Basic concepts of structural organization of human body
OPTOMETRY · SEMESTER 1 Basic concepts of structural organization of human body Human Anatomy and Physiology START READING NOTES Contents of This Topic At the end of this session, a student should be able to; DEFINITION OF THE TERM ANATOMY, CYTOLOGY AND HISTOLOGY APPROACHES OF STUDYING ANATOMY Gross (Macroscopic Anatomy Microscopic Anatomy Developmental Anatomy Specialized Branches of Anatomy DEFINITION OF TERMS USED TO DESCRIBE POSITIONS/LOCATION, LATERALITY AND BODY MOVEMENTS Positional and Locational Terms: ct Positions and Directions Anatomical Planes Laterality Terms: Terms for Body Movements: Movements Movements of the Movements of the Wrist & EXPLAIN BODY REGION, CAVITIES AND ANATOMICAL PLANES Abdominal Regions Abdominal regions Basic concepts of structural organization of human body Basic body planes or sections Body planes and sections Sectional Anatomy 2. BODY CAVITIES The two major cavities of the body Organs-(Abdominal-Pelvic Cavity) Thoracic Cavity and its Divisions The Mediastinum Regions(subdivision) of mediastinum The middle mediastinum The superior mediastinum The anterior mediastinum Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity Basic concepts of structural organization of human body At the end of this session, a student should be able to; Define the terms anatomy, cytology and histology Explain approaches of studying anatomy Explain anatomical positions Explain body regions Explain anatomical planes Explain body cavities Explain relationship and comparison of different parts of the body Explain different types of body movements Describe structural organization levels of human body DEFINITION OF THE TERM ANATOMY, CYTOLOGY AND HISTOLOGY ANATOMY It is a Greek word ( Ana-Tome): meaning cutting up. Anatomy – the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another. Cytology – study of the cell Histology – study of tissues APPROACHES OF STUDYING ANATOMY SUBDIVISION Gross (Macroscopic) Anatomy Microscopic Anatomy Developmental Anatomy Specialized Branches of Anatomy Gross (Macroscopic Anatomy Regional – all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg) Systemic – gross anatomy of the body studied by system Surface – study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin Microscopic Anatomy Cytology – study of the cell Histology – study of tissues Developmental Anatomy Embryology – study of developmental changes of the body before birth(embryogenesis and subsequent organogenesis) Specialized Branches of Anatomy Pathological anatomy – study of structural changes caused by disease Radiographic anatomy – study of internal structures visualized by X ray Molecular biology – study of anatomical structures at a sub-cellular level DEFINITION OF TERMS USED TO DESCRIBE POSITIONS/LOCATION, LATERALITY AND BODY MOVEMENTS Anatomical Position The anatomical position is a standardized method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical references. When in the anatomical position, the subject stands (Fig 1.5) Standing upright Facing the observer, head level Eyes facing forward Feet flat on the floor Arms at the sides Palms turned forward (ventral) Positional and Locational Terms: Superior (Cranial): Refers to a structure being closer to the head or higher than another structure. Example: The heart is superior to the stomach. Inferior (Caudal): Refers to a structure being closer to the feet or lower than another structure. Example: The stomach is inferior to the lungs. ct Anterior (Ventral): Refers to the front or towards the front of the body. Example: The chest is anterior to the spine. Posterior (Dorsal): Refers to the back or towards the back of the body. Example: The spine is posterior to the heart. ct Medial: Refers to a structure being closer to the midline of the body. Example: The nose is medial to the ears. Lateral: Refers to a structure being farther from the midline of the body. Example: The arms are lateral to the chest. ct Proximal: (Reference to the extremities only) Refers to a structure being closer to the root (point of attachment) of the limb than another structure in that limb Example: The elbow is proximal to the wrist. Distal:(Reference to the extremities only) Refers to a structure being further away from the root (point of attachment) of the limb than another structure in the limb Example: The fingers are distal to the elbow. Positions and Directions Ventral Towards the front or belly You Vent out or your nose and mouth. Dorsal Towards the back Like the Dorsal fin of a dolphin. Positions and Directions Prone Lying face down Like a Pro Baseball player sliding into Home. Supine Lying face up Lying on your spine and you can have soup poured into your mouth. Unilateral Pertaining to one side of the body Bilateral Pertaining to both sides of the body Anatomical Planes Fixed lines of reference along which the body is often divided or sectioned to facilitate viewing of its structures Allow one to obtain a three-dimensional perspective by studying the body from different views ct Superficial: Refers to a structure being closer to the surface of the body. Example: The skin is superficial to the muscles. Deep: Refers to a structure being farther from the surface of the body / Refers to a structure being closer to the core of the body than another structure Example: The bones are deep to the muscles. Laterality Terms: Unilateral: Refers to something affecting or located on one side of the body. Example: A unilateral headache affects only one side of the head. Bilateral: Refers to something affecting or located on both sides of the body. Example: Bilateral lung infection means both lungs are affected. ct Ipsilateral: Refers to something occurring on the same side of the body. Example: The right arm and right leg are ipsilateral. Contralateral: Refers to something occurring on the opposite side of the body. Example: The right arm and left leg are contralateral. Terms for Body Movements: Flexion Bending a joint or decreasing the angle between two bones In the Fetal Position we are flexing our joints Extension Straightening a joint or increasing the angle between two bones In the Anatomical Position we are extending our joints Hyperextension Excessive extension of the parts at
