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DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Quality Control Assurance CRT04208 · Radiology Quality Assurance START READING NOTES Study Quality Control Assurance using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Quality Assurance. Contents of This Topic Definition Introduction Quality Control Assurance vi)Staff training and education: QUALITY CHEKS IN U/S QUALITY CONTROL ASSURANCE Definition Quality assurance: Is a broad process for preventing quality failure. Quality control: Is a procedure or set of procedures intended to ensure that a manufactured products or performed services adheres to a defined set of quality criteria. Quality control assurance: Is the combination of quality assurance, the process or set of processes used to measures and assure the quality. Introduction Is crucial to ensure accurate and reliable diagnostic results Equipment Calibration: Regular calibration of radiology and imaging equipment is essential to maintain accurate and consistent measurements. Calibration ensures that the equipment is operating within specified tolerances and provides reliable results. Quality Control Assurance ii)Image quality testing: Image quality testing involves assessing the performance of the imaging system to ensure optimal image quality. This includes evaluating spatial resolution, contrast resolution, noise levels and artifacts. Testing should be performed regularly using appropriate phantoms or tests objects. Quality Control Assurance iii)The radiation output testing: For equipment that utilizes ionizing radiation such as X-ray machines periodic testing of radiation output is necessary. This ensures that the equipment is delivering the required radiations dose accurately, avoiding both overexposed and underexposure. Quality Control Assurance iv)Quality assurance protocols: Implementing quality assurance protocols specific to each modality on type of radiology and imaging equipment is essential. These protocols define the steps and procedures to follow to maintain consistent quality in imaging procedures data acquisition and analysis. Quality Control Assurance v)Compliance with regulatory and accreditation standards; Radiology and imaging facilities must adhere to relevant regulatory guidelines and accreditation standards. These standards often includes, requirements for equipment performance maintenance and quality control. vi)Staff training and education: Proper training and education of personnel operating and maintaining radiology and imaging equipment are vital to ensuring quality control. Staff should be knowledgeable about the equipment capabilities proper usage and maintenance procedures to prevent errors and maintain quality standards. Quality Control Assurance vii)Documentation and records keeping Maintaining detailed records of quality control tests, maintenance activities and equipment performance is essential. Documentation should include dates, results any corrective actions taken and follow up measures. This information aids in tracking equipment performance over time and facilitates troubleshooting and analysis of any deviations or issues. Quality Control Assurance viii)Peer review and continuous improvement: Implementing a peer review process for image interpretation and quality control measures. Regular peer review sessions encourage collaboration feedback and continuous improvement insuring accurate and reliable diagnosis Quality Control Assurance By implementing comprehensive quality control assurance measures, radiology and imaging facilities can maintain the integrity of their diagnostic services improve patient safety and enhance the overall of care provided. QUALITY CHEKS IN U/S The quality checks in ultrasound involves: a)Image quality: Asses the image quality produced by the u/s unit. This can be done by evaluating the clarity resolutions and overall visibility of the structure in the u/s image. The focus should be on ensuring that the unit provides clear image with sufficient detail. Quality Control Assurance b)Calibration: Regular calibration of the u/s unit is essential to maintain accuracy in the measurements and image interpretation. Calibration check includes verifying the accuracy of measurement such as distance,depth,and areas. This can be done using calibration phantom. Quality Control Assurance c)Transducers: The performance of the transducer (probe) is crucial for accurate imaging .Quality checks for the transducer includes: checking any physical damage or deterioration, ensuring proper coupling with the patient, and evaluating the transducer for any signs of wear and tear or degradation of the image quality. Quality Control Assurance d)Equipment maintenance: Routine maintenance of the ultrasound unit is necessary to ensure optimal performance, this includes checking and cleaning various components such as cables, connect and control panels, regular software updates and servicing should also be part of the maintenance routine. ← PREVIOUS TOPICNEXT TOPIC →VIEW ALL MODULE NOTESVIEW SEMESTER NOTESVIEW ALL LEVEL NOTESALL DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY NOTES Need These Notes as PDF? Need a clean, well-formatted PDF copy for offline study, revision or printing? Request the complete notes directly through WhatsApp. GET WELL-FORMATTED PDF NOTES

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Quality Assurance and Quality Control of X-ray EQUIPMENT CRT04208 · Radiology Quality Assurance START READING NOTES Study Quality Assurance and Quality Control of X-ray EQUIPMENT using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Quality Assurance. Contents of This Topic Quality Assurance and Quality Control of X –RAY EQUIPMENT Quality Assurance and Quality Control of X –RAY EQUIPMEN The peak potential of the x-ray generator affects quality of the x-ray beam and exposure to the patient. Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY Quality Assurance and Quality Control OF X –RAY EQUIPMENT Quality Assurance and Quality Control of X –RAY EQUIPMENT INTRODUCTION The term x-ray equipment covers generator, tube, cables, control panel, table, tube stand and bucky. It is important to ensure that all equipment is working efficiency and accurate records are kept Quality Assurance (QA) of medical diagnostic x-ray equipment means systematic actions necessary to provide adequate confidence to the end-user(s) that a medical diagnostic x-ray equipment will perform satisfactory in compliance with safety standards specified by the Competent Authority. Quality Assurance and Quality Control of X –RAY EQUIPMENT INTRODUCTION Quality Assurance Programme The goal of QA Program is to ensure the accuracy of the diagnosis. The minimum radiation dose should be delivered to the patient to achieve the objective of the diagnostic or interventional procedures. Quality Assurance and Quality Control of X –RAY EQUIPMENT INTRODUCTION QA programme begins with the performance evaluation of diagnostic x-ray equipment at the manufacturing stage and then acceptance testing after the installation of X-ray equipment at user’s institution(s) to ensure its conformity with the specifications. The QA tests should be carried out thereafter at regular intervals (periodicity-once in two years) and also after repairs of the equipment or when equipment malfunction is suspected. Quality Assurance and Quality Control of X –RAY EQUIPMENT Objective / Aim of Quality Assurance (QA) To provide the technical information and testing routine that will allow simple care, maintenance and testing to be carried out on basic x-ray equipment. To provide an insight into the choosing and accepting of basic x-ray equipment To provide technical knowledge and practical skills to carry out simple cleaning, maintenance and testing on x-ray equipment Optimum image quality of radiological procedures with minimum possible dose to the patient(s) Quality Assurance and Quality Control of X –RAY EQUIPMENT Why QA in Diagnostic Radiology? The routine QA tests are necessary to ensure that the functional performance of the equipment is similar to its baseline values and within the tolerance values as specified by regulatory body These tests should be performed by qualified service personnel(s) at user institution(s). These tests should be performed at regular intervals (once in two years) and at major repairs of X-ray equipment. Quality Assurance and Quality Control of X –RAY EQUIPMENT Choosing x- ray Equipment Identify your Need General purpose, fluoroscopy, specialised mobile Generator (design / output To suite power supply Alignment FFD (SID) x – Ray Table Mechanical Electrical Alignment Quality Assurance and Quality Control of X –RAY EQUIPMENT Choosing x- ray Equipment Making the Choice Establish your specification requirements Review manufacturer’s specifications Submit your requirements to the selected manufacturers for quotations Make selection Quality Assurance and Quality Control of X –RAY EQUIPMENT Accepetance of New X- ray Equipment Specifications of equipment installed are the same as that ordered Installation has been carried out as stated in the contract Installation is complete and equipment is working efficiency and to your satisfaction All accessory equipment has been supplied and is in good order Operating manual has been supplied and is the correct one Quality Assurance and Quality Control of X –RAY EQUIPMENT Quality Assurance Tests for Diagnostic X-ray Equipment Generator Radiation output reproducibility (output radiation intensity is the same each time when the same exposure is made because it can affect patient dose and image quality.) Constancy of radiation output at different mA settings Accuracy of kVp Accuracy of timer X- Ray Tube and High tension (HT) Cables Electrical Tube Support Mechanical Quality Assurance and Quality Control of X –RAY EQUIPMENT Quality Assurance Tests for Diagnostic X-ray Equipment Generator A generator is part of the electrical system of an x-ray machine which determines radiation output. Any inconsistency in radiation output will adversely influence the quality of the radiograph The kV, mA and time must be consistent on all settings. Many factors can influence the radiation output. The ones to be considered are:- Fluctuations in the main electrical supply Inconsistency or inaccuracies in kVp, mA and time Quality Assurance and Quality Control of X –RAY EQUIPMENT Quality Assurance Tests for Diagnostic X-ray Equipment Fluctuation in Main Electrical Supply Most x-ray units have a mains compensator that automatically compensates for mains fluctuations The Radiographer must always check the mains compensator meter before making an exposure Quality Assurance and Quality Control of X –RAY EQUIPMENT Quality Assurance Tests for Diagnostic X-ray Equipment Congruence of radiation and optical fields Central beam alignment Accuracy of Accelerating Tube Potential Timer Accuracy Linearity of radiation output Reproducibility of radiation output Total filtration Radiation leakage through tube housing Exposure rate at tabletop Fluoroscopic image quality parameters Quality Assurance and Quality Control of X –RAY EQUIPMENT X ray–light beam alignment and centring Improper beam alignment and centring will impact the radiographic image. The set light field needs to align well with the X ray beam area in order to limit the radiation field to the necessary size and to not miss any parts because of possible misalignments. Therefore, the objective of this test is to ensure the coincidence and alignment of the collimated light field with the X ray field. Another aspect is the coincidence of the crosshairs of the collimated light beam with the centre of the X ray beam, which is the origin point of the image Quality Assurance and Quality Control of X –RAY EQUIPMENT Congruence of Radiation and Optical Fields The X-ray field must be aligned with the light field so that the

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT CRT04208 · Radiology Quality Assurance START READING NOTES Study Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Quality Assurance. Contents of This Topic Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY & Imaging – ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY & Imaging EQUIPMENT REQUIRED Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY & Imaging – ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT 2024/2025 Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT AIM To provide the knowledge and practical skills necessary to establish and carry out a quality control program for accessory equipment OBJECTIVES Understand and carry out quality control procedures, evaluation and recommend action Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT COLLIMATOR Visual inspection Accuracy of scales Change a light bulb Light beam / X-ray beam alignment and centring Lead shutter efficiency The collimator (light beam diaphragm), provides the radiographer with an easy to use , accurate, method of controlling the size of the x-ray field and placing it over the area of interest, thus reducing the radiation dose to the patient and improving the quality of an image The collimator receives much use and is vulnerable to knocks, often resulting in inaccuracy of the light beam / X-ray beam coincidence, blown light bulbs, electrical and mechanical problems Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY & Imaging ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT VISUAL INSPECTION Rotation. Stability Knobs for shutter control Accuracy of shutter setting Shutter chain drive Shutters Housing Window Light timer Timer switch Cables Plugs Light bulb Light / x-ray beam alignment Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT ACCURACY OF THE SCALE TEST The aperture size scales on the collimator used to set the aperture size, so it is advisable to make sure that the scales are accurate Inaccuracy of scales may lead to inaccurate collimation FREQUENCY OF TEST 6 monthly EQUIPMENT REQUIRED Collimator to be tested 100cm rule 2024/2025 Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT ACCURACY OF THE SCALE TEST METHOD Set 100cm focus to tabletop distance Using the 100cm FFD scale on the collimator, set various aperture sizes with the light on and measure the resultant light areas at table top level Compare with setting on the collimator EVALUTION Light area measured should be the same as the setting on collimator ACTION If settings are not accurate and the solution is not a simple one, call an x-ray engineer File a report Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY & Imaging ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT CHANGING A LIGHT BULB A light bulb can fail at any time without waning. It is important then, to have the correct spare bulb readily available Staff should be capable of replacing a faulty bulb FREQUENCY As necessary EQUIPMENT Suitable light bulb Cloth or tissue Screwdriver Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT CHANGING A LIGHT BULB METHOD Switch off the power Remove relevant collimator housing Check that spare is the correct type Before removing the old bulb, check to see if the replacement bulb must be fitted a specific way round Replace faulty bulb with the new one If the bulb is of the quartz type, ensure that it is not handed with bare fingers, as body oil on the bulb will shorten its life Replace housing and tighten screws Test Ensure that the spare bulb is replaced as soon as possible Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT LIGHT BEAM / X-RAY BEAM ALIGNMENT TEST The purpose of the light in a collimator is to allow more accurate collimation of the x-ray beam. The light must coincide with the x-ray beam. The light beam relies on the accurate positioning of the light bulb and angled mirror inside the collimator Should either the mirror or light bulb be dislodged, then errors in collimation could occur, resulting in areas of interest being excluded from the field, or too large an area being irradiated FREQUENCY OF TEST 6 monthly As necessary Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT LIGHT BEAM / X-RAY BEAM ALIGNMENT TEST EQUIPMENT REQUIRED One 24x 30 cm loaded cassette Alignment test tool, commercially made test tools are available, but a simple alternative is to use eight coins or four paper clips Lead marker or ninth coin METHOD Make sure that the table is level and the central ray at 90° to the tabletop Place a loaded cassette on the tabletop face up Set a FFD of 100cm Switch on the collimator light Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT LIGHT BEAM / X-RAY BEAM ALIGNMENT TEST METHOD Centre to the middle of the cassette Collimate to within the edge of the cassette, leaving a 3cm border all round, that is outside the light field Place the coins in pairs, so that, where the coins touch, coincides with the edge of the light area All four borders of the light must be marked in this way Place the lead marker within one corner of the light field so that the film can be related to the light /x –ray field and hence the collimator shutters Make an exposure sufficient to blacken the film Process the film Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT LIGHT BEAM / X-RAY BEAM ALIGNMENT TEST Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT GRID The purpose of the grid is to reduce the amount of low energy photons reaching the detector. Although the quality of the image is improved, it does mean a significant increase in exposure, and therefore dose to the patient. A grid looks like a simple thin sheet of soft metal, but it is in fact a precision made of equipment and easily damaged.

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY & Imaging 1 CRT04208 · Radiology Quality Assurance START READING NOTES Study Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY & Imaging 1 using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Quality Assurance. Contents of This Topic Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY & Imaging Determining the customer’s precise requirements Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY & Imaging 2025 Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY & Imaging Aims of the Course The course is aimed at helping the student to provide diagnostic information of a high degree and accuracy. It enable the student to produce a diagnostic image at a minimum cost and hence improve the cost effectiveness of a diagnostic department The medical imaging department is a very costly hospital department to run, any programme of monitoring which encompasses imaging as well as processing equipment is an invaluable aid to ensuring that top-quality images are being produced in the most cost-effective way. Such a monitoring programme is often referred to as a quality assurance or quality control programme Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY & IMAGING INTRODUCTION Quality assurance in Radilogy & Imaging department refers collectively to all aspects of a Diagnostic Radiography & Imaging service, e.g. patient scheduling, radiation protection of patients, staff and general public, preventive maintenance and the care of instruments, methodology, data interpretation and records keeping, and thing which contribute directly or indirectly to the overall quality of a Diagnostic Radiography & Imaging service in a hospital. Quality Control, refers to a single component of the system and is usually applied in relation to a specific instrument and its performance. Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY & Imaging INTRODUCTION Quality Assurance (QA) therefore, encompasses a range of activities that enable department to achieve and maintain high levels of accuracy and a high degree of skill; expertise despite changes in procedure and recording methods The overall management program, put in place to ensure that a comprehensive range of quality control activities work effectively A quality Assurance program should be comprehensive, looking at all aspects of the work involved in producing high quality radiographs. This program should be cost effective and achieve its aims Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY & Imaging INTRODUCTION The radiographer should take responsibility of setting up, running, evaluating and taking remedial action and ensure program run routinely effectively Areas in which a radiographer should influence quality assurance / control e.g., in the x-ray department ( darkroom, sorting bench, reception, filling) and in clinical areas (proper x-ray requisition) Quality control:- The means by which, each area of interest is monitored and evaluated Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY & Imaging Aim of Quality Assurance Increasing awareness, interest and understanding of quality assurance issues Enable radiographers to establish and continue to carry out an effective quality assurance program Provide a comprehensive knowledge, advice and experience in quality control methods Provide the knowledge and skills to carry out basic care and maintenance of imaging equipment Raise standards Reduce imaging costs Improve job satisfaction Improve health and safety issues Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY & Imaging The benefits of Quality Assurance and Quality Control A reduction in the number of 'repeat' radiographs. A reduction in the radiation dose to the public. Improvement in the rate of flow of patients through the department. Good quality radiographs, consistently produced. Standardization of radiographic results from one processor to the next. Automatic processor and imaging equipment reliability, with efficiency maintained. A more informed selection of future equipment can be made because of accurate knowledge of the reliability of existing apparatus Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY & Imaging A Good Quality Assurance system should fulfill four requirements Establishes standard operating procedures (SOPs) for each step of the Radiographic projections, ranging from receiving of request form to equipment performance validation; Defines administrative requirements, such as mandatory recordkeeping, data evaluation, and internal audits to monitor adherence to SOPs; Specifies corrective actions, documentation, and the persons responsible for carrying out corrective actions when problems are identified; Sustains high-quality employee performance Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY & Imaging Quality Assurance in Radiology & Imaging Defines In Radiology & Imaging , quality assurance involves the entire testing process: Pre-analytical, e.g. Validation of request form Analytical (testing), Post-analytical processes. … Assess the effectiveness of the Departmental policies and procedures. Identify and correct problems. Assure the accurate, reliable, and prompt reporting of test results N/B Essential to all aspects of health care and Radiograph results that are accurate, reliable and timely Determining the customer’s precise requirements Ensuring that all resources, facilities and skills required to meet the customer's requirements are available Planning, documenting and implementing management procedures to ensure that the customer’s requirements are met consistently Ensuring that staff are trained and provided with the resources to do the job right the first time Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY & Imaging How do we Achieve Quality Performance in Radiology and Imaging Department Quality is Achieved by:- Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY & Imaging How do we Achieve Quality Performance in Radiology and Imaging Department Quality is Achieved by:- Ensuring that all activities are undertaken correctly Ensuring that when things go wrong effective corrective action is taken to avoid repetition of errors Undertaking regular reviews and audits of all processes Total and organized commitment from management Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY & Imaging Quality Control/ Quality Assurance Management system to guarantee integrity of data Everybody’s business Goal is value addition Management strategy Quality Control Measurement used to check quality of analytical data Restricted to a specific area and performed Goal is error prevention Error detection methodology Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY & Imaging Health and Safety Health and safety issues in any

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY & Imaging CRT04208 · Radiology Quality Assurance START READING NOTES Study Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY & Imaging using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Quality Assurance. Contents of This Topic Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY & Imaging Determining the customer’s precise requirements Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY & Imaging Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY & Imaging Aims of the Course The course is aimed at helping the student to provide diagnostic information of a high degree and accuracy. It enable the student to produce a diagnostic image at a minimum cost and hence improve the cost effectiveness of a diagnostic department The medical imaging department is a very costly hospital department to run, any programme of monitoring which encompasses imaging as well as processing equipment is an invaluable aid to ensuring that top-quality images are being produced in the most cost-effective way. Such a monitoring programme is often referred to as a quality assurance or quality control programme Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY & IMAGING INTRODUCTION Quality assurance in Radilogy & Imaging department refers collectively to all aspects of a Diagnostic Radiography & Imaging service, e.g. patient scheduling, radiation protection of patients, staff and general public, preventive maintenance and the care of instruments, methodology, data interpretation and records keeping, and thing which contribute directly or indirectly to the overall quality of a Diagnostic Radiography & Imaging service in a hospital. Quality Control, refers to a single component of the system and is usually applied in relation to a specific instrument and its performance. Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY & Imaging INTRODUCTION Quality Assurance (QA) therefore, encompasses a range of activities that enable department to achieve and maintain high levels of accuracy and a high degree of skill; expertise despite changes in procedure and recording methods The overall management program, put in place to ensure that a comprehensive range of quality control activities work effectively A quality Assurance program should be comprehensive, looking at all aspects of the work involved in producing high quality radiographs. This program should be cost effective and achieve its aims Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY & Imaging INTRODUCTION The radiographer should take responsibility of setting up, running, evaluating and taking remedial action and ensure program run routinely effectively Areas in which a radiographer should influence quality assurance / control e.g., in the x-ray department ( darkroom, sorting bench, reception, filling) and in clinical areas (proper x-ray requisition) Quality control:- The means by which, each area of interest is monitored and evaluated Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY & Imaging Aim of Quality Assurance Increasing awareness, interest and understanding of quality assurance issues Enable radiographers to establish and continue to carry out an effective quality assurance program Provide a comprehensive knowledge, advice and experience in quality control methods Provide the knowledge and skills to carry out basic care and maintenance of imaging equipment Raise standards Reduce imaging costs Improve job satisfaction Improve health and safety issues Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY & Imaging The benefits of Quality Assurance and Quality Control A reduction in the number of 'repeat' radiographs. A reduction in the radiation dose to the public. Improvement in the rate of flow of patients through the department. Good quality radiographs, consistently produced. Standardization of radiographic results from one processor to the next. Automatic processor and imaging equipment reliability, with efficiency maintained. A more informed selection of future equipment can be made because of accurate knowledge of the reliability of existing apparatus Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY & Imaging A Good Quality Assurance system should fulfill four requirements Establishes standard operating procedures (SOPs) for each step of the Radiographic projections, ranging from receiving of request form to equipment performance validation; Defines administrative requirements, such as mandatory recordkeeping, data evaluation, and internal audits to monitor adherence to SOPs; Specifies corrective actions, documentation, and the persons responsible for carrying out corrective actions when problems are identified; Sustains high-quality employee performance Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY & Imaging Quality Assurance in Radiology & Imaging Defines In Radiology & Imaging , quality assurance involves the entire testing process: Pre-analytical, e.g. Validation of request form Analytical (testing), Post-analytical processes. … Assess the effectiveness of the Departmental policies and procedures. Identify and correct problems. Assure the accurate, reliable, and prompt reporting of test results N/B Essential to all aspects of health care and Radiograph results that are accurate, reliable and timely Determining the customer’s precise requirements Ensuring that all resources, facilities and skills required to meet the customer's requirements are available Planning, documenting and implementing management procedures to ensure that the customer’s requirements are met consistently Ensuring that staff are trained and provided with the resources to do the job right the first time Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY & Imaging How do we Achieve Quality Performance in Radiology and Imaging Department Quality is Achieved by:- Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY & Imaging How do we Achieve Quality Performance in Radiology and Imaging Department Quality is Achieved by:- Ensuring that all activities are undertaken correctly Ensuring that when things go wrong effective corrective action is taken to avoid repetition of errors Undertaking regular reviews and audits of all processes Total and organized commitment from management Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY & Imaging Quality Control/ Quality Assurance Management system to guarantee integrity of data Everybody’s business Goal is value addition Management strategy Quality Control Measurement used to check quality of analytical data Restricted to a specific area and performed Goal is error prevention Error detection methodology Quality Assurance and Quality Control IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY & Imaging Health and Safety Health and safety issues in any work environment are

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Presentation QA Xray eqpmnt CRT04208 · Radiology Quality Assurance START READING NOTES Study Presentation QA Xray eqpmnt using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Quality Assurance. Contents of This Topic QUALITY ASSURANCE INTRODUCTION CHOOSING X-RAY EQUIPMENT Resources available Making the choice GENERATOR Fluctuations in main electrical supply Example of Specifications or Requirements for the choosing of X-ray equipment. Number Description Description continue… Minimum Technical Specifications or Requirements continue… ACCEPTING OF NEW X-RAY EQUIPMENT TESTS THAT CAN BE DONE FOR X-RAY EQUIPMENT ACCURACY OF TIMER TEST FREQUENCY OF TEST METHOD EVALUATION A 0.1sec exposure produced 6 spots for a single pulsed unit using a 60Hz mains supply. QUALITY ASSURANCE X-RAY EQUIPMENT AT BUGANDO MEDICAL CENTRE INTRODUCTION The aim of this experiment is to provide: The technical information and testing routines that will allow simple care, maintenance and testing to be carried out on basic X-ray equipment. An insight into the choosing and accepting of basic X-ray equipment. The term “X-ray equipment” covers generator, tube stand and Bucky. Specific types of equipment considered are general purpose, tomography, portable and mobile. CHOOSING X-RAY EQUIPMENT Identify your need; the following are the common needs to identify into the choosing of X-ray equipment:- General purpose, fluoroscopy, specialized, mobile. Generator (design/output). To suite power supply. kV, mA, time rangers. Tube mounting (overhead/column). Table (tilting, fixed, floating top, Bucky). Upright Bucky. Anticipated patient through put. Resources available -Power -Space -Maintenance and repair -Finance Manufacture warranty -Warranty period -Warranty cover -Determine responsibility Supplier services -Installation -Initial QC tests -Maintenance -Repairs -Parts -Speed of response Making the choice Establish your specifications requirements. Review manufacturer’s specifications. Make a short list of suitable equipment. Submit your requirements to the selected manufacturers for quotations. Review quotations. Make selection. Ensure that you have the written agreement of the manufacturer or supplier, to supply and install the equipment chosen, at the price quoted and that there are no hidden extras. GENERATOR A generator is a device which is used to produce electric energy. It is part of the electrical system of an X-ray machine which determines radiation output. Any inconsistency in radiation output will adversely influence the quality of the radiograph. The kV, mA and time must be consistent on all settings. Many factors can influence the radiation output, the ones to be considered are: Fluctuations in the main electrical supply. Inconsistency or inaccuracies in kVp, mA and time. Fluctuations in main electrical supply Most X-ray units have a mains compensator that automatically compensates for mains fluctuations. However, in some less sophisticated units, this must be done by hand. The radiographer must always check the mains compensator meter before making an exposure and make any corrections necessary. Example of Specifications or Requirements for the choosing of X-ray equipment. The following Requirements were made for the choosing of X-ray equipment at Bugando Medical Centre (BMC): Number BMC/HQ/G/2018-2019/15/LOT-02 Quantity One machine Delivery schedule (shipment) in weeks 10 weeks Description X-ray stationary floor mounted digital X-ray System (High Powered Xray Unit for General Radiography with Digital Flat Panel Technology) Description continue… Minimum Technical Specifications or Requirements: Generator: Max. output power: 80kW or more Min. kV: 40kV or less Max. kV: 150kV or more Min. mA: 10mA or less Max mA: 630mA or more mAs range: 0.5mAs to 800mAs Exposure time: 0.001sec to 9.0sec or more Automatic Exposure Control (AEC) Number of focal spots: at least 2 Minimum Technical Specifications or Requirements continue… Floor Mounted Tube Support: Longitudinal movement of X-Ray tube: min. 2950mm Transversal movement of X-Ray tube: min. 1400mm Vertical movement of X-Ray tube: min. 1400mm Rotation of the X-Ray tube around horizontal axis: min. 1500C/1800C Rotation of the X-Ray tube around vertical axis: min. 1200C Auto-positioning Function Synchronization movement of the X-Ray tube support unit and Bucky stand Synchronization movement of the X-Ray tube support unit and Bucky table Minimum Technical Specifications or Requirements continue… X-ray Tube: Focal spots: at least 0.6/12mm or less Max anode heating capacity: 140kHU or more Max X-ray tube voltage: 125kV or more Multi-function touch screen control Wireless Flat Panel Detector with Bucky table FDP size: at least (43 x 43) +/- 1cm Pixel size: at least 139 x 139 µm Matrix size: at least 3052 x 2540 Scintillator: Csl Battery type: Lithium-ion Minimum Technical Specifications or Requirements continue… Wireless Flat Panel Detector with Bucky stand: FDP size: at least (35 x 43) +/- 1cm Pixel size: at least 139 x 139 µm Matrix size: at least 3052 x 2540 Scintillator: Csl Minimum Technical Specifications or Requirements continue… Digital Radiography Computer System for Radiographer: At least 19” medical grade display, user interface touch panel/ mouse Software for patient identification, entry, viewing, image processing and post-processing (brightness, rotation, inversion, zoom, pan and measurements) DICOM performance, print and store functions UPS Minimum Technical Specifications or Requirements continue… Accessories: Voltage Stabiliser UPS for digital system (where applicable) Lead glass: at least 100 x 80cm DAP meter Laser Printer (min. 320DPI and print at least 3 sizes of films online 10 x12, 10 x 14, 11 x 14, 8 x 10 and 14 x 17inches. Re-installation and Backup software Minimum Technical Specifications or Requirements continue… Documents: Service and operation manuals in English language for all items supplied in this lot. Execution guidance or installation drawings Certificates of compliance to safety norms and standards and/or trial tests results at manufacturer’s facility. Minimum Technical Specifications or Requirements continue… Warranty: At least 2 years warranty for all items supplied in this lot Training: Provide appropriate training at installation location or site in English language for effective and problem free use of the equipment included in this LOT. Training programme shall be submitted by the Bidder in the tender and should include schedule, duration, title and description of training materials. ACCEPTING OF NEW X-RAY EQUIPMENT Upon completion of the installation and before accepting responsibility for the new equipment, you must check that Specifications of equipment installed are the same as that ordered. Installation

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Human Resources and Quality Assurance in Radiology CRT04208 · Radiology Quality Assurance START READING NOTES Study Human Resources and Quality Assurance in Radiology using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Quality Assurance. Contents of This Topic Enabling Task: Apply radiology quality assurance concepts in provision of radiology services At the End of this Session Student Must be Able to: Describe radiology human resource qualities 1. Technical Skills and Knowledge: 2. Interpersonal and Communication Skills: 3. Problem-Solving Skills: 4. Leadership and Teamwork: 5. Adaptability and Continuous Learning: 6. Ethical and Professional Conduct: Describe components of human resource required for radiology services Human Resources and Quality Assurance in Radiology RADIOLOGY QUALITY ASSURANCE Enabling Task: Apply radiology quality assurance concepts in provision of radiology services Sub-enabling Outcome: Apply quality control procedures in managing human resource At the End of this Session Student Must be Able to: Describe radiology human resource qualities Describe components of human resource required for radiology services (patient record, workers license, patient shielding, professional associations, patients dosimetry, QA manual and in-service training) Describe human resource responsibilities in radiology physical assets control (QC program, Equipment service report, QC results and Equipment license) Describe safety of work environment (Public, workers, personnel monitoring, radiation warning signs, and radiation safety officers) Describe radiology human resource qualities Radiology human resources require a blend of technical expertise, interpersonal skills, and organizational qualities to ensure effective patient care and operational efficiency. Both Radiologic Technologists (Radiographers), Radiologists and other expertise must develop/have qualities needful to accomplish a patient centered-care and high quality services. 1. Technical Skills and Knowledge: Radiology professionals must have a deep understanding of various imaging modalities (X-ray, CT, MRI, ultrasound, etc.) technical knowledge to calibrate and maintain radiology equipment and willingness to learn new technologies as well as the ability to interpret diagnostic images accurately. 2. Interpersonal and Communication Skills: Radiology professionals need to communicate effectively with patients, explaining procedures clearly, and collaborate with other healthcare professionals (Effective communication, Empathy and Compassion, Teamwork) 3. Problem-Solving Skills: Radiology professions must have the ability to critically analyze medical images, correlate them with clinical data, and make informed decisions to reach accurate diagnoses Integrating image findings with a patient's history, symptoms, and other clinical information And also to select the most suitable imaging modality based on the clinical question and patient's condition. 4. Leadership and Teamwork: The ability to work collaboratively with other healthcare professionals is essential for patient care and smooth department operations Senior radiology staff often take on leadership roles, requiring skills in team management, inter-professional collaboration, and patient-centered care 5. Adaptability and Continuous Learning: With advancements in medical imaging technology, radiology professionals must continuously update their knowledge and skills Staying updated with the latest advancements in imaging technology and techniques. 6. Ethical and Professional Conduct: Radiology professionals must be able to maintain patient confidentiality and adhering to medical ethics standards. Describe components of human resource required for radiology services Radiology services require a diverse team of professionals to ensure efficient and high-quality patient care. Radiologists: These are medical doctors specializing in interpreting medical images such as X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, and ultrasounds. They play a crucial role in diagnosing and guiding treatment plans. Radiologic Technologists: Also known as radiographers, they operate imaging equipment, prepare patients for procedures, and ensure the quality of images captured Human Resources and Quality Assurance in Radiology Nurses: Nurses in radiology assist with patient care during imaging procedures, especially for interventional radiology, where minor surgical procedures are performed. Medical Physicists: They ensure the safety and accuracy of imaging equipment, calibrate machines, and monitor radiation levels to protect patients and staff Human Resources and Quality Assurance in Radiology Support Staff: This includes administrative personnel who handle scheduling, patient registration, and record management, as well as IT specialists who maintain Radiology Information Systems (RIS) and Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS). Human Resources and Quality Assurance in Radiology Describe components of human resource required for radiology services (patient record, workers license, patient shielding, professional associations, patients dosimetry, QA manual and in-service training) Patient Records: Accurate and secure patient records are essential for tracking medical history, imaging results, and treatment plans. Radiology departments often use Electronic Health Records (EHRs) integrated with Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS) for efficient data management Human Resources and Quality Assurance in Radiology Workers' Licenses: Radiology professionals, including radiologists and technologists, must hold valid licenses and certifications to ensure they meet regulatory and professional standards. These licenses are typically issued by Ministry of Health (Medical Radiology and Imaging Professionals Council MRIPC). Human Resources and Quality Assurance in Radiology Patient Shielding: This involves the use of protective equipment, such as lead aprons and shields, to minimize patients' exposure to radiation during imaging procedures. Staff must be trained to apply shielding techniques effectively Human Resources and Quality Assurance in Radiology Professional Associations: Membership in professional organizations, such as the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) International Society of Radiographers and Radiological Technologists (ISRRT) International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) or local equivalents such Tanzania Radiographers Association (TARA), helps radiology professionals stay updated on best practices, continuing education, and advancements in the field Human Resources and Quality Assurance in Radiology Patient Dosimetry: Monitoring and recording the radiation dose received by patients is crucial for ensuring safety and adhering to dose limits. This requires trained personnel and specialized equipment to measure and document exposure accurately Quality Assurance (QA) Manual: A QA manual outlines protocols for maintaining equipment, ensuring image quality, and adhering to safety standards. It serves as a reference for staff to follow best practices and regulatory requirements Human Resources and Quality Assurance in Radiology In-Service Training: Continuous education and training programs are vital for keeping staff updated on new technologies, techniques, and safety protocols. This includes workshops, seminars, and hands-on training sessions. Human Resources and Quality Assurance in Radiology Describe human resource responsibilities in radiology physical assets control (QC program, Equipment service report, QC results and Equipment

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER TWO Quality Control CRT04208 · Radiology Quality Assurance START READING NOTES Study Quality Control using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology Quality Assurance. Contents of This Topic TOOLS REQUIRED Quality Control Tube Voltage Test Importance of Kvp meter Time checker Tube Housing Leakage Test Note: QUALITY CONTROL(QC) AND QUALITY ASSUARANCE(QA) OF X-RAY MACHINE TOOLS REQUIRED Beam alignment test tool: This tool is used to test central beam alignment consists of a typically a plastic cylinder with a small metal ball(stainless-steel; lead) embedded at each end and placed on the center of collimator test tool. When exposed and processed, it should produce an image where the top ball merges(overlap) perfectly with the bottom ball if the beam alignment is correct and vice versa indicated misalignment of the beam. Quality Control Allowing technicians to visually verify if the X-ray beam is centered and perpendicular to the image receptor by ensuring the ball images appear as one when properly aligned. The deviation of the beam from the perpendicular is determined from the location of the image of the top ball in the circle of the radiograph. Quality Control Focal spot test tool: This tool consists of a hollow cylinder with an acrylic circular disc containing 12 groups of bar patterns, Each group consists of 6 lines-sub group. Tool is placed on a non-screen cassette loaded with film. Film is exposed and processed and bar pattern on a radiograph is observed -the smallest group of 6 bars clearly resolved indicates the focal spot size. Note: Regular checks ensure the focal spot size remains within acceptable limits. Tube Voltage Test Kvp meter is the tool used to test tube voltage, Uses two solid state detectors with different beam hardening filters to measure peak tube voltage. when exposed to radiation the ratio of signals produced by these detectors will be proportional to peak tube voltage. Corrections may be needed for beam filtration Note: Consistent kVp settings are necessary for maintaining proper image quality. Importance of Kvp meter The kVp meter ensures that the voltage applied to the X-ray tube is correct. The kVp meter helps to control the amount of radiation exposure to the patient. The kVp meter helps to control the quality of the X-ray image. Time checker Spinning top test tool is the tool used to check the exposure time. Consists of rotating brass plate with a rectangular hole which produces equally spaced density patterns on film when exposed for a set time. Tool is placed on cassette loaded with film. Equal density patterns are produced to check exposure time accuracy Note: Regular timer checks help maintain optimal exposure times. Tube Housing Leakage Test Radiation survey meter is the tool used to Measures radiation leakage from the tube housing at different locations and distances. Collimator of tube housing is fully closed and tube energized at maximum rated potential and current Acceptable tolerance limit is typically >115 mR/hour at 1m from focus. Periodic tests are essential to ensure radiation safety. Note: These tests help ensure proper functioning and safety of x-ray machines. Acceptable tolerances and testing frequencies should be established. Regular quality control tests are important for maintaining equipment performance and patient safety. NEXT TOPIC →VIEW ALL MODULE NOTESVIEW SEMESTER NOTESVIEW ALL LEVEL NOTESALL DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY NOTES Need These Notes as PDF? Need a clean, well-formatted PDF copy for offline study, revision or printing? Request the complete notes directly through WhatsApp. GET WELL-FORMATTED PDF NOTES