PST NTA Level 6

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06101 Health Care Team Leadership and Management • Source Session/Topic 11 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 11: Health Care Team Total Session Time: 120 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define a team in the context of pharmaceutical • List types of teams • Explain steps in team formation • Enumerate advantages of teams • Describer disadvantages of a team Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer • Note books and Pens SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 05 minutes Presentation 2 Definition of Health Care Team Buzzing 3 10 minutes Presentation Types of Teams 30 minutes Presentation 4 Small Group Steps Involved in Team Formation Discussion 30 minutes Presentation 5 Advantages of Teams Brainstorming 6. 30 minutes Presentation Shortcoming of Teams 7 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 8 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 62 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of Team (5 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) Ask students to pair and buzz in 3 minutes on the following: • What is pharmaceutical team? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • A team is a group of people working together to attain set goal • Pharmaceutical team is a team formed by pharmaceutical staff to address pharmaceutical established objective • Health care team is a composition of various staff working in the health sector of various disciplines to address set health goal. STEP 3: Types of Teams (5 minutes) • Working Teams are teams that are basic to any organization. Example pharmaceutical team, academic team, football team etc. • Special Purpose Teams. Special purpose teams are teams that are formed to fulfil a special assignment like evaluation, consultancy, research, etc. • Multi-functional Teams. These teams consist of members formed from different areas of expertise sharing tasks. • Self-Directed Teams. Self-Directed Teams do not have a clear leader. Members define the division of labor, responsibilities and the distribution of tasks sometimes no need of having a team leader. PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 63 STEP 4: Steps in Team Formation (30 minutes) Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 20 minutes) DIVIDE students into small manageable groups ASK students to discuss on the following question • What are the steps involved in team formation? ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below: Bruce Tuckman developed a Tuckman Model in the mid-1960s commonly referred as Tuckman framework for team development there are five steps in team formation or development: • Forming – Is an early stage which expresses feelings like excitement, Eagerness, Curiosity, where members will keep asking questions and create structure, goals, direction, roles of the team. Is a stage of build trust among team members. • Storming – Is a stage of frustration as no trust to each other every one studying on his fellows, challenging each other‘s ideas. • Norming – Is a stage where members know each other build trust, agree on goals work and measure results. • Performing – Is a stage where members will gain satisfaction and confidence on each other and focus on task accomplishment. • Transformation – Is a stage where some member leaves the team for a number of reasons like retirement, transfer etc. The performance at that stage may be reduced but after a while they will be proud of their achievement. STEP 5: Advantages of Teams (30 minutes) Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: • What are advantages of teams? ALLOW few students to respond? WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 64 • Shared responsibility among different actors • Motivates each other leading to achieving the goal • Facilitates learning process through others • Allows other actors to share workload (delegate) to give room for others do other tasks. • Work done by a team creates sense of ownership at the as it is a team achievement rather than individual achievement. • Proactive Approach which means involvement of various actors leads to gain experience from the more experienced ones especially when involve practical assignments. • Skill development through complementarity from skilled member to less skilled member. STEP 6: Shortcomings of Teams (30 minutes) • Time consuming due to misunderstandings or unnecessary jokes during the process of performing assigned tasks • Can lead to some actors feel uncomfortable in case end result is not positive • Confusing if no trust or others are trouble makers. • Causes conflict among members during the process when things are not going right as expected • May require change due to a number of factors like when some members are transferred, retire or causes unnecessary troubles to other team members. STEP 7: Key Points (5 minutes) • Team is a group of people working together to achieve a set goal. • Pharmaceutical team is a team formed by pharmaceutical members • Teams have benefits of increasing productivity and supplement learning process from each other. • Teams as well may have disadvantages like time wastage, frustration, conflict among team members, etc. STEP 8: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What is pharmaceutical

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06101 The Role of Pharmaceutical Personnel in Health Care Teams Leadership and Management • Source Session/Topic 12 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 12: The Role of Pharmaceutical Personnel in Health Care Teams Total Session Time: 120 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define the terms pharmaceutical personnel and health care teams • Describe roles of pharmaceutical personnel in health care services • Explain the relationship between pharmaceutical personnel and other health personnel in the service delivery Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer • Note books and Pens SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 05 minutes Presentation Definition of Pharmaceutical Personnel, 2 Buzzing Health Care, Health Care Teams 40 minutes Presentation 3 Small Group Roles of Pharmaceutical Staff Discussion 40 minutes Presentation Relationship between Pharmaceutical 4 Brainstorming Personnel and Other Health Personnel 5 20 minutes Presentation Roles of Pharmaceutical Leaders 6 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 7 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 67 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of Pharmaceutical Personnel (5 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) Ask students to pair in two and buzz on the following: • What is a pharmaceutical personnel? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • Pharmaceutical personnel are all staff working in pharmaceutical unit or area. • Health care is health services provided to health customers or consumers. • Health care teams are all heath care teams providing health services to health service clients. STEP 3: Roles of Pharmaceutical Staff in Pharmaceutical Management Team (30 minutes) Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 20 minutes) DIVIDE students into small manageable groups ASK students to discuss on the following question • What are roles of pharmaceutical staff in pharmaceutical management team? ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below: PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 68 • Production of pharmaceutical products depending on the level of production • Validation by assessing and documenting all equipment and processes to ensure that an action will be taken. • Quality Assurance – monitor the processes and procedures to ensure set standards are met. • Quality Control – provide testing and checks throughout the service process to maintain standards. • Regulatory Affairs – deal with the applications and paperwork surrounding regulations so that products will be used as per the set regulations. • Operations – ensures the continuous functioning of the pharmaceutical unit as laid down work distribution. • Research & Development – This will depend on the level of the pharmaceutical unit as at lower level they may conduct operational research on medicines or product supplied to clients. But at higher level in labs they may identify molecules that could be used in medications, or on current medications to improve the products. • Other – includes areas of supply chain, Logistics, Marketing, HR, Warehouse, Finance, etc. STEP 4: The Relationship Between Pharmaceutical Personnel and Other Health Personnel (40 minutes) Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: • What is the relationship between pharmaceutical personnel and other health personnel? ALLOW few students to respond? WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • All serve same health clients • All are under one major set of health team • All depend on each other example a doctor will attend a client, demand medical tests from lab, radiology, etc. before concluding what type of medicine to be given to a patient. Later will recommend medicine to be finally given by a pharmaceutical staff. STEP 5: Roles of Pharmaceutical Leaders (20 minutes) • Leading the process of planning pharmaceutical services • Leading group members at pharmaceutical units • Linking pharmaceutical staff with other health units‘ staff PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 69 • Representing pharmaceutical interest in respective organization departmental meeting • Training and guiding their followers • Writing pharmaceutical reports STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes) • Pharmaceutical personnel are all staff working at pharmaceutical unit. • Pharmaceutical staff or personnel depend on other health staff as their service complement each other • Pharmaceutical staff plays a significant role in health care system. STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What is a pharmaceutical personnel? • What are the roles of pharmaceutical staff in the health care system? • What is the relationship between pharmaceutical staff and other health staff? PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 70 References Peterson A.M, Kelly N.W (2014); Leadership and management in pharmacy practice, 2nd edition, CRC press Marquis, B. L and Huston, C. J (1996) Leadership Roles and Management Functions in Nursing – Theory and Application, 2nd Edition: Lippincott, Philadelphia. Heller, R. and Hindle, T. (1998). Essential managers manual. London: Dorling Kindersley. Mashimi J B. (2006). Uongozi na Utawala Bora na maendeleo ya Afrika. Business Image Graphic & Promotions. Saleemi N.A. and Bogonko J. B. (1997). Management (Principles and Practice) Simplified. N. A. Saleemi Publishers. PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 71 ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Leadership and Management topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06101 Organization Total Session Time: 120 minutes + Assignment Leadership and Management • Source Session/Topic 13 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 13: Organization Total Session Time: 120 minutes + Assignment Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define organization • List types of organization • Explain organizational culture and designs • Explain the importance of organizational culture to organization performance • Describe key features of an organization. Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer • Note books and Pens SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 05 minutes Presentation Definition of Organization, Structure and 2 Buzzing Organization Culture 05 minutes Presentation & 3 Types of Organization Buzzing 4 15 minutes Presentation Description of Types of Organizations 35 minutes Presentation 5 Small Group Organization Culture and designs Discussion 20 minutes Presentation Explain the importance of Organization 6 Culture to Organization Performance 25 minutes Presentation 7 Key Features of an Organization Brainstorming 8 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 9 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation 10 05 minutes Presentation Take home assignment PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 72 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of Terms (5 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (3 minutes) Ask students to pair in two and buzz on the following: • What is organization? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • Organizations come in a variety of shapes and sizes. Many are organized according to specialty, others by matter of convenience. The manner in which organizations are put together clearly affects how they function • An organization is a group of individuals structured in such a way to work together to achieve common goals. • The organizing function is designed to make the best use, in terms of efficiency and effectiveness, of the organization's resources to achieve these common goals. • Organization culture is the way things are done in an organization similar to culture in certain community. Figure: 1.1 A typical organizational chart. PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 73 STEP 3: Types of Organization (5 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (3 minutes) Ask students to pair in two and enumerate • What are the types of Organizations? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • Formal organization are the type of organization created legally with registration number • Informal organization is the type which is not created legally. STEP 4: Description of Types of Organization (15 minutes) • Formal organization is an organization which is legally been established by law. It exists legitimately. o Example an institution with registration number by a recognized authority eg. NACTE, Registrar of Association etc. • Informal organization are those organizations exists informally not recognized legally by legal system. They do emerge spontaneously due to sharing interest like sports, gender, age or professional interests. • The informal organization can supply the much-needed social interaction and human contact to perform work efficiently and effectively STEP 5: Organization Culture and Designs (25 minutes) Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 20 minutes) DIVIDE students into small manageable groups ASK students to discuss on the following question • What is Organisation Culture? Give example ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below: PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 74 • Organizational culture is the belief and behavior that determine how an organization‘s employees and management interact and handle outside transactions. • Organizational culture represents an organization's hopes, capabilities, attitude, and morals that hold it together, and is expressed in its self-respect, inner workings, connections with the outside world, and future expectations. Or • Organization culture shows or tell ways: o the organization carries its business, handles their staff, clients and the community in general o Involvement in decision making and freedom of individual expression o Power sharing within organizational hierarchy o Commitment of staff towards organizational objective o Favour or discourage external inputs hence it has a relationship with organizational growth. ORGANIZATION DESIGNS • One of the first steps in designing an organization is to determine which jobs belong in which department. This process, called job classification, allows one to determine the similarities and differences and allows jobs to be organized into larger segments, such as departments. Creating these departments allows for individuals to be grouped into manageable units. There are at least four methods to group work activities: o Departmentalization by function organizes jobs by the functions to be per- formed. For example, in a hospital, the department of pharmacy is created to maintain all medication-related functions for the hospital. o Departmentalization by product organizes all functions needed to make and market a particular product under one person. For example, in the phar- maceutical industry, the brand manager for a product is in charge of the marketing, research, and development functions related to the product. o Departmentalization by geographical regions groups jobs on the basis of territory or geography. For example, a pharmaceutical company may have its sales force organized regionally, into the northeast, southeast, Midwest, southwest, and northwest. This creates jobs such as regional manager for cardiovascular products. o Departmentalization by customer groups jobs on the basis of type of customer. In pharmacy, home-care or long-term-care patients represent this

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06101 Organizations Structures Leadership and Management • Source Session/Topic 14 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 14: Organizations Structures Total Session Time: 120 minutes + 120 minutes assignment Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define organization structure • List types of organization structures • Describe organizational structure • List advantages of organizational structures • Enumerate principles to be observed when forming organization departments. • State issues shown in organization charts Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer • Note books and Pens SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 2 05 minutes Presentation Organizational Structure 10 minutes Presentation 3 Types of Organization Structures Buzzing 30 minutes Presentation 4 Small group Organizational Structure Description Discussion 5 15 minutes Presentation Advantages of Organizational Structure 20 minutes Presentation Principles to be Observed when Forming 6 Organizational Departments 7 20 minutes Presentation Organization Charts Issues 8 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 9 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation 10 05 minutes Presentation Take home assignment PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 79 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of the Term Organization Structure (5 minutes) • Organizational structure is the layout of organization summing up key units and position in the organization. Or • Is a diagrammatic presentation of key organizational departments and units with title of position holders. • Organizational structure is network or diagrammatic representation of various organization units. The network shows: o Positions represented in boxes o Networked by straight lines and dotted lines o Hierarchy shape top position is one while subordinates at the base are many STEP 3: Types of Organization Structures (5 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (10 minutes) Ask students to work in group of 4 on the following • What are the types of organization structures? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • There two structure type of organization; The mechanistic organization and Organic structures o Mechanistic organizations  Have many rules and procedures, well-defined tasks, and a clear hierarchy of authority.  Often contains multiple levels within the hierarchy which creating a ―tall‖ organizational structure.  The benefits of this type of organization are clear delineation of tasks, centralized decision making, and potential for a career ladder by which employees can progress and be promoted PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 80  On the other hand the multiple layers seen in bureaucracies, coupled with centralized decision making, make this model slow to adapt to change.  Another form of mechanistic organization is the matrix organization. A matrix organization has a dual authority system. Employees are organized along both functional (project) and departmental lines Figure 14.1 the Hospital as a matrix organization Source: Peterson A.M, Kelly N.W (2014); Leadership and management in pharmacy practice, 2 nd edition, • Organic organizations o Organic structures are more flexible and more adaptable. o Organic organizations use participative management as a style and are often less concerned with a clearly defined structure. o Organic organizations are typically flat, with only one or two levels of management. Flat organizations emphasize a decentralized approach to decision making and encourage employee involvement in decisions. STEP 4: Organizational Structure (30 minutes) Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 30 minutes) DIVIDE students into small manageable groups ASK students to discuss on the following question • What is Organizational Structure? ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 81 • Organization structure is the pattern or network of relationship between various positions or orders in the organization • Designing organization structure is creating units with close relationship functions to be grouped under one unit with similarities of function like administration and finance, pharmaceutical, medical, nursing etc. • The structure finally forms a hierarchy which the head of institution is one keeps arranging level by level ending with many subordinates forming a pyramid structure. • In other words, an organization structure is as well called organogram which is a diagrammatic representation of various departments, units or sections exists in the organization. • Boxes in the structure represent positions while straight lines represent authority relationship and dotted lines represent staff relationships. STEP 5: Advantages of Organizational Structure (10 minutes) • Assist showing authority flow arrangement from top to down • Useful during orientation to new staff as it can show the department and if possible the section where the new staff will be located or working • Assists managers or institutional heads during debriefing of official visitors • Useful during organizational restructuring where one unit may be combine or separated with the other one • In case of persistence of complaints or conflict in one unit or departments it assists management to address. STEP 6: Principles to be Observed when Forming Organizational Departments (25 minutes) • Similarities of functions; may be grouped into one department or unit and headed by one actor • Functions which might cause overlapping of responsibilities among actors • Massiveness of actors in one unit which differs and causes wasting time waiting decision from one head • Uniqueness of activities regardless of few staff in that particular unit still they may form a department or a unit. STEP 7: Issues Shown in Organization Charts (20 minutes)

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06101 System Theory of Organization to the Health Leadership and Management • Source Session/Topic 15 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 15: System Theory of Organization to the Health System Total Session Time: 120 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define a term system • Explain the system theory of organization • List importance of system theory to our modern health working environment • Describe the similarities of a health system to the ordinary social system • List components of a social system Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer • Handout 15.1: CEDHA social system SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 2 05 minutes Presentation Definition of a System and Social System 25 minutes Presentation and 3 The System Theory of Organization buzzing 4 30 minutes Presentation Components of a Social System 5 05 minutes Presentation Types of Systems 10 minutes Presentation Importance of System Theory to our Modern 6 Health Social Working System 30 minutes Presentation The Similarities of Health System and 7 Small Group Ordinary Social System Discussion 8 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 9 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 85 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of System and Social System (5 minutes) • System is a series of parts which are interrelated and interdependent which interact to make a complete unit. • A social system is a society related system like health organization which among of the key component is human resource. STEP 3: The System Theory of Organization (25 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) Ask students to pair in two and buzz on the following • What is system theory of organization? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • The system theory led to what many people call systems thinking. It has major concepts of organizational systems theory as follows: – Inputs, processes, outputs, Boundaries and Environment – Interdependence & Interrelated. • It was developed by a famous Biologist Tudwig von Bertalariffy (1901 -1972). • Since in a system all units are interrelated hence a change in one part has a link with the rest of the parts. • That implies in the health system, a change in pharmaceutical unit has a direct link with the entire health system. PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 86 STEP 4: Components of a Social System (30 minutes) • Inputs are all resources such as labour, information, energy, water, materials etc. inputs come to the system in different forms from different environment or market. • Processes represent way of converting or changing resources into products or completed services. • Outputs are the function of Inputs and Process hence results into complete product or services. • Feedback is a message from users of output that provide real perception on it to different users may be at internal system of from external environment about the product. It is a way of evaluation on the product. • Boundaries are the limit between one system and subsystem with others not necessarily boundaries like on the map but rather may be limitation in terms of authority justification. and • Environment – The surrounding that encircles or found between one system boundary and others. Subsystems • These are the parts of a system as all subsystems in a system, constitute the total system; and are distinguished by boundaries. • Departments like Pharmaceutical, Administration, and Medical are examples of a subsystem of a health system. STEP 5: Types of Organization System (5 minutes) • Open system which allows interactions • Closed system which limits interactions. STEP 6: Importance of System Theory to our Modern Health Social Working System (10 minutes) • The theory advocates respect to each unit however small it is; it has a significant contribution to the entire system. Or • Synergy or team work increases organization productivity • Involvement in planning and decision making reduces conflicts in organization • Pharmaceutical as a unit in the health system by being respected by this theory is a motivating factor to pharmaceutical team. PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 87 STEP 7: The Similarities of Health System and Ordinary Social System (30 minutes) Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 20 minutes) DIVIDE students into small manageable groups ASK students to discuss on the following question • What are the similarities of health system and ordinary social system? ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below: • All systems have the same components like: o inputs o process o output o feedback o boundary o environment • All systems have human resource components which perform the process or is a master of all resources • Interaction facilitates achievements of its set goal. REFER Students to Handout 15.1: CEDHA Social System STEP 8: Key points (5 minutes) • A system is a series of interrelated and interdependent parts which interact to forma whole • The system theory has significantly contributed to motivate every unit in an organization and it has improved managers thinking about each individual contribution pharmaceutical staff inclusive. • External environment has a role to the internal success as it has an influence. • There are two types of systems open and

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06101 Organization Behaviour in Relation to Workplace Leadership and Management • Source Session/Topic 16 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 16: Organization Behaviour in Relation to Workplace Total Session Time: 120 minutes Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define workplace • Describe relationship between organization and working environment • List organization behaviours which motivate staff • Explain organizational behaviours which demotivate staff Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer • Note books and Pens SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Objectives 05 minutes Definition of Work, Space, and Work 2 Presentation Environment 30 minutes Presentation Relationship Between Organization and 3 Buzzing Working Environment 4 15 minutes Presentation Organization Behavious Which Motivate Staff 30 minutes Presentation Organization Behavior which Demotivate 5 Small Group Staff Discussion 25 minutes Presentation The Relationship between Working 6 Environment with Pharmaceutical Services 7 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 8 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 92 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of Terms Work, Space and Work Environment (5 minutes) • Work is an action involving mental and physical effort done in order to achieve intended result. • Space is an area where services are provided. • The definition will differ from nature of service provided like pharmaceutical space, labour space, consultation room, running truck, air space etc. • Work environment is all area with sporting facilities used by staff for serving clients. STEP 3:Relationship Between Organization And Working Environment (30 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) Ask students to pair in 2 and buzz on • What is the relationship between organization and working environment? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • An organization as an entity formed by people having a common goal to be fulfilled through interaction of various actors is supposed to create good working environment to its staff so that they provide intended services • Working facilities should be updated from time to time to enable workers enjoy their jobs • Hygiene of working environment should be improved to safeguard health of workers in each organization • Security gargets and general security in working environment should be reinforced to ensure safety of workers in organizations. • Better working environment has a direct relationship with organizational productivity. PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 93 STEP 4: Organization Behaviours which Motivate Staff (15 minutes) • Clear organizational objectives • Well job distribution among different actors • Organized and fair motivational system • Open evaluation system • Adherence to organogram in operation and reporting • Clear information sharing system among different actors • Training system to all staff • Team work and cooperation • Supportive leadership to staff and client STEP 5: Organization Behaviour which Demotivate Staff (25 minutes) Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 30 minutes) DIVIDE students into small manageable groups ASK students to discuss on the following question • What are the Organization Behaviors Which Demotivate Staff? ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below • Unclear organizational objectives leading to staff to perform tasks with no clear guidance which does not show the organization general achievement • Poor staff job distribution making some people to work more while others doing less. • Unclear motivation system gives room for some staff to be highly motivated living others unmotivated which lead to complaints to some staff ending lowering institutional productivity. Motivation since is a complex issue if not well structured affects staff. • Unopen evaluation system limits fair and open evaluation of staff performance giving room to bias evaluation • Bypassing organogram structure gives room to favoritism ending in causing complaints from the bypassed actors. • Poor information sharing demotivates those who miss the information hence affecting their efforts to work ending lowering productivity. • Unfair training system gives room for some staff to benefit training while others missing the opportunity PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 94 • Self-centeredness in organization affects sense of team work hence ending affecting organizational performance. • Unsupportive leadership to staff in organization causes a lot of disharmony STEP 6: The Relationship Between Working Environment with Pharmaceutical Services (25 minutes) • Working environment has a direct relationship with pharmaceutical services as it is where those services are planned and provided to clients. • Good working environment to pharmaceutical staff motivates them to put on more efforts to their respective work • Poor working environment discourage pharmaceutical staff in their daily pharmaceutical services • Working environment addresses many things like working tools, working space, supplies, light, etc. Hence if all those at pharmaceutical services are in place taking into consideration that those staff are with required skills, knowledge and are well motivated then the services will be provided at high degree. STEP 7: Key Points (15 minutes) • Workplace is a working area where service providers like pharmaceutical staff are using to render services to client. • There is close relationship between organization and working environment as good working environment in the organization motivates staff to work better and vice versa. • organization behaviors like supportive management, well established motivational system, open and fair communication or information sharing in organization, etc. motivate staff STEP 8: Evaluation (15 minutes) • What is

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06101 Health Organization Productivity Leadership and Management • Source Session/Topic 17 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 17: Health Organization Productivity Total Session Time: 120 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define the term productivity • Explain the relationship between organization and productivity • Describe the role of pharmaceutical unit to the organisation productivity • Describe relationship between motivation and organizational productivity. • Mention quality products in the health service delivery. Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer • Note books and Pens SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 2 15 minutes Presentation Productivity and Organizational Productivity 20 minutes Presentation The Relationship Between Organization and 3 Buzzing Productivity 30 minutes Presentation The Role of Pharmaceutical Services to 4 Health Organizational Productivity 30 minutes Presentation Relationship Between Motivation and 5 Small group Organizational Productivity Discussion 10 minutes Presentation Quality Products in the Health Service 6 Delivery 7 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 8 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 97 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of Productivity and Organization Productivity (10 minutes) • Productivity is a regular degree of the efficiency of production or service delivery. It can be expressed as the ratio of output to inputs used in the production or service process, i.e. output per unit of input • Organization productivity is the degree of efficiency of service provision to clients compared to inputs used. STEP 3: Relationship Between Pharmaceutical Services and Health Organization Productivity (20 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) Ask students to pair in 2 and work on the following • What is the relationship between pharmaceutical services and health organization productivity? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • Pharmaceutical deals with availability of medicines and other supplies which are used by health clients hence that links the unit with organizational productivity • Pharmaceutical unit is a final stage of health services as it is the one which addresses the identified or proved client‘s health problem • At pharmaceutical is where the availability of medicines and supplies to patient related health problem will conclude the entire efforts made by other health care units or staff to clients and since productivity is the degree of efficiency of product or services then that mark the degree of organization service delivery to clients. • A qualified pharmaceutical staff will facilitate the proper pharmaceutical services to clients to complement efforts made by other medical personnel by delivering quality products, advice and intended services to clients. • Facilitate to prepare extemporaneous preparation (Syrup, ointments, cream and other medication pending on availability of ingredients) which reduces organization running costs and ending increasing organizational productivity by selling the product to end user. PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 98 • Enhances proper storage of products, medicines and supplies hence minimizes wastage through unnecessary expiry and unnecessary wastage. STEP 4: Role of Pharmaceutical Services to Health Organization Productivity (30 minutes) • Receiving medicines and supplies from suppliers • Identifying type of medicines and supplies • Keeping medicines and supplies • Issuing medicines and supplies to end user or other medical staff with skills to issue to end user • Inspecting or checking the medicines and supplies status • Providing information to end user regarding the best use of the product given • Advising other medical personnel on the change of medicines and medical supplies as per market change. • All those roles have a link with organizational productivity STEP 5: Relationship Between Staff Motivation and Health Organization Productivity (30 minutes) Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 20 minutes) DIVIDE students into small manageable groups ASK students to discuss on the following question • What is relationship between staff motivation and health organization productivity? ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below: • Motivation is a range of issues that influence staff inputs towards work. Hence staff motivation pharmaceutical staff inclusive has a direct relationship with health organization productivity. There are many issues to be addressed in staff motivation in health organization as follows: o Management styles to workers if motivates staff on handling their affairs, good language, fair treatment, etc. encourages them to work hard implying increasing organizational productivity PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 99 o Rewarding system like salaries, extra duty allowance, etc. for those staff who deserve motivates staff towards increasing their efforts to work hence raising productivity o Career development in their respective disciplines motivates staff updating their understandings in their career leading them to perform better to their clients and if so it raises the organizational image hence raising organizational productivity. o Job related assignments to staff in line with staff expertise motivates staff doing work or tasks as per their skills. That has a motivation relationship to staff as they keep improving their understanding to their respective speciality leading them enjoying work hence increasing productivity of their organization. o Environmental and social cultural issues which surrounds staff working environment like market where staff get commodities, neighbours, policy issues in line with organizational services, political support in favour of what staff is delivering to clients in their organization, etc. When those are positive they have a positive motivational

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06101 Delegation Total Session Time: 120 minutes Leadership and Management • Source Session/Topic 18 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 18: Delegation Total Session Time: 120 minutes Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define delegation • List types of delegation • Differentiate verbal delegation and written delegation • Enumerate advantages of delegation in health service delivery • Explain reasons that make some managers hesitate to delegate and reasons which limit subordinates to reject to be delegated. Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer • Note books and Pens SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 2 05 minutes Presentation Delegation 20 minutes Presentation 3 Verbal Delegation and Written Delegation Buzzing 35 minutes Presentation Advantages of Delegation in Pharmaceutical 4 Small group Service Delivery Discussion 5 25 minutes Presentation Reasons that Make Some Managers Hesitate. 20 minutes Presentation Reasons which Limit Subordinates to Accept 6 to be Delegated 7 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 8 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 103 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of Delegation (5 minutes) • Delegation is a process of seniors entrusting power and responsibilities to followers living them seniors with few strategic responsibilities to perform. Or • Delegation is a system of sharing some power and responsibilities practiced by seniors to their junior through which build capacity of juniors. STEP 3: Verbal and Written Delegation (20 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) Ask students to pair in two and buzz on the following: • What are the verbal and written delegations? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • Verbal delegation o Verbal delegation is a type of delegation practices by seniors without documentation hence no record to justify that action while • Written delegation o Written delegation is a clear documented delegation which specifies all the necessary information related to that assignment. This is the recommended type of delegation advocated to official to be practiced. PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 104 STEP 4: Advantages of Delegation in Pharmaceutical Delivery Service (35 minutes) Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 20 minutes) DIVIDE students into small manageable groups ASK students to discuss on the following question • What are the advantages of delegation in Pharmaceutical delivery Service? ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below: • It facilitates to build capacity of juniors as when they are delegated some tasks are challenging and through that they acquire knowledge and skills • In pharmaceutical services that delegation motivates juniors when delegated • It strengthens relationship between juniors and seniors • When pharmaceutical seniors delegate to juniors gives seniors time to concentrate with other key issues • Through delegation seniors can learn area of junior strength and in case of weaknesses then seniors may recommend them for further training. • Through that process seniors may identify juniors who are better for further top positions leading them to recommend for decision makers. • Delegation process at pharmaceutical services give room for workload sharing STEP 5: Reasons that Make some Managers Hesitate to Delegate (25 minutes) • Managers may lack confidence hence thinking when they delegate to their juniors may perform better than them. • Self-centeredness of managers who prefer one man show syndrome as they lack trust to others thinking they are the best performer. • Inadequate know how of manager about the importance of delegation • Fearing changes especially when juniors or delegate perform better than a delegator. • Fear of mistake of managers when are involved in wrong things hence when delegation take place hidden things may be disclosed which might affect the delegator. • If managers are aware of inadequate skills of juniors • When managers luck trust to juniors • If juniors resist to accept delegation PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 105 STEP 6: Reasons which Make Subordinates Fear Delegation (20 minutes) • Lack of skills to the side of subordinate • Fear of mistakes as mistakes are costly on the junior side • Bad previous experience on other occurrence • If it is a meaningless delegation with no benefits or if it is practiced as a punishment • When it is with bad intention STEP 7: Key Points (5 minutes) • Delegation is a process of sharing power and responsibilities • Delegation when practiced fairly has an advantage to both sides • Managers some time hesitate to delegate for a number of reasons like lack of confidence to juniors, self-centeredness, fearing of hidden issues to be known, etc. • Juniors hesitate to accept delegation due to fearing making mistakes, lack of skills, if it is meaningless delegation, etc. STEP 8: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What is delegation? • What are advantages of delegation? • Why do juniors fear delegation? PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 106 References Peterson A.M, Kelly N.W (2014); Leadership and management in pharmacy practice, 2nd edition, CRC press Cole, G. A (2000) Management Theory and Practice, 6th Edition: Continuum Marquis, B. L and Huston, C. J (1996) Leadership Roles and Management Functions in Nursing – Theory and Application, 2nd Edition: Lippincott, Philadelphia. Graham, H. T. and Bennett, R. (1998). Human resources management. London: Pitman. Heller,

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06101 Supportive Supervision Leadership and Management • Source Session/Topic 19 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 19: Supportive Supervision Total Session Time: 120 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define supportive supervision • Explain importance of supportive supervision in pharmaceutical services • Enumerate types of supportive supervision • List competences of a supervisor • Describe roles of a supervisor Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer • Note books and Pens SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 2 05 minutes Presentation Supportive Supervision 20 minutes Presentation Importance of Supportive Supervision in 3 Buzzing Pharmaceutical Services 10 minutes Presentation 4 Types of Supportive Supervision Brainstorming 30 minutes Presentation Characteristics of Supportive Supervision to 5 Small group Pharmaceutical Services Discussion 6 10 minutes Presentation Competences of a Supervisor 7 30 minutes Presentation Roles of a Supervisor 8 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 9 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 108 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of Supportive Supervision (5 minutes) • Supportive supervision is the process of assisting, guiding, facilitating, training junior staff by a senior staff with the intention of building capacity of the junior staff. STEP 3: Importance of Supportive Supervision in Pharmaceutical Services (30 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) Ask students to pair in 2 and buzz on the following: • What is the Importance of supportive Supervision in pharmaceutical services? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • It aims to improve health worker‘s performance in relation to quality health services delivery at pharmaceutical unit. • Help staff at pharmaceutical to identify, analyze and address needs and problems • Facilitate and improve the skills and motivate staff at pharmaceutical unit • It assists to identify and plan training needs of pharmaceutical staff • Gives room for on job training hence providing continuing professional development (CPD) at pharmaceutical staff • Supportive supervision facilitates team work or team spirit at pharmaceutical unit • It improves communication within the pharmaceutical unit and facility level • Supportive supervision at pharmaceutical unit, provide leadership, support and motivate health workers to improve their own performance and unit performance. PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 109 STEP 4: Types of Supportive Supervision (15 minutes) Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: • What are the types of supportive supervision? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • Planned/Routine Supervision • Focused Supervision • Unscheduled/Ad hock Supervision STEP 5: Characteristics of Supportive Supervision to Pharmaceutical Unit (30 minutes) Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 20 minutes) DIVIDE students into small manageable groups ASK students to discuss on the following question • What are the types of supportive supervision? ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below: • It should focus on the existing challenge or problem solving to ensure quality and meet client needs at pharmaceutical in particular • The supervision is the responsibility of whole team not for one team leader • It empowerment pharmaceutical service providers to monitor and improve their own performance at their respective unit • Supervisor acts as facilitator, trainer and coach or mentor and not judgers or threatening team. • Pharmaceutical staff or supervisees participate in supervising themselves and each other PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 110 • Decision making is participatory between the supervision team and supervisee at pharmaceutical unit leading to ownership in decision made. STEP 6: Competences of a Supervisor (10 minutes) • Skillful to the area of discipline • Ability to communication with supervisee and team members • Ability to lead a team • Ability to training, lead and guiding team members and supervisee • Resource mobilizer and allocator which will enable team members perform the intended task • Ability to listen others • Skills of learning from others. • All those competences may be summarized into the following Technical skills, Interpersonal skills, Conceptual skills, knowledgeable of the health and pharmaceutical policies and guidelines) as well supervisors should have authority to influence tings. STEP 6: Roles of a Supervisor (30 minutes) • To plan supportive supervision activity • Communicate in advance to area(s) to be supervised • Involve team members in planning and implementation of supervision plan • Motivate team members and supervisee • Train supervisee during supportive supervision • Facilitating solving identified challenge or problem with supervisee • Providing immediate and final feedback to supervisee • Involving or inviting supervisee to express their views after supportive supervision team feedback. • Making follow-up to agreed plan STEP 7: Key Points (5 minutes) • Supportive supervision is the process of supervisors guiding, assisting, facilitating, and training supervisee to improve their capacity in line with performance. • Supervisors should be skillful on areas they supervise. • Supportive supervision is not trucking mistakes for punishment rather is facilitative for problem solving • Types of Supportive supervision are Planned/Routine Supervision, Focused Supervision and Unscheduled Supervision PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 111 STEP 8: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What is supportive supervision? • What are the types of Supportive supervision? • What is

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06101 Supportive Supervision Report Leadership and Management • Source Session/Topic 20 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 20: Supportive Supervision Report Total Session Time: 120 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Explain the meaning of a report • List the contents of Supportive supervision report • Describe the advantages of a report • Enumerate types of supervision report • Explain best ways of keeping reports in pharmaceutical units/departments Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD proomputer • Note books and Pens SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 2 05 minutes Presentation Report 10 minutes Presentation 3 Contents of Supportive Supervision Report Buzzing 30 minutes Presentation 4 Small Group Advantages of Supportive Supervision Report Discussion 30 minutes Presentation Reasons of Writing Supportive Supervision 5 Report 10 minutes Presentation 6 Types of Supervision Report Brainstorming 20 minutes Presentation Keeping Reports in Pharmaceutical 7 Units/Departments 8 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 9 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 114 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of report (5 minutes) • Report is a written statement of the facts of a situation, project, or test, how these facts were ascertained, their significance; the conclusions that have been drawn from them, and the recommendations that are being made. STEP 3: Contents of Supervision Report (10 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (10 minutes) Ask students to form group of 4 to buzz on the following: • What are the contents of Supervision report? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • Title page • Table of Contents • Acknowledgement • Acronyms • Executive summary • Introduction • Objectives • Main report: Findings and analysis/observation based on what was supervised • Conclusions and recommendations • Appendices/Attachments if any • References PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 115 STEP 4: Advantages of Supportive Supervision Report (30 minutes) Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 20 minutes) DIVIDE students into small manageable groups ASK students to discuss on the following question • What is the advantage of Supportive Supervision Report? ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below: • Is a document which addresses work done, whether conclusively or not • Keep others informed of work done by the supervision team in collaboration with supervisee and reflecting areas of attention by relevant actors ie supervisee, supervisors and management of respective level • Justify the use of resource given to the supervision team • Used as a reference document by various actors • Can be used as a reference during training • It reminds supervisee and supervisors trend of improvement STEP 5: Reasons of Writing Supervision Reports (30 minutes) • Official reasons which covers the following o Record work done, whether conclusively or not o Assess a situation o Test the validity of information o Avoid repeating work already done o Circulate new ideas thus sharing experience o Provide means of cross – fertilization of ideas o Indicate a course of action to be taken as a result of work done o Keep others informed of work done and of progress made • Personnel reasons, addresses the following: o To supply the reader with the information he/she needs in a form he/she can understand. o To please our superiors o To justify one's place, position or existence in the firm, establishment or college. o To keep personal records • A good report is logical, clear and concise often creates a good impression on the reader and enhances the reputation of the writer. PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 116 STEP 6: Types of Supervision Report (10 minutes) Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: • What are the types of supervision Report? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • Written supervision report • Verbal supervision report STEP 7: Keeping Reports in Pharmaceutical Units/Departments (20 minutes) • Hard copy is real documents printed, filled or binded and kept in wardrobes, shelves, etc. • Soft copy in flash is soft copy information kept electronically in the flash. • Soft copy in disc are information kept in a floppy disk • Soft copies kept in computers are all electronic information kept in computers. STEP 8: Key points (5 minutes) • Report is a written statement of the facts of a situation, • A report contents covers: o Title page o Table of Contents o Acknowledgement o Acronyms o Executive summary o Introduction o Objectives o Main report: Findings and analysis/observation based on what was supervised o Conclusions and recommendations o Appendices/Attachments if any • There are the following key reasons for writing reports official and personal reasons. • Ways of keeping pharmaceutical reports are Hard copy, Soft copy in flash, Soft copy in disc, Hard copy in files PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 117 STEP 9: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What is supervision report? • What are the key components in supervision report? • What are the reasons for writing supervision reports? PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 118 Reference Koontz, H. (1984). Management. New York: