial use. ARPANET was decommissioned in 1989. By 1985, the ARPANET was heavily used and congested. In response, the National Science Foundation (NSF) initiated phase one development of the NSFNET. The NSFNET was composed of multiple regional networks and peer networks (such as the NASA Science Network) connected to a major backbone that constituted the core of the overall NSFNET. In its earliest form, in 1986, the NSFNET created a three-tiered network architecture. The architecture connected campuses and research organizations to regional networks, which in turn connected to a main backbone linking six nationally funded super-computer centers. The original links were 56 Kbps. The links were upgraded in 1988 to faster T1 (1.544 Mbps) links as a result of the NSFNET 1987 competitive solicitation for a faster network service, awarded to Merit Network, Inc. and its partners MCI, IBM, and the state of Michigan. The NSFNET T1 backbone connected a total of 13 sites that included Merit, BARRNET, MIDnet, Westnet, NorthWestNet, SESQUINET, SURANet, NCAR (National Center of Atmospheric Research), and five NSF supercomputer centers. In 1990, Merit, IBM, and MCI started a new organization known as Advanced Network and Services (ANS). Merit Network's Internet engineering group provided a policy routing database and routing consultation and management services for the NSFNET, whereas ANS operated the backbone routers and a Network Operation Center (NOC). The history of the Internet begins with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. Initial concepts of packet networking originated in several computer science laboratories in the United States, Great Britain, and France. The US Department of Defense awarded contracts as early as the 1960s for packet network systems, including the development of the ARPANET (which would become the first network to use the Internet Protocol.) The first message was sent over the ARPANET from computer science Professor Leonard Kleinrock's laboratory at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to the second network node at Stanford Research Institute (SRI). Packet switching networks such as ARPANET, Mark I at NPL in the UK, CYCLADES, Merit Network, Tymnet, and Telenet, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of communications protocols. The ARPANET in particular led to the development of protocols for internetworking, in which multiple separate networks could be joined into a network of networks. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation (NSF) funded the Computer Science Network (CSNET). In 1982, the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) was introduced as the standard networking protocol on the ARPANET. In the early 1980s the NSF funded the establishment for national supercomputing centers at several universities, and provided interconnectivity in 1986 with the NSFNET project, which also created network access to the supercomputer sites in the United States from research and education organizations. Commercial Internet service providers (ISPs) began to emerge in the late 1980s. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. Private connections to the Internet by commercial entities became widespread quickly, and the NSFNET was decommissioned in 1995, removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic. Since the mid-1990s, the Internet has had a revolutionary impact on culture and commerce, including the rise of near-instant communication by electronic mail, instant messaging, voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) telephone calls, two-way interactive video calls, and the World Wide Web with its discussion forums, blogs, social networking, and online shopping sites. The research and education community continues to develop and use advanced networks such as NSF's very high speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS), Internet2, and National LambdaRail. Increasing

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Computer Concepts and Applications – Computer Applications and Electronic Commerce CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Computer Concepts and Applications – Computer Applications and Electronic Commerce using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Computer Concepts and Applications – Computer Applications and Electronic Commerce 5 Use of Computer in Commerce 5.1 Data Processing Data is collection of facts- unorganized but able to organized in to useful information. Information is data arranged in an order.So Data Processing is a series of actions and operations that convert data into useful information. In the commercial world, data processing refers to the processing of data required to run organizations and businesses. 5.2 Files- a file is considered as a sequence of bytes, the operating system supplies routines that can read/write a specified number of bytes. file is a sequence of records of the same type. Records- file is a sequence of records of the same type. A record is a sequence of data bytes together with control information about the record's size and maybe some attributes.the unit of I/O operations is one or more record(s). File organization and access methods are separate but related concepts,organization refers to the internal structure, access method is an "allowed method" to read/write from/to the file. It may be possible to access a file in an access method other than the "natural" one. Possible file organizations are: Sequential – The info in file can be accessed only in the order it was written. The writing order defines the "natural" order of data, in simple cases the data will reside on the disk in consecutive locations. Relative – The file is a sequence of equal-sized "data cells" you can access any "cell" you want using its serial number, and the system will calculate the offset. Relative files are just like arrays [of structures] but instead of residing in main memory, they are recorded on a magnetic media. Indexed – The file is made of "data cells", not necessarily of the same size, and contain "indexes", lists of "pointers" to these cells arranged by some order. Standard FORTRAN 77 doesn't require that indexed files are to be implemented, but some vendors supply this nice extension. Computer application in Business: Needs and Scope:- It has great need to use computer applications in business. because world become a global market and everyone want to buy a good quality product and ideas. we can share our ideas through computer aplicantion sell our ideas and discuse about new product. Computer Application in various fields of Commerce: Almost every business uses computers to complete daily tasks. From making contact with clients to inputting data for reports, computers allow businesses a more efficient way to manage affairs when compared to traditional paper and manila folders. Businesses use a variety of different types of computers such as desktops, laptops, servers, smartphones and tablets, depending on their needs. With computers, employees are able to work anytime, anywhere. Communication Communication is key when gaining and maintaining clients and other important contacts. Computers give businesses access to email, instant messaging and custom customer contact systems. Computerized phone systems allow for automated support during off hours and a virtual operator can quickly direct callers to the correct department for faster support. Marketing Computers allow businesses to create websites, stunning ads and complete marketing campaigns. Marketing videos can be edited and custom ads created in-house with the use of specialized software. Businesses can completely develop and manage websites with their own servers or connect remotely to a third-party business to upload their latest content such as articles, product images and blog posts. Accounting Accounting without computers presents a high risk for human error. Accounting software allows businesses to simply input their financial data and instantly see gains and losses. All necessary tax reports are available the moment the data is entered. Using computers for invoicing, managing expenses and calculating payroll is vital for ensuring financial data is as accurate as possible. Storage Instead of filing cabinets, businesses are able to store millions of files using computers and servers. Data can be stored centrally for easy access from multiple computers or stored locally for individual use. Computerized storage saves space and provides a far more efficient organization strategy. With encryption, passwords and replace keys, data remains secure. Documents and Reports Most businesses have some sort of productivity software which typically includes a word processor and spreadsheet application. These two programs allow businesses to create reports, memos, tutorials and even colorful ads for company events. Spreadsheet applications give businesses the chance to organize, manage and calculate both numeric and alphabetic data. With charts and graphs, reporting becomes visual instead of text-based. Education Businesses use computers to help educate employees on software, company policy, standard procedures and safety. Instead of hiring teachers, computers can be used to educate employees at their own pace or through an online webinar with live questions and answers. This form of education fits the busy schedules of businesses without sacrificing the quality of the education. 5.3.1 Personal Administration (Human Resources) Personnel Administration, commonly known as Human Resources or HR, handles a great many issues in the workplace. The primary function is the recruiting selecting and hiring of new employees, but goes way beyond that in most companies. Human Resources is also responsible to see that workplace standards meet legal and ethical criteria, including the manner in which employees are treated by their supervisors. In some companies, HR is responsible for employee training, although this is often done by the department hiring the new employee. HR also administers employee benefits programs and keeps track of sick time and vacations. Employee guides are also created by Human Resources, usually with the assistance of an attorney knowledgeable in personnel law. Accounting Definition -The Systematic recording ,reporting and analysis of financial transactions of a business. Cost and Budgetary management:- Preparing a budget is an integral part of establishing

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Computer Concepts and Applications – Computer Networking CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Computer Concepts and Applications – Computer Networking using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Computer Concepts and Applications – Computer Networking 4 Importance of networking 4.1 Introduction Information and communication are two of the most important strategic issues for the success of every enterprise. While today nearly every organization uses a number of computers and communication tools (like telephone or fax), they are often still isolated. While managers today are able to use applications like wordprocessors or spreadsheets, not very many of them use computer-based tools to communicate with other departments or information retrieval programs. To overcome these obstacles in an effective usage of information technology, computer networks are necessary. They are a new kind of organization of computer systems produced by the need to merge computers and communications. Computer networks can manage to put down the barriers between information held on several systems. Only with the help of computer networks can a borderless communication and information environment be built. 4.2 Importance of Networking Computer networks allow the user to access remote programs and remote databases either of the same organization or from other enterprises or public sources. Computer networks provide communication possibilities faster than other facilities. Because of these optimal information and communication possibilities, computer networks may increase the organizational learning rate there are other reasons why any organization should have a computer network cost reduction by sharing hardware and software resources high reliability by having multiple sources of supply cost reduction by downsizing to microcomputer-based networks instead of using mainframes greater flexibility because of possibility to connect devices from various vendors A network is two or more computers connected together to share information and files between them. Businesses aren't the only ones that can benefit from creating a network. Home users can enjoy sharing music, movies and printers from any computer. File Sharing : Computers connected to a network can share files and documents with each other. Personal computers connected to a business network can choose which files and folders are available to share on the network. Printers : Computers can print pages to another computer with a printer on the network. Additionally, printers can be connected using a print server, which allows direct printing from all computers. 4.3 Computer Network 4.3.1 Types of Networks A)Local Area Networks Local area networks (LANs) are used to connect networking devices that are in a very close geographic area, such as a floor of a building, a building itself, or a campus environment. B)Wide Area Networks C)Wide area networks (WANs) are used to connect LANs together. Typically, WANs are used when the LANs that must be connected are separated by a large distance. D)Metropolitan Area Networks A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a hybrid between a LAN and a WAN. A computer network is an interconnection of various computer systems located at different places. In computer network two or more computers are linked together with a medium and data communication devices for the purpose of communicating data and sharing resources. The computer that provides resources to other computers on a network is known as server In the network the individual computers, which access shared network resources, are known as workstations or nodes. Computer Networks may be classified on the basis of geographical area in two broad categories. Local Area Network (LAN) Wide Area Network (WAN) I. Local Area Network: Networks used to interconnect computers in a single room, rooms within a building or buildings on one site are called Local Area Network (LAN). LAN links computers, i.e., software and hardware, in the same area for the purpose of sharing information. Usually LAN links computers within a limited geographical area because they must be connected by a cable, which is quite expensive. Major Characteristics of LAN are as follows: Every computer has the potential to communicate with any other computers of the network High degree of interconnection between computers Easy physical connection of computers in a network Inexpensive medium of data transmission High data transmission rate Advantages of LAN are as follows: The reliability of network is high because the failure of one computer in the network does not effect the functioning for other computers. Addition of new computer to network is easy. High rate of data transmission is possible. Peripheral devices like magnetic disk and printer can be shared by other computers. Disadvantages of LAN is If the communication line fails, the entire network system breaks down. Use of LAN : Followings are the major areas where LAN is normally used File transfers and Access Word and text processing Electronic message handling Remote database access Personal computing Digital voice transmission and storage 4.4 Network Components 1)Hub A hub works in the physical layer of the OSI model. It is basically a non-intelligent device, and has no decision making capability. What a Hub basically does is take the input data from one of the ports and broadcast the information to all the other ports connected to the network. Port network To demonstrate its working, consider a 4 port network as shown in Fig 1. There are 4 computers connected to the 4 ports. Suppose, if Computer A wants to send some data to Computer B using a Hub, then, Computer A broadcasts the data on the network, and Computer B, being connected to the network, has access to the data. But, in this case all the other ports connected to the network has access to the data that is being transmitted by Computer A. This happens because, the Hub works in the Physical Layer and hence it does not know about the MAC addresses of the ports connected to the network. So, there is a lack of security in the Hub. USB Hub The picture shows a USB Hub, wherein the data is fed into the input port and is broadcasted

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Computer Concepts and Applications – Microsoft Word, Excel and PowerPoint CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Computer Concepts and Applications – Microsoft Word, Excel and PowerPoint using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Contents of This Topic Computer Concepts and Applications – Microsoft Word, Excel and PowerPoint • Formatting Font • Page Headers Hanging Indent Method 1 Copy, Cut, Paste Select Delete Introduction to Microsoft Office Powerpoint 2007 Building Slides Bulleted Lists Design Templates The Presentation Computer Concepts and Applications – Microsoft Word, Excel and PowerPoint 3 Introduction to Business Communication Tools Introduction Microsoft Office is a collection of different application programs that were originally designed to be used to perform many of the tasks that are completed every day in an office setting, but they can also be useful in your personal life as well. Microsoft Word is a word processing program that can be used to type documents, from simple letters to illustrated newsletters. Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet program that can be used to track of lists, numbers and statistics, such as might be used in accounting. Microsoft Access is a database program that can be used to track of diverse but related information, such as customer orders, customer billing information, customer shipping information, and product inventories. Microsoft PowerPoint is presentation software that can be used for making fully animated computer presentations. Microsoft Publisher is publication design software that can be used for creating greeting cards, business cards, calendars and more. 3.1 Microsoft Word Introduction A word processor is a type of computer program that is used to create a variety of documents, from simple letters to fully illustrated newsletters and fliers. Word Processing applications display text on a computer screen and allow users to easily add, remove, and change the style, size, and placement of text in a document without having to retype the entire document as they would with a typewriter. Microsoft Word is one of the most popular word-processing software applications in use today. Starting MS-Word 2007 Opening Microsoft Word To open Word, do either one of the following: Click once on the Start button on the bottom left corner of the screen. Click on Programs. Move the cursor to the new menu on the right and then click on Microsoft Office 2007. Move the cursor to the next menu that opens and click Microsoft Office Word 2007. A blank document will appear on the screen. Main screen of a Microsoft Word 2007 Document The screenshot below is the opening screen for Microsoft Word 2007. Here we will review screenshots and documentation on how to navigate some of the basic menus and the steps necessary to format a basic paper correctly. Page Setup and Margin Formatting The screenshot below displays the menu path to change the margins in a paper. According to APA, all margins are set at 1 inch. From the menu tab at the top of Word, select Page Layout. In the Page Layout menu, the margins button will allow you to change the margins to the correct format. Select Normal to set all margins to one inch. • Formatting Font The screenshot below displays the menu path to change the font. Use a traditional font such as Times New Roman or Courier in 12-point size. Select the Home tab. From the Font menu, you may adjust the font, style, and size to the correct format. Formatting Spacing The standard spacing format for a paper is double-spacing. Double-space the entire document, including the reference page. The screenshot below displays the menu path to change the spacing format to double. Select the Home tab. From the Paragraph menu, you may adjust the line spacing from the Line Spacing dropdown menu. (Note: Word 2007 places extra space between paragraphs. You will need to adjust this by selecting the Page Layout menu. Then access Paragraph and Indents and Spacing. Under the Spacing heading, set the spacing option to 0 pt. before and 0 pt. after. Click OK.) • Page Headers Identify each page with the first two or three words of the title and with the page number placed on the upper right hand corner of the page. Use five spaces between the title and the page number. Do not use your name to identify each page. Be sure the font type and size are the same as that used in the document. To create a correct APA header with a page number in Word 2007, use the following guidelines: Click on the Insert tab. Click on the Header tab. Click on the Blank header tab from the drop-down menu. This will put the curser inside the header. Click on the Page Number tab. Place the curser on the drop-down menu over Top of Page to bring up another drop-down menu. Click on Plain Number 3 on the drop-down menu (the third choice). This will place a page number inside the header at the right margin. Type the portion of the title to go in the header and add five spaces. Your header is complete. Click on Close Header and Footer on the far right. Hanging Indent Select the text that requires a hanging indent OR create a hanging indent before typing the text. From the Home menu, click on the Paragraph command (see Picture One). This will bring up the Indents and Spacing tab (see Picture Two). Under Indentation in the Special box, click on Hanging and OK. Centering Text The screenshot below is an example of text that is centered and that is not centered. In order to center text highlight the text that requires centering and select the icon in the formatting toolbar as shown. Select the Home tab. Highlight the text to be centered. Click the button to center the text on the Paragraph toolbar. 3.2 Microsoft Excel 1.Introduction to Microsoft Excel 2007 Microsoft Excel is a very powerful tool for you to

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Computer Concepts and Applications – Operating Systems and Windows CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Computer Concepts and Applications – Operating Systems and Windows using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Contents of This Topic Computer Concepts and Applications – Operating Systems and Windows Memory Management The Desktop : Windows Explorer: Menu Bar Paint Window The Tools: Fill Styles: Picture Characteristics The Shape Tools Computer Concepts and Applications – Operating Systems and Windows 2 .Basics Of Operating System 2.1 Definition of Operating System: “An Operating system is a program that controls the execution of application programs and acts as an interface between the user of a computer and the computer hardware.” A more common definition is that the operating system is the one program running at all times on the computer (usually called the kernel), with all else being applications programs. An Operating system is concerned with the allocation of resources and services, such as memory, processors, devices and information. The Operating System correspondingly includes programs to manage these resources, such as a traffic controller, a scheduler, memory management module, I/O programs, and a file system. 2.2 Types Of Operating Systems: Operating systems are there from the very first computer generation. Operating systems keep evolving over the period of time. Following are few of the important types of operating system which are most commonly used. 1)Batch Operating System The users of batch operating system do not interact with the computer directly. Each user prepares his job on an off-line device like punch cards and submits it to the computer operator. To speed up processing, jobs with similar needs are batched together and run as a group. Thus, the programmers left their programs with the operator. The operator then sorts programs into batches with similar requirements. The problems with Batch Systems are following. Lack of interaction between the user and job. CPU is often idle, because the speeds of the mechanical I/O devices are slower than CPU. Difficult to provide the desired priority. 2)Time Sharing Operating System Time sharing is a technique which enables many people, located at various terminals, to use a particular computer system at the same time. Time-sharing or multitasking is a logical extension of multiprogramming. Processor's time which is shared among multiple users simultaneously is termed as time-sharing. The main difference between Multiprogrammed Batch Systems and Time-Sharing Systems is that in case of multiprogrammed batch systems, objective is to maximize processor use, whereas in Time-Sharing Systems objective is to minimize response time. Multiple jobs are executed by the CPU by switching between them, but the switches occur so frequently. Thus, the user can receive an immediate response. For example, in a transaction processing, processor execute each user program in a short burst or quantum of computation. That is if n users are present, each user can get time quantum. When the user submits the command, the response time is in few seconds at most. Operating system uses CPU scheduling and multiprogramming to provide each user with a small portion of a time. Computer systems that were designed primarily as batch systems have been modified to time-sharing systems. Advantages of Timesharing operating systems are following Provide advantage of quick response. Avoids duplication of software. Reduces CPU idle time. Disadvantages of Timesharing operating systems are following. Problem of reliability. Question of security and integrity of user programs and data. Problem of data communication. 3)Distributed Operating System Distributed systems use multiple central processors to serve multiple real time application and multiple users. Data processing jobs are distributed among the processors accordingly to which one can perform each job most efficiently. The processors communicate with one another through various communication lines (such as high-speed buses or telephone lines). These are referred as loosely coupled systems or distributed systems. Processors in a distributed system may vary in size and function. These processors are referred as sites, nodes, and computers and so on. The advantages of distributed systems are following. With resource sharing facility user at one site may be able to use the resources available at another. Speedup the exchange of data with one another via electronic mail. If one site fails in a distributed system, the remaining sites can potentially continue operating. Better service to the customers. Reduction of the load on the host computer. Reduction of delays in data processing. 4)Network Operating System Network Operating System runs on a server and and provides server the capability to manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions. The primary purpose of the network operating system is to allow shared file and printer access among multiple computers in a network, typically a local area network (LAN), a private network or to other networks. Examples of network operating systems are Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Microsoft Windows Server 2008, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare, and BSD. The advantages of network operating systems are following. Centralized servers are highly stable. Security is server managed. Upgrades to new technologies and hardware can be easily integrated into the system. Remote access to servers is possible from different locations and types of systems. The disadvantages of network operating systems are following. High cost of buying and running a server. Dependency on a central location for most operations. Regular maintenance and updates are required. 5)Real time Operating System Real time system is defines as a data processing system in which the time interval required to process and respond to inputs is so small that it controls the environment. Real time processing is always on line whereas on line system need not be real time. The time taken by the system to respond to an input and display of required updated information is termed as response time. So in this method response time is very less as compared to the online processing. Real-time systems are used when there are rigid time requirements on the operation of a processor or

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Computer Concepts and Applications – Computer Memory and Input/Output Devices CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Computer Concepts and Applications – Computer Memory and Input/Output Devices using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Contents of This Topic Computer Concepts and Applications – Computer Memory and Input/Output Devices Joy Stick Bar Code Reader Graphic Plotter Flat- Panel Display Impact Printers Character Printers Widely Used Drum Printer Laser Printers Introduction to free and open source software Resident Viruses Overwrite Viruses Macro Virus Polymorphic Virus Encrypted Viruses Nonresident Viruses Spacefiller (Cavity) Viruses Logic Bombs Computer Concepts and Applications – Computer Memory and Input/Output Devices 1.3 Computer Memory Memory is used to store the information (programs and data) that the computer is currently using. It is sometimes called main or primary memory. One form of memory is called RAM – random access memory. This means that any location in memory may be accessed in the same amount of time as any other location. Memory access means one of two things, either the CPU is reading from a memory location or the CPU is writing to a memory location. When the CPU reads from a memory location, the contents of the memory location are copied to a CPU register. When the CPU writes to a memory location, the CPU copies the contents of a CPU register to the memory location, overwriting the previous contents of the location. The CPU cannot carry out any other operations on memory locations. RAM is a form of short term or volatile memory. Information stored in short term storage is lost when the computer is switched off (or when power fails e.g. if you pull out the power lead!). There is therefore a requirement for permanent or long term storage which is also referred to as secondary storage or auxiliary storage. This role is fulfilled by disk and tape storage. 1.3.1 Random Access Memory (RAM) RAM(Random Access Memory) is the internal memory of the CPU for storing data, program and program result. It is read/write memory which stores data until the machine is working. As soon as the machine is switched off, data is erased. Access time in RAM is independent of the address that is, each storage location inside the memory is as easy to reach as other locations and takes the same amount of time. Data in the RAM can be accessed randomly but it is very expensive. RAM is volatile, i.e. data stored in it is lost when we switch off the computer or if there is a power failure. Hence a backup uninterruptible power system(UPS) is often used with computers. RAM is small, both in terms of its physical size and in the amount of data it can hold. RAM is of two types Static RAM (SRAM) Dynamic RAM (DRAM) 1)Static RAM (SRAM) The word static indicates that the memory retains its contents as long as power is being supplied. However, data is lost when the power gets down due to volatile nature. SRAM chips use a matrix of 6-transistors and no capacitors. Transistors do not require power to prevent leakage, so SRAM need not have to be refreshed on a regular basis. Because of the extra space in the matrix, SRAM uses more chips than DRAM for the same amount of storage space, thus making the manufacturing costs higher. So SRAM is used as cache memory and has very fast access. Characteristic of the Static RAM It has long life There is no need to refresh Faster Used as cache memory Large size Expensive High power consumption 2)Dynamic RAM (DRAM) DRAM, unlike SRAM, must be continually refreshed in order to maintain the data. This is done by placing the memory on a refresh circuit that rewrites the data several hundred times per second. DRAM is used for most system memory because it is cheap and small. All DRAMs are made up of memory cells which are composed of one capacitor and one transistor. Characteristics of the Dynamic RAM It has short data lifetime Need to be refreshed continuously Slower as compared to SRAM Used as RAM Lesser in size Less expensive Less power consumption 1.3.2 – Read Only Memory (ROM) ROM stands for Read Only Memory. The memory from which we can only read but cannot write on it. This type of memory is non-volatile. The information is stored permanently in such memories during manufacture. A ROM, stores such instructions that are required to start a computer. This operation is referred to as bootstrap. ROM chips are not only used in the computer but also in other electronic items like washing machine and microwave oven. Following are the various types of ROM 1)MROM (Masked ROM) The very first ROMs were hard-wired devices that contained a pre-programmed set of data or instructions. These kind of ROMs are known as masked ROMs which are inexpensive. 2)PROM (Programmable Read only Memory) PROM is read-only memory that can be modified only once by a user. The user buys a blank PROM and enters the desired contents using a PROM program. Inside the PROM chip there are small fuses which are burnt open during programming. It can be programmed only once and is not erasable. 3)EPROM(Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory) The EPROM can be erased by exposing it to ultra-violet light for a duration of up to 40 minutes. Usually, an EPROM eraser achieves this function. During programming, an electrical charge is trapped in an insulated gate region. The charge is retained for more than ten years because the charge has no leakage path. For erasing this charge, ultra-violet light is passed through a quartz crystal window(lid). This exposure to ultra-violet light dissipates the charge. During normal use the quartz lid is sealed with a sticker. 4)EEPROM(Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory) The EEPROM is programmed and erased electrically. It can be erased and reprogrammed about ten thousand times. Both