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DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Computer Concepts and Applications – Introduction CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Computer Concepts and Applications – Introduction using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Computer Concepts and Applications – Introduction Computer Concepts and Applications (Computer Fundamentals) Computer Concepts and Applications 104(B) (Computer Fundamentals) Term I Introduction to Computer Fundamentals 1.1 Introduction to Computer Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as input from the user and processes it under the control of set of instructions (called program), gives the result (output), and saves it for the future use. This Computer Fundamentals tutorial covers a foundational understanding of computer hardware, software, operating systems, peripherals etc. These notes provide a general introduction to computers systems. A computer system is made up of both hardware and software. Software is another term for computer program. Software controls the computer and makes it do useful work. Without software a computer is useless. Hardware refers to the physical components that make up a computer system. These include the computer's processor, memory, monitor, keyboard, mouse, disk drive, printer and so on. In these notes we take a brief look at the functions of the different hardware components. In addition we describe the some of the essential software required for the operation of a computer system. 1.1.1Functionalities of a computer Any digital computer carries out five functions in gross terms: Takes data as input. Stores the data/instructions in its memory and use them when required. Processes the data and converts it into useful information. Generates the output Controls all the above four steps. Definition Computer is an electronic data processing device which accepts and stores data input, processes the data input, and generates the output in a required format. 1.1.3Advantages Following list demonstrates the advantages of computers in today's arena. High Speed Computer is a very fast device. It is capable of performing calculation of very large amount of data. The computer has units of speed in microsecond, nanosecond, and even the picosecond. It can perform millions of calculations in a few seconds as compared to man who will spend many months for doing the same task. 2)Accuracy In addition to being very fast, computers are very accurate. The calculations are 100% error free. Computers perform all jobs with 100% accuracy provided that correct input has been given. 3)Storage Capability Memory is a very important characteristic of computers. A computer has much more storage capacity than human beings. It can store large amount of data. It can store any type of data such as images, videos, text, audio and many others. 4)Diligence Unlike human beings, a computer is free from monotony, tiredness and lack of concentration. It can work continuously without any error and boredom. It can do repeated work with same speed and accuracy. 5)Versatility A computer is a very versatile machine. A computer is very flexible in performing the jobs to be done. This machine can be used to solve the problems related to various fields. At one instance, it may be solving a complex scientific problem and the very next moment it may be playing a card game. 6)Reliability A computer is a reliable machine. Modern electronic components have long lives. Computers are designed to make maintenance easy. 7)Automation Computer is an automatic machine. Automation means ability to perform the given task automatically. Once a program is given to computer i.e., stored in computer memory, the program and instruction can control the program execution without human interaction. 8)Reduction in Paper Work The use of computers for data processing in an organization leads to reduction in paper work and results in speeding up a process. As data in electronic files can be retrieved as and when required, the problem of maintenance of large number of paper files gets reduced. 9)Reduction in Cost Though the initial investment for installing a computer is high but it substantially reduces the cost of each of its transaction. 1.1.4Disadvantages Following list demonstrates the disadvantages of computers in today's arena 1)No I.Q A computer is a machine that has no intelligence to perform any task. Each instruction has to be given to computer. A computer cannot take any decision on its own. 2)Dependency It functions as per a user’s instruction, so it is fully dependent on human being 3)Environment The operating environment of computer should be dust free and suitable. 4)No Feeling Computers have no feelings or emotions. It cannot make judgement based on feeling, taste, experience, and knowledge unlike a human being. 1.1.5 Components of computer All types of computers follow a same basic logical structure and perform the following five basic operations for converting raw input data into information useful to their users. Sr.No. Operation Description The process of entering data and instructions into the computer Take Input system Saving data and instructions so that they are available for Store Data processing as and when required. Performing arithmetic, and logical operations on data in order to Processing Data convert them into useful information. m Input Unit This unit contains devices with the help of which we enter data into computer. This unit makes link between user and computer. The input devices translate the information into the form understandable by computer. CPU (Central Processing Unit) CPU is considered as the brain of the computer. CPU performs all types of data processing operations. It stores data, intermediate results and instructions(program). It controls the operation of all parts of computer. CPU itself has following three components ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit) Memory Unit Control Unit Output Unit Output unit consists of devices with the help of which we get the information from computer. This unit is a link between computer and users. Output devices translate the computer's output into the form understandable by users. 1.1.6 Types of Computer Computers can be broadly classified by their speed and computing power. personal computer but have more powerful microprocessor. It is a multi-user computer system which

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Disseminating Radiology and Imaging Results CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Disseminating Radiology and Imaging Results using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Contents of This Topic SESSION 9:Apply computer application Utilize computer application Here's a breakdown of how computer applications enhance research: Data Entry and Editing: 3. Collaboration and Communication: 4. Writing and Publishing: 5. Simulations and Modeling: Utilize computer application skills in preparing session (clinical meeting, Elaboration: Cloud-Based Collaboration: Data Management: Multimedia: Use computer application skills in presentations (CME, research findings, cases presentations, teaching and learning) Here's how computer application skills are used in each area: Sharing case studies and patient data: 2. Research Findings Presentations: Sharing research papers and publications: Presenting patient data and medical imaging: Teaching and Learning: Creating engaging online courses: SESSION 9:Apply computer application skill in disseminating patient radiology and imaging results Learning objective: Utilize computer application skills in conducting research Utilize computer application skills in preparing session (clinical meeting, symposiums) Use computer application skills in presentations (CME, research findings, cases presentations, teaching and learning) Utilize computer application skills in conducting research Computer application skills are invaluable in research, aiding in every stage from data collection and analysis to disseminating findings. They enable efficient data storage, analysis, and sharing, as well as facilitate literature searches and collaboration. Here's a breakdown of how computer applications enhance research: Data Management and Analysis: Data Storage: Computers allow for efficient storage of large datasets, making it easier to manage and access information. Data Analysis: Software like statistical packages (SPSS, R) and specialized tools facilitate complex data analysis, identifying patterns and insights. Data Entry and Editing: Computers streamline data entry and editing, ensuring accuracy and efficiency Literature Review and Information Retrieval: Search Engines: Online databases and search engines like Google Scholar, JSTOR, and PubMed help researchers locate relevant literature efficiently. Database Management: Software like Zotero and Mendeley can manage large collections of research papers, making it easy to find and cite sources 3. Collaboration and Communication: Online Collaboration Tools: Platforms like Google Drive and Microsoft Teams enable researchers to share documents, data, and ideas in real-time, facilitating collaboration across geographical boundaries. Communication Tools: Email and social media platforms (e.g., LinkedIn, Twitter) help researchers connect with colleagues, share findings, and stay updated on the latest research. 4. Writing and Publishing: Word Processing Software: Programs like Microsoft Word and Google Docs streamline the writing and formatting of research papers, ensuring a polished final product. Presentation Software: Tools like Microsoft PowerPoint and Google Slides help researchers present their findings effectively at conferences and seminars. 5. Simulations and Modeling: Software Simulations: Specialized software allows researchers to simulate complex systems and phenomena, aiding in understanding and predicting outcomes. Modeling: Computer models can be used to explore different scenarios and hypotheses, helping researchers develop and test their theories. Utilize computer application skills in preparing session (clinical meeting, symposiums) To effectively use computer applications in preparing for a clinical meeting or symposium, leverage presentation software like PowerPoint to create engaging visuals and speaker notes. You can also use spreadsheet software like Excel for data analysis and reporting. For managing presentations and collaboration, utilize cloud-based platforms like Google Workspace or video conferencing tools like Zoom Elaboration: Presentation Software: Use presentation software (e.g., PowerPoint, Google Slides) to create visually appealing presentations. Incorporate graphics, animations, and hyperlinks to enhance engagement. Speaker notes can help guide your delivery. Spreadsheet Software: Utilize spreadsheet software (e.g., Excel, Google Sheets) for data analysis, reporting, and creating charts and graphs to illustrate findings. Cloud-Based Collaboration: For managing documents, presentations, and collaborating with others, leverage cloud-based platforms like Google Workspace (Google Docs, Sheets, Slides). This facilitates easy sharing and editing. Video Conferencing: If the meeting is virtual, use video conferencing platforms (e.g., Zoom, Google Meet, Skype) for real-time communication and screen sharing. Data Management: Consider using databases or specialized software for managing and analyzing large datasets related to the clinical meeting's topic. Publishing and Presentation: If preparing printed materials, utilize word processing and desktop publishing software to create professional-looking newsletters, booklets, and handouts. Multimedia: Incorporate multimedia elements like sound, video, and animation into your presentations to enhance engagement and understanding, especially when presenting complex information. Use computer application skills in presentations (CME, research findings, cases presentations, teaching and learning) Computer application skills are vital for effective presentations in various settings, including continuing medical education (CME), research dissemination, case presentations, and teaching/learning. These skills enable the creation of engaging visuals, interactive elements, and efficient sharing of information. Here's how computer application skills are used in each area: Continuing Medical Education (CME): Creating interactive lectures and workshops: Computer programs like PowerPoint or Prezi can be used to build interactive presentations with quizzes, polls, and embedded videos to engage attendees. Sharing case studies and patient data: Software like Microsoft Excel or specialized medical software can be used to present and analyze patient data, enabling interactive discussions Facilitating remote learning: Platforms like Zoom and WebEx can be used for virtual CME sessions, leveraging presentation software for screen sharing and interactive engagement. 2. Research Findings Presentations: Visualizing data and results: Software like Tableau or Power BI can be used to create compelling data visualizations, tables, and charts to present research outcomes. Developing engaging slides: Using presentation software to create slides that effectively communicate research findings, including key findings, methods, and conclusions. Sharing research papers and publications: Utilizing computer applications to share research papers and publications online, making them accessible to a wider audience. Case Presentations: Creating interactive case studies: Using presentation software or other tools to create engaging case studies with interactive elements, such as quizzes, polls, and scenario-based questions Presenting patient data and medical imaging: Utilizing computer applications to present patient data, medical imaging, and relevant information in a clear and concise manner. Facilitating discussions and problem-solving: Using computer-based tools to facilitate discussions and collaborative problem-solving during case presentations. Teaching and Learning: Developing interactive learning materials: Using presentation software to create

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Accessing Radiology Information and Teleradiology CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Accessing Radiology Information and Teleradiology using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Contents of This Topic SESSION 8:Use computer application Use computer application in assessing content of images Accessing Radiology Information and Teleradiology 3. Analyzing and making sense of the data: Applications: Content-Based Image Retrieval: Searching and retrieving images from large databases based on their content, rather than metadata. Utilize computer application skill Here's how you can utilize computer application skills to find more image information: Flickr: 2. Reverse Image Search: 3. Online Image Libraries and Databases: 4. Utilizing Computer Skills: Utilize computer application skills Key Computer Applications in Teleradiology: Shared-Access Online Collaboration Platforms: PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication System): Benefits of Using Computer Applications in Teleradiology: Reduced Costs: Challenges and Considerations: Training and Education: Provide adequate training for radiologists on how to use the new technologies and systems. SESSION 8:Use computer application skills in accessing radiology information Learning objective: Use computer application in assessing content of images Utilize computer application skill in inquiring for more image Information Utilize computer application skills in discussing images with colleagues (Teleradiology) Use computer application in assessing content of images Computer vision applications assess image content by analyzing visual data, identify patterns, and extract meaningful information. This allows for tasks like object recognition, face detection, and even identifying potential health issues in medical images Accessing Radiology Information and Teleradiology Computer vision systems leverage machine learning and deep learning techniques to enable computers to "see" and interpret images. The process typically involves: Capturing the image: Cameras, scanners, or other devices capture the raw visual data. Interpreting the image: Analyze the image data, detecting patterns and comparing them against a database of known objects, faces, or other visual features. 3. Analyzing and making sense of the data: Once patterns are identified, the system makes decisions about the image content, such as recognizing objects in a scene or identifying individuals. Delivering insights: The system provides insights based on the analysis, which can be used to inform decisions or actions, like flagging issues in a manufacturing line or detecting unauthorized access. Applications: Object Recognition: Identifying objects in images, such as cars in self-driving vehicles or products in retail environments. Face Detection and Recognition: Identifying individuals in security footage or verifying identities. Medical Image Analysis: Detecting anomalies in medical scans, like tumors or fractures. Quality Control: Inspecting products for defects in manufacturing. Content-Based Image Retrieval: Searching and retrieving images from large databases based on their content, rather than metadata. Automated Annotation: Automatically labeling images with descriptions, reducing the need for manual tagging. Wear Particle Analysis: Analyzing the morphology of wear particles in machines to assess their condition. Utilize computer application skill in inquiring for more image information To utilize computer application skills in inquiring for more image information, you can leverage image search tools and websites. These tools allow you to search for images based on keywords, visual similarity, or even uploaded images. This helps you find specific images or learn more about an image's context, origin, or usage Here's how you can utilize computer application skills to find more image information: Image Search Engines: Google Images: A powerful tool for searching images based on keywords or uploaded images. Bing Images: Similar to Google Images, with a user-friendly interface and image search capabilities. Flickr: A popular photo-sharing platform where you can search for images and find related information. Unsplash: A platform with high-quality, royalty-free images that you can search and download. Pexels: Another source for free and royalty-free images, with search functionality. 2. Reverse Image Search: Many search engines offer reverse image search, allowing you to upload an image and find similar images, websites where it's used, and related information. 3. Online Image Libraries and Databases: Getty Images: A professional image library for various visual assets, including photos and illustrations. Shutterstock: A platform for finding and licensing a wide range of images and other creative assets. Adobe Stock: A subscription-based service with a vast collection of images, graphics, and videos. 4. Utilizing Computer Skills: Keyword Search: Use relevant keywords and phrases to describe the image and its context. File Management: Organize and save your search results, image URLs, and any information you find. Web Browsing: Navigate different websites and platforms to explore different image sources. Image Editing Software: Use tools like Photoshop or GIMP to enhance images or extract information from them. Utilize computer application skills in discussing images with colleagues (Teleradiology In teleradiology, computer applications play a crucial role in facilitating image sharing, review, and discussion with colleagues. These applications allow radiologists to access and analyze medical images remotely, enabling collaboration and consultation regardless of geographical location. Tools like video conferencing, shared-access online collaboration platforms, and specialized radiology software enhance communication and image interpretation. Key Computer Applications in Teleradiology: Shared Image Viewing and Annotation: Radiologists can use specialized software or cloud-based platforms to share and view images simultaneously, allowing for real-time discussion and annotation of findings. Video Conferencing: Facilitates virtual meetings with colleagues to discuss complex cases, provide second opinions, and receive expert advice Shared-Access Online Collaboration Platforms: Enable radiologists to work on cases collaboratively, even if geographically separated, using tools like shared documents, whiteboards, and chat features. Specialized Radiology Software: Provides advanced image processing and analysis tools, like windowing, zooming, and measuring, to enhance image interpretation. PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication System): A system for storing, retrieving, and managing medical images, facilitating remote access and image sharing. RIS (Radiology Information System): A system for managing patient records, scheduling appointments, and generating reports, often integrated with PACS for a more comprehensive system. Benefits of Using Computer Applications in Teleradiology: Improved Collaboration: Facilitates seamless communication and collaboration among radiologists, even in remote locations. Enhanced Image Interpretation: Provides tools and techniques to improve image analysis and accuracy. Reduced Costs: Teleradiology can reduce travel expenses and time associated with in-person consultations Increased

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Assessing Radiology Image Quality Using Computers CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Assessing Radiology Image Quality Using Computers using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Contents of This Topic SESSION 7:Apply computer application Utilize computer skill in adjusting image contrast and resolution 1. Using Image Editing Software: 2. Programming with OpenCV (Python): Use computer application in Assessing Radiology Image Quality Using Computers ASSIGNMENT 1 PRACTICAL Visual analysis critiquing images SESSION 7:Apply computer application skills in assessing radiology and images quality Learning objective: Utilize computer skill in adjusting image contrast and resolution Use computer application in labeling images Use computer application in assessing and critiquing images Utilize computer skill in adjusting image contrast and resolution To utilize computer skills in adjusting image contrast and resolution, you'll need to leverage image editing software or coding/programming languages. You can adjust contrast and resolution using software tools like Adobe Photoshop or online image editors. Alternatively, you can programmatically adjust these parameters using libraries like OpenCV with Python 1. Using Image Editing Software: Photoshop or similar software: Photoshop provides tools like "Brightness/Contrast" to adjust these settings. You can also use "Curves" or "Levels" for more precise control over contrast. Online image editors: Many online image editors offer similar tools for adjusting contrast and resolution. 2. Programming with OpenCV (Python): OpenCV Library: OpenCV (Computer Vision) is a library that enables image processing tasks, including contrast and resolution adjustment. Python: Python is a popular programming language used with OpenCV for image manipulation. Example: You can use Python code with OpenCV to adjust brightness, contrast, and even perform histogram equalization to enhance contrast. Use computer application in labeling images Image labeling is the process of identifying and marking various details in an image. Image labeling is useful when automating the process of generating metadata or making recommendations to users based on details in their images Assessing Radiology Image Quality Using Computers To effectively label images in a document, use captions to provide descriptions and context. In Microsoft Word, you can insert a caption by selecting the image, going to the References tab, and clicking "Insert Caption". You can choose a standard label like "Figure" or create a custom one. When citing images, include a figure or table number and a caption or title, along with an appropriate citation if the image is sourced from elsewhere ASSIGNMENT 1 PRACTICAL LABEL THE FOLLOWING PART USING COMPUTER APPLICATION SOFTWARE Use computer application in assessing and critiquing images Evaluating/Assessing of an image involves understanding the visual elements, the context it's used in, and potentially the source and intended message. It's a process of critically analyzing the image to discern its intended meaning and impact Visual analysis How is the image composed? What is in the background, and what is in the foreground? What are the most important visual elements in the image? How can you tell? How is color used? Can the image be looked at different ways? What meanings are conveyed by design choices? critiquing images It's about translating a personal experience into a visual story. And like any story, feedback can help refine and improve our narrative. Why Critiques Matter: 🤔 Critiques aren't just about pointing out what's “wrong” in a photograph. They are collaborative sessions, designed to help us see our work through fresh eyes. There are four basic steps: describing, analyzing, interpreting, and evaluating. ← PREVIOUS TOPICNEXT TOPIC →VIEW ALL MODULE NOTESVIEW SEMESTER NOTESVIEW ALL LEVEL NOTESALL DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY NOTES Need These Notes as PDF? Need a clean, well-formatted PDF copy for offline study, revision or printing? Request the complete notes directly through WhatsApp. GET WELL-FORMATTED PDF NOTES

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Managing Radiology Data with DICOM, RIS and PACS CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Managing Radiology Data with DICOM, RIS and PACS using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Contents of This Topic SESSION 5:Use computer application Definition Managing Radiology Data with DICOM, RIS and PACS Use computer application skills in Benefits of Using Computer Applications for Patient Data Entry: Improved Decision-Making: Types of Computer Applications Used in Healthcare: Medical Data Entry Software: Skills Required for Effective Use of Computer Applications in Patient Data Entry: Data Accuracy and Integrity: Use computer application skills to Here's a breakdown of how computer applications are used to retrieve patient data: 2. Hospital Information Systems (HIS): 4. Data Visualization and Reporting: 6. Clinical Decision Support Systems: SESSION 5:Use computer application skills in managing radiology data Learning objective: Define DICOM, RIS and PACS Use computer application skills in entering patient data Use computer application skills to retrieve patient’s data Definition DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) is an international standard for storing, transmitting, and managing medical images and related information. It defines how medical imaging devices, such as X-ray machines, MRIs, and ultrasound machines, can communicate and share data in a standardized way. Managing Radiology Data with DICOM, RIS and PACS DICOM is used in almost every radiology, cardiology, and radiotherapy device, and its use is increasingly expanding into other medical domains like ophthalmology and dentistry. RIS – In medical imaging, it stands for Radiological Information System, which is a software system used to manage patient data, scheduling, and billing in radiology departments. PACS stands for Picture Archiving and Communication System. It's a medical imaging technology that enables the digital storage, retrieval, and sharing of medical images like X-rays, MRIs, and CT scans. This system eliminates the need for traditional film storage and provides a more efficient, secure, and accessible way to manage medical images. Use computer application skills in entering patient data Using computer applications for patient data entry enhances efficiency, accuracy, and accessibility in healthcare. This involves using software and systems to record, update, and retrieve patient information, like medical history, diagnoses, and treatment plans. These applications also facilitate tasks such as billing, scheduling, and accessing clinical knowledge. Benefits of Using Computer Applications for Patient Data Entry: Efficiency: Computer applications streamline the process of entering and updating patient data, saving time and resources. Accuracy: Data entry software often includes features like data validation and auto-fill, reducing the risk of errors. Accessibility: Electronic health records (EHRs) allow authorized healthcare professionals to easily access patient information from various locations, promoting better coordination of care Improved Decision-Making: By providing quick access to relevant data, computer applications enable healthcare providers to make informed decisions about patient care. Data Analysis and Reporting: Many data entry systems offer tools for analyzing patient data, which can be used to identify trends, improve quality of care, and conduct research. Types of Computer Applications Used in Healthcare: Electronic Health Records (EHRs): These systems store and manage comprehensive patient information, including medical history, diagnoses, treatment plans, and other relevant data. Hospital Information Systems (HIS): HIS manage various aspects of hospital operations, including registration, billing, and inventory management. Medical Data Entry Software: These programs are specifically designed to facilitate the accurate and efficient entry of patient data into electronic records. Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS): CDSS provide clinical information and guidance to healthcare professionals, helping them make informed decisions about patient care. Skills Required for Effective Use of Computer Applications in Patient Data Entry: Computer Proficiency: Basic computer skills, including typing, navigating software, and using data entry tools, are essential. Knowledge of EHR Systems: Familiarity with specific EHR platforms used in a healthcare setting is crucial. Data Management Skills: Understanding how to organize, store, and retrieve data effectively is important. Data Accuracy and Integrity: Ensuring that data is entered correctly and maintained accurately is vital. Privacy and Confidentiality: Understanding and adhering to regulations regarding patient data privacy and security is essential. Use computer application skills to retrieve patient’s data To retrieve a patient's data using computer applications, healthcare professionals often utilize Electronic Health Records (EHRs) or Hospital Information Systems (HIS). These systems allow authorized users to access patient demographics, medical history, vital signs, test results, and other relevant information. The specific applications and methods for retrieving data may vary depending on the institution's chosen system and the user's role Here's a breakdown of how computer applications are used to retrieve patient data: Electronic Health Records (EHRs): EHRs are comprehensive digital records that store a patient's medical history, diagnoses, treatments, and other important health information. Healthcare providers can access these records from various locations and devices, making it easier to retrieve information when needed. 2. Hospital Information Systems (HIS): HIS are integrated software systems that manage various aspects of a hospital, including patient registration, admission/discharge, billing, and medical records. These systems often include features for accessing and retrieving patient data. Search and Retrieval Tools: EHRs and HIS typically offer search functionalities that allow users to quickly locate specific patient information based on keywords, patient ID, or other identifiers. 4. Data Visualization and Reporting: Some computer applications offer tools for visualizing patient data and generating reports, which can be helpful for analyzing trends and patterns in patient care. Remote Access and Mobility: Many healthcare organizations utilize mobile devices and remote access technologies to allow authorized personnel to retrieve patient data from anywhere, ensuring access to information even when away from the office. 6. Clinical Decision Support Systems: Some applications integrate clinical decision support tools that help healthcare professionals make informed decisions based on available patient data. In summary, computer applications like EHRs and HIS have revolutionized patient data management by providing efficient and secure access to information, enhancing patient care and decision-making processes. ← PREVIOUS TOPICNEXT TOPIC →VIEW ALL MODULE NOTESVIEW SEMESTER NOTESVIEW ALL LEVEL NOTESALL DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY NOTES Need These Notes as PDF? Need a clean,

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Computer Applications for Record Keeping CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Computer Applications for Record Keeping using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Contents of This Topic ©Radiology Informatics Learning objective: FEATURES OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS FEATURES OF MICROSOFT WORD FEATURES OF MICROSOFT EXCEL FEATURES OF STATISTICAL PACKAGES SCOPE OF COMPUTER INFORMATION SYSTEM CORE FUNCTIONS Computer Applications for Record Keeping BENEFITS OF CIS Cost reduction: by automating tasks, reducing errors and improving efficiency, can help organizations reduce costs CHALLENGES OF CIS Advantage of computer Packages Improved Data Management: Reduced Development Costs: Disadvantages of computer Packages Limited Customization: Dependency: Training: ©Radiology Informatics SESSION 2: Apply word processing program in keeping records Learning objective: Describe features of Microsoft excel, Microsoft access and statistical packages Demonstrate computer application in (excel, MS excel worksheet, charts) Describe the scope of Computer information system, functional support, benefits and challenges Discuss advantages and disadvantages of computer packages in information communication ©Radiology Informatics FEATURES OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS Computer features encompass a wide range of capabilities, from basic functionalities like user interface elements and file management to advanced features like data analysis, multimedia integration and online collaboration. ©Radiology Informatics FEATURES OF MICROSOFT WORD Microsoft word is a versatile word processing program with features like: Text formatting Grammar and spelling check Image insertion and Advanced page layout ©Radiology Informatics FEATURES OF MICROSOFT EXCEL Microsoft excel is the powerful spreadsheet program with numerous features for data organization, analysis and visualization. Key features are: Formulas Chart tables Pivot tables Along with functionalities for sorting, filtering and conditional formatting ©Radiology Informatics FEATURES OF STATISTICAL PACKAGES Statistical packages are software suites designed for performing statistical analysis, data management and visualization, Key features: Data entry and data management Descriptive and inferential statistics Hypothesis testing Data visualization Reporting ©Radiology Informatics ©Radiology Informatics ADDING NEW COLUMN/ ROW OR WORKSHEET Click on a Column(S) heading/ Row(s) heading or Worksheet name beside a new one. Click on “Insert” menu. Click on the option you want. E.g. Columns, Rows or Worksheet. Note: New column(s) is added at the left side of a selected column. New row(s) is added above a selected row(s) New worksheet(s) is added at the left side of a selected worksheet(s) ©Radiology Informatics REMOVING COLUMN/ ROW OR WORKSHEET Click on a Column(s) heading/ Row(s) heading or Worksheet name(s) you wish to remove. Click on “Edit” menu. Click on “Delete” command. OR: Click on “Delete Sheet” command, then click on “Yes” button to confirm. Note: When you remove a Worksheet, it is permanently deleted i.e. you can’t restore. ©Radiology Informatics RENAMING A WORKSHEET Click on the sheet name you wish to rename. Click on ‘Format’ menu Select ‘Sheet’ command Click on ‘Rename’ option Type a new name. Press ‘Enter’ key REARRANGING WORKSHEETS Press and hold down left mouse button over the sheet name you wish to rearrange. Drag to a new position and then release the mouse button. ©Radiology Informatics HANDS ON PRACTICE Copy the data as shown on the worksheet above and answer all the question on the next slide ©Radiology Informatics HANDS ON PRACTICE CONT… Insert a new Column between Name and Residence Column and name it Age type any numbers Insert a new row between Maimuna and Zakaria ,and type any entries as per columns headings Copy all the contents and paste in the sheet number 2 ©Radiology Informatics CHANGING TEXT ALIGNMENT Select the text you wish to change alignment. Click on ‘Format’ menu. Click on ‘Cells’ command. Click on ‘Alignment’ tab. Under “Orientation” text box, set an angle you want. Click on ‘Ok’ button when you are done Note: Under “Text Control” text box you can apply a “Wrap text” effect in a Cell. ©Radiology Informatics ©Radiology Informatics WORKING WITH CHARTS A Chart is the graphical representation of data. Using Microsoft Excel, you can represent numbers in a chart, by choosing from a variety of chart types. When you change your data, your chart will automatically update. You can use Microsoft Excel's Chart Wizard to take you through the process step-by-step to accomplish creating your chart. ©Radiology Informatics CREATING A CHART Select the range of data in your spreadsheet that you wish to include in the chart. Click on ‘Insert’ menu. Click on ‘Chart’ command. Note: Chart Wizard dialog box will appear Select a Chart Type and Subtype, then click ‘Next’ Select data Series for the chart. Click ‘Next’ button Click on “Titles” tab, type Chart Title, Category (X) axis, Value (Y) axis, and then click ‘Next’ button. Select a location to place your chart. E.g. “As new sheet” or “As Object in…” option. Click ‘Finish’ when you are done. ©Radiology Informatics FORMATTING CHARTS You can modify your chart by using the Chart toolbar. Click on a down arrow beside “Chart Object” tool Select the object you wish to format. E.g. Legend Click on “Options” tool Select the tab you want, E.g. Pattern, Font e.t.c. Note; Under Pattern Tab, select the options you want, E.g. Border Style, Border Color, Border Weight, Shadow, Area (Fill) color or using Fill Effects colors. Click on “Ok” button when you are done. ©Radiology Informatics Hands on Practice Use the data above to create a 3D bar chart type Format the chart as much as you can ©Radiology Informatics Hands on Practice Copy the data as shown below and create a pie chart then answer the questions on the next slide ©Radiology Informatics Hands on Practice Using the data and the chart above do the following. Change the chart above to Cylinder chart type. Remove the data for UCC-Dodoma. Does the data in the chart changes? Change the data label of pie chart to percentage values SCOPE OF COMPUTER INFORMATION SYSTEM Computer information system(CIS) encompasses the broad fields of using technology to manage and process information for business and organizational purposes. Essentially CIS focus on how technology can be leveraged to improve efficiency, decision making and strategic initiatives with organizations. ©Radiology Informatics

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Introduction to Computer CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Introduction to Computer using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Contents of This Topic Session 1: Learning Objectives General definition of computer Data Information Examples Summary ICT The 'C' in ICT stands for communications Computer cont…. TYPES OF COMPUTER Types of computers Types of computers cont…. Mini computer Mainframe Super computer HYBRID COMPUTER Ways Computers Are Used in Medicine Network computer CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER cont… Reading Assignment Factors that Impact a Computer’s Performance Factors that Impact a Computer’s Performance cont ….. Computer Use in Hospitals DISCUSSION QNS References Session 1: INTROCTION TO COMPUTER Learning Objectives Define the term computer How computer works? Describe types of computer Differentiate between data and information Describe factors that Impact a Computer’s Performance General definition of computer Computer Is an electronic machine that takes data, store it, processes that data and produce information. A computer is an electronic device which is capable of receiving the inputs (data from the user), storing it for a desired period of time, manipulating it according to the set of instructions (called program) and producing the output to the user in desired form. It performs a variety of operations in accordance to the set of instructions. Data Data are raw facts and figures that on their own have no meaning These can be any alphanumeric characters i.e. text, numbers, symbols Data Is anything enter in the computer for the purpose of getting output Types of data Alphanumeric –numbers, letters, symbols etc. Images-graphic images, pictures Audio-sound, noise, tones Video-moving pictures Information Information-Is the result obtained after data has been entered and processed OR Data that has been processed into a form that gives it meaning. Examples What information can then be derived from the data? Summary Information Data Context Meaning = Processing Data – raw facts and figures Information – data that has been processed (in a context) to give it meaning ICT ICT stands for Information Communications Technology. ICT refers to any device or system that allows the storage, retrieval, manipulation and transmission of digital information. For example, personal computers, digital television, email, robots. ICT ICT hardware include: Computers Scanners Digital cameras ICT ICT software include: Standard Office Applications: (Word processor, Spreadsheets, database, graphics etc) Accounting packages Computer Aided Design The 'C' in ICT stands for communications Covers all the communications technologies such as:- digital TV digital radio e-mail Internet broadband networks (wired and wireless) ICT mobile phones GPS (global positioning systems) videoconferencing instant messaging fax Computer cont…. Fig. 1.1: Personal Computer TYPES OF COMPUTER Types of Computer can be categories/classes depending upon: the size efficiency memory and Number of users. Types of computers Micro computer Mainframe computer Mini computer Super computer Network computer Hybrid computer Workstation computer Types of computers cont…. Micro computer A person computer designed to meet the computer needs of an individual. Five types of Microcomputers: Desktop Computers Notebook Computers/Laptop Computers Tablet PCs Personal Digital Assistants Mini computer This is designed to support more than one user at a time. It possesses large storage capacity and operates at a higher speed. The mini computer is used in multi-user system in which various users can work at the same time. This type of computer is generally used for processing large volume of data in an organisation. They are also used as servers in Local Area Networks(LAN) Mainframe A powerful computer used by large scale organization to manage large amount of computerized data and programs. Example Hospital, Banks, ets They are also used as controlling nodes in Wide Area Networks (WAN). Super computer Are those computer which are designed for scientific job like whether forecasting and artificial intelligence. They are the fastest and most expensive machines. They have high processing speed compared to other computers. Supercomputer Super computer…. Supercomputers are mainly being used for : weather forecasting biomedical research remote sensing aircraft design and other areas of science and technology. HYBRID COMPUTER Are those computer used in hospitals to measure the heartbeat of the patients Ways Computers Are Used in Medicine CT scanning machines are run and monitored by computers. Sample to be tested by spectroscopy. Computer measuring patient's statistics. Computers used during surgery. Research using computers. Network computer A computer allows you to connect two or more computers together. Allows sharing of resources. Example, instead of each PC requiring its own Printer, you can have single printer shared amongst, many network PCs CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER Speed Computer can work very fast. It takes only few seconds for calculations that we take hours to complete. Accuracy Suppose some one calculates faster but commits a lot of errors in computing. Such result is useless. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER cont… Diligence A computer is free from tiredness, lack of concentration, fatigue, etc. It can work for hours without creating any error. If millions of calculations are to be performed, a computer will perform every calculation with the same accuracy. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER cont… Versatility It means the capacity to perform completely different type of work. You may use your computer to prepare payroll slips. Next moment you may use it for inventory management or to prepare electric bills. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER cont… Power of Remembering Computer has the power of storing any amount of information or data. Any information can be stored and recalled as long as you require it, for any numbers of years. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER cont… No Feeling It does not have feelings or emotion, taste, knowledge and experience. Thus it does not get tired even after long hours of work. It does not distinguish between users. Reading Assignment Discuss Advantages and Disadvantage of using computers? What are the functions of computer? Computer Performance Factors that Impact a Computer’s Performance The higher the processor speed, the faster the computer. The more memory you have (RAM), the faster the PC will appear to operate. The more programs which are

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Basic Computer Concepts in Radiology Informatics CRT04207 · Radiology Informatics START READING NOTES Study Basic Computer Concepts in Radiology Informatics using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Informatics. Contents of This Topic RADIOLOGY INFORMATICS Session 1 : Utilize basic concepts of computer system in operating a computer INTRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER Basic Computer Concepts in Radiology Informatics CLASSIFICATION/TYPES OF COMPUTERS Classification of Computers… Generally, a Personal Computer has two major parts, i.e. Hardware and Software. Main Parts of a PC… PERFORMANCE OF COMPUTER THE SYSTEM PROPERTIES SCREEN SWITCH ON A COMPUTER SWITCHING OFF A COMPUTER USING COMPUTER MANAGING FILES Windows Screen… WORKING WITH MOUSE FILES AND FOLDERS Working with keyboard… Health and Safety in Using Computers Back and Wrist Problems Electrical Safety ASSIGNMENT 1 RADIOLOGY INFORMATICS ICT makes life better Session 1 : Utilize basic concepts of computer system in operating a computer Learning Objectives By the end of this session, students are expected to be able to: Describe basic principles of computer (input devices, types, characteristics, performance, Layout, keyboard) Identify key steps in maintaining health and safety when using computer Describe computer components and its functions (physical, hard and soft ware, motherboard, CPU, mouse, RAM) ICT makes life better INTRODUCTION A Computer is simply defined as an electronic device which has the ability to handle data (Information). With a Computer, data (Information) can be Processed, Stored, retrieved as well as Transferred. Principle characteristics of a Computer includes; It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well defined manner. It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program.) It can quickly store and retrieve large amount of data. ICT makes life better CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER Speed: – As you know computer can work very fast. It takes only few seconds for calculations that we take hours to complete. You will be surprised to know that computer can perform millions (1,000,000) of instructions and even more per second. Accuracy: – The degree of accuracy of computer is very high and every calculation is performed with the same accuracy. ICT makes life better Basic Computer Concepts in Radiology Informatics Diligence: – A computer is free from tiredness, lack of concentration, fatigue, etc. It can work for hours without creating any error. If millions of calculations are to be performed, a computer will perform every calculation with the same accuracy. Due to this capability it overpowers human being in routine type of work. Versatility: – It means the capacity to perform completely different type of work. You may use your computer to prepare payroll slips. Next moment you may use it for inventory management or to prepare electric bills. ICT makes life better Basic Computer Concepts in Radiology Informatics Power of Remembering: – Computer has the power of storing any amount of information or data. Any information can be stored and recalled as long as you require it, for any numbers of years. It depends entirely upon you how much data you want to store in a computer and when to lose or retrieve these data. No IQ: – Computer is a dumb machine and it cannot do any work without instruction from the user. It performs the instructions at tremendous speed and with accuracy. It is you to decide what you want to do and in what sequence. So a computer cannot take its own decision as you can. ICT makes life better Basic Computer Concepts in Radiology Informatics No Feeling: – It does not have feelings or emotion, taste, knowledge and experience. Thus it does not get tired even after long hours of work. It does not distinguish between users. Storage: – The Computer has an in-built memory where it can store a large amount of data. You can also store data in secondary storage devices such as floppies, which can be kept outside your computer and can be carried to other computers. ICT makes life better CLASSIFICATION/TYPES OF COMPUTERS Computers can be generally classified by size and power as follows; though there is considerable overlap. Super-computers Mainframe Computers: Mini-computers Workstation Microcomputers ICT makes life better Classification of Computers… SUPER-COMPUTER Is a large, powerful and extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second. It is a very expensive machine and employed for specialized applications that require immense amounts of mathematical calculations. E.g. Weather forecasting, Scientific simulations, Fluid dynamic calculations, Nuclear energy research e.t.c. It uses its power to execute a single program faster than others. ICT makes life better Classification Of Computers… MAINFRAME COMPUTER Is a large and powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of instructions simultaneous. Usually, it is used by large and complex Organization. Mainframe uses its power to execute many programs concurrently. ICT makes life better Classification of Computers… MINI-COMPUTER Is a mid-sized and moderate powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds of users simultaneous. It is mostly used by mid sized Organization. These large Computers can connect several users via the Intelligent Terminal (E.g. a PC) or Dumb Terminal ICT makes life better Classification of Computers… Workstation Computer. It is also the single user system which is similar to personal computer but have more powerful microprocessor The example of workstation ICT makes life better Classification of Computers… PERSONAL COMPUTER A Personal Computer (PC) is a small inexpensive single-user computer designed for an individual user. One of the first and most popular PC was Apple II, introduced in 1977 by Apple Computers. In 1981, IBM inverted its first PC known as IBM PC, which quickly became the PC of choice. And most other PC’s manufacturers fell by the sideway. Therefore, after the release of the first Personal Computer by IBM, the term PC came to mean IBM Personal Computer, while other Personal Computers referred to a PC-compatible. ICT makes life better Generally, a Personal Computer has two major parts, i.e. Hardware and Software. HARDWARE Hardware is simply defined as any