PST06101 Leadership and Management

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06101 Organizations Structures Leadership and Management • Source Session/Topic 14 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 14: Organizations Structures Total Session Time: 120 minutes + 120 minutes assignment Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define organization structure • List types of organization structures • Describe organizational structure • List advantages of organizational structures • Enumerate principles to be observed when forming organization departments. • State issues shown in organization charts Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer • Note books and Pens SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 2 05 minutes Presentation Organizational Structure 10 minutes Presentation 3 Types of Organization Structures Buzzing 30 minutes Presentation 4 Small group Organizational Structure Description Discussion 5 15 minutes Presentation Advantages of Organizational Structure 20 minutes Presentation Principles to be Observed when Forming 6 Organizational Departments 7 20 minutes Presentation Organization Charts Issues 8 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 9 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation 10 05 minutes Presentation Take home assignment PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 79 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of the Term Organization Structure (5 minutes) • Organizational structure is the layout of organization summing up key units and position in the organization. Or • Is a diagrammatic presentation of key organizational departments and units with title of position holders. • Organizational structure is network or diagrammatic representation of various organization units. The network shows: o Positions represented in boxes o Networked by straight lines and dotted lines o Hierarchy shape top position is one while subordinates at the base are many STEP 3: Types of Organization Structures (5 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (10 minutes) Ask students to work in group of 4 on the following • What are the types of organization structures? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • There two structure type of organization; The mechanistic organization and Organic structures o Mechanistic organizations  Have many rules and procedures, well-defined tasks, and a clear hierarchy of authority.  Often contains multiple levels within the hierarchy which creating a ―tall‖ organizational structure.  The benefits of this type of organization are clear delineation of tasks, centralized decision making, and potential for a career ladder by which employees can progress and be promoted PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 80  On the other hand the multiple layers seen in bureaucracies, coupled with centralized decision making, make this model slow to adapt to change.  Another form of mechanistic organization is the matrix organization. A matrix organization has a dual authority system. Employees are organized along both functional (project) and departmental lines Figure 14.1 the Hospital as a matrix organization Source: Peterson A.M, Kelly N.W (2014); Leadership and management in pharmacy practice, 2 nd edition, • Organic organizations o Organic structures are more flexible and more adaptable. o Organic organizations use participative management as a style and are often less concerned with a clearly defined structure. o Organic organizations are typically flat, with only one or two levels of management. Flat organizations emphasize a decentralized approach to decision making and encourage employee involvement in decisions. STEP 4: Organizational Structure (30 minutes) Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 30 minutes) DIVIDE students into small manageable groups ASK students to discuss on the following question • What is Organizational Structure? ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 81 • Organization structure is the pattern or network of relationship between various positions or orders in the organization • Designing organization structure is creating units with close relationship functions to be grouped under one unit with similarities of function like administration and finance, pharmaceutical, medical, nursing etc. • The structure finally forms a hierarchy which the head of institution is one keeps arranging level by level ending with many subordinates forming a pyramid structure. • In other words, an organization structure is as well called organogram which is a diagrammatic representation of various departments, units or sections exists in the organization. • Boxes in the structure represent positions while straight lines represent authority relationship and dotted lines represent staff relationships. STEP 5: Advantages of Organizational Structure (10 minutes) • Assist showing authority flow arrangement from top to down • Useful during orientation to new staff as it can show the department and if possible the section where the new staff will be located or working • Assists managers or institutional heads during debriefing of official visitors • Useful during organizational restructuring where one unit may be combine or separated with the other one • In case of persistence of complaints or conflict in one unit or departments it assists management to address. STEP 6: Principles to be Observed when Forming Organizational Departments (25 minutes) • Similarities of functions; may be grouped into one department or unit and headed by one actor • Functions which might cause overlapping of responsibilities among actors • Massiveness of actors in one unit which differs and causes wasting time waiting decision from one head • Uniqueness of activities regardless of few staff in that particular unit still they may form a department or a unit. STEP 7: Issues Shown in Organization Charts (20 minutes)

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06101 Leadership and Management – Complete Full Notes Complete educational source text in one page Completeness safeguard: this page keeps the complete educational module/source wording in one place so learning material is not lost when browsing topic by topic. Presenter/tutor metadata is intentionally excluded. UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA Level 6 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Table of Contents March 2019 PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide i Table of Contents Background ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. iii Acknowledgment ………………………………………………………………………………………….v Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………. vii Abbreviations/Acronym ………………………………………………………………………………. ix Session 1: Leadership Concept ……………………………………………………………………….1 Session 2: Leadership Theories ………………………………………………………………………9 Session 3: Leadership Attributes in Provision of Pharmaceutical Services …………17 Session 4: Management Concepts …………………………………………………………………22 Session 5: Management Theories ………………………………………………………………….27 Session 6: Management Roles to Pharmaceutical Services ……………………………….32 Session 7: Management Functions…………………………………………………………………37 Session 8: Principles of Management …………………………………………………………….46 Session 9: Planning Concepts ……………………………………………………………………….51 Session 10: Participatory Planning Concept in Provision of Health Care Services ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..57 Session 11: Health Care Team ………………………………………………………………………62 Session 12: The Role of Pharmaceutical Personnel in Health Care Teams …………67 Session 13: Organization ……………………………………………………………………………..72 Session 14: Organizations Structures …………………………………………………………….79 Session 15: System Theory of Organization to the Health System …………………….85 Session 16: Organization Behaviour in Relation to Workplace …………………………92 Session 17: Health Organization Productivity …………………………………………………97 Session 18: Delegation ……………………………………………………………………………….103 Session 19: Supportive Supervision …………………………………………………………….108 Session 20: Supportive Supervision Report…………………………………………………..114 Session 21: Coaching …………………………………………………………………………………120 Session 22: Mentorship Concept …………………………………………………………………125 Session 23: Networking Techniques in Delivery of Health Care Services ………..130 Session 24: Introduction to Negotiations ………………………………………………………134 Session 25: Negotiation Process in Delivery of Health Care Services ………………139 PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide ii Background There is currently an ever-increasing demand for pharmaceutical personnel in Tanzania. This is due to expanding investment in public and private pharmaceutical sector. Shortage of trained pharmaceutical human resource contributes to poor quality of pharmaceutical services and low access to medicines in the country (GIZ, 2012). Through Public-Private-Partnership (PPP) the Pharmacy Council (PC) together with Development Partners (DPs) in Germany and Pharmaceutical Training Institutions (PTIs) worked together to address the shortage of human resource for pharmacy by designing a project named “Supporting Training Institutions for Improved Pharmaceutical Services in Tanzania‖ in order to improve quality and capacity of PTIs in training. CSSC prepared a Multi-actor Partnership (MAP) project proposal on how to sustain and strengthen health care in Tanzania through improvement of pharmaceutical training and an inter-institutional coordination of actors. This will harmonize and improve access to quality pharmaceutical service in Tanzania. The project has a various key stakeholders like; CSSC, NACTE, PC, TCU, CEDHA and Pharmaceutical Training Institutions (PTIs). Through this project, few PTIs will receive infrastructural improvements to increase the quantitative and qualitative capacities (CUHAS, RUCU and KSP). Furthermore this project will train Pharmaceutical tutors from different PTIs on teaching and assessment methods in Tanzania and thus improved health delivery through increased qualified human resource. It was also observed that in the previous stakeholder‘s meetings there was a need for the development of training manuals and assessment plans for NTA Level 5 & 6, in order to support the establishment and implementation of the curriculum in PTIs. During MAP kick- off workshop done in February 2018, Stakeholders agreed that there was a need for development of the said manuals and it was among the highest priority in Pharmacy education in Tanzania. Therefore this project aims at developing facilitator‘s guide and assessment plans for NTA Level 5 & 6. Pharmacy Council, CSSC and action medeor developed the Terms of Reference and selected a qualified service provider with experience in material development to develop the mentioned training manuals and assessment plan. Centre for Educational Development in Health Arusha (CEDHA) was selected and offered a contract to develop Facilitators guide for NTA level 5 & 6 and assessment plan. Centre for Educational Development in Health Arusha (CEDHA) was offered a leading role with the instructions to include experts who have developed teaching materials for NTA Level 4. These experts are primarily experienced pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical tutors. The mode of operation used by CEDHA to develop facilitator‘s guide and assessment plan was participatory approach which included a number of activities through various workshops such as planning, and orientation of material development. After these preliminary PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide iii workshops, experts developed materials individually and in-groups. Thereafter, developed draft materials were reviewed, edited and formatted and draft one was finalized and shared to stakeholders for inputs. Finally, CEDHA submitted the finalized Facilitator‘s guides and assessment plans for NTA level 5 and 6 to CSSC for endorsement, printing, dissemination and sharing with relevant authorities. There are 12 modules for NTA level 6 making 12 Facilitator guides and one Practicum guide. PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide iv Acknowledgment The development of standardized training materials of a competence-based curriculum for pharmaceutical sciences has been accomplished through involvement of different stakeholders. Special thanks go to the Pharmacy Council for spearheading the harmonization of training materials in the pharmacy after noticing that training institutions in Tanzania were using different curricula and train their students differently. I would also like to extend my gratitude to Christian Social Service Commission (CSSC) for their tireless efforts to mobilize funds from development partners (German Ministry of Industry and action medeor). It is through the implementation of the Multi-Actors Partnership (MAP) project, CSSC has been able to provide the financial and technical support needed during the development of this training material. Many thanks go to the Centre for Educational Development in Health Arusha (CEDHA) experts on health material development and training who coordinated the development of these module sessions particularly Ms. Diana H. Gamuya for her commitment in coordinating and facilitating the planning and development to its completion. Particular acknowledgements are sent to Mr. Dickson Mtalitinya and Members from the secretariat of National Council for

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06101 Negotiation Process in Delivery of Health Care Services ………………139 Leadership and Management • Source Session/Topic 25 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 25: Negotiation Process in Delivery of Health Care Services ………………139 PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide ii Background There is currently an ever-increasing demand for pharmaceutical personnel in Tanzania. This is due to expanding investment in public and private pharmaceutical sector. Shortage of trained pharmaceutical human resource contributes to poor quality of pharmaceutical services and low access to medicines in the country (GIZ, 2012). Through Public-Private-Partnership (PPP) the Pharmacy Council (PC) together with Development Partners (DPs) in Germany and Pharmaceutical Training Institutions (PTIs) worked together to address the shortage of human resource for pharmacy by designing a project named “Supporting Training Institutions for Improved Pharmaceutical Services in Tanzania‖ in order to improve quality and capacity of PTIs in training. CSSC prepared a Multi-actor Partnership (MAP) project proposal on how to sustain and strengthen health care in Tanzania through improvement of pharmaceutical training and an inter-institutional coordination of actors. This will harmonize and improve access to quality pharmaceutical service in Tanzania. The project has a various key stakeholders like; CSSC, NACTE, PC, TCU, CEDHA and Pharmaceutical Training Institutions (PTIs). Through this project, few PTIs will receive infrastructural improvements to increase the quantitative and qualitative capacities (CUHAS, RUCU and KSP). Furthermore this project will train Pharmaceutical tutors from different PTIs on teaching and assessment methods in Tanzania and thus improved health delivery through increased qualified human resource. It was also observed that in the previous stakeholder‘s meetings there was a need for the development of training manuals and assessment plans for NTA Level 5 & 6, in order to support the establishment and implementation of the curriculum in PTIs. During MAP kick- off workshop done in February 2018, Stakeholders agreed that there was a need for development of the said manuals and it was among the highest priority in Pharmacy education in Tanzania. Therefore this project aims at developing facilitator‘s guide and assessment plans for NTA Level 5 & 6. Pharmacy Council, CSSC and action medeor developed the Terms of Reference and selected a qualified service provider with experience in material development to develop the mentioned training manuals and assessment plan. Centre for Educational Development in Health Arusha (CEDHA) was selected and offered a contract to develop Facilitators guide for NTA level 5 & 6 and assessment plan. Centre for Educational Development in Health Arusha (CEDHA) was offered a leading role with the instructions to include experts who have developed teaching materials for NTA Level 4. These experts are primarily experienced pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical tutors. The mode of operation used by CEDHA to develop facilitator‘s guide and assessment plan was participatory approach which included a number of activities through various workshops such as planning, and orientation of material development. After these preliminary PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide iii workshops, experts developed materials individually and in-groups. Thereafter, developed draft materials were reviewed, edited and formatted and draft one was finalized and shared to stakeholders for inputs. Finally, CEDHA submitted the finalized Facilitator‘s guides and assessment plans for NTA level 5 and 6 to CSSC for endorsement, printing, dissemination and sharing with relevant authorities. There are 12 modules for NTA level 6 making 12 Facilitator guides and one Practicum guide. PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide iv Acknowledgment The development of standardized training materials of a competence-based curriculum for pharmaceutical sciences has been accomplished through involvement of different stakeholders. Special thanks go to the Pharmacy Council for spearheading the harmonization of training materials in the pharmacy after noticing that training institutions in Tanzania were using different curricula and train their students differently. I would also like to extend my gratitude to Christian Social Service Commission (CSSC) for their tireless efforts to mobilize funds from development partners (German Ministry of Industry and action medeor). It is through the implementation of the Multi-Actors Partnership (MAP) project, CSSC has been able to provide the financial and technical support needed during the development of this training material. Many thanks go to the Centre for Educational Development in Health Arusha (CEDHA) experts on health material development and training who coordinated the development of these module sessions particularly Ms. Diana H. Gamuya for her commitment in coordinating and facilitating the planning and development to its completion. Particular acknowledgements are sent to Mr. Dickson Mtalitinya and Members from the secretariat of National Council for Technical Education (NACTE) for facilitating and providing their expertise to the success of this work. It will be unfair if I will not recognize the efforts and contributions of all CEDHA supportive staff that made this process a success; accountant, secretary, drivers and printers Finally, I very much appreciate the contributions of the tutors and content experts representing PTIs, hospitals, and other health training institutions. Their participation in meetings and workshops, and their input in the development of this training manual/facilitators guide have been invaluable. These participants are listed with our gratitude below: Ms. Elizabeth Shekalaghe Registrar, Pharmacy Council of Tanzania Dr. Fadhili Lyimo Assistant Director Allied Health,MoHCDGEC Dr. Jacqueline Uriyo Acting Principal, CEDHA Dr. Sungwa N. Kabissi Project Manager – MAP, CSSC Ms. Diana H. Gamuya CEDHA Ms. Grace Mallange PC Ms. Emily Mwakibolwa Pharmacy Council PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide v Ms. Tumaini H. Lyombe MUHAS Ms. Dilisi J. Makawia KSP Director of Human Resources Development Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide vi Introduction Module Overview This module content is a guide for tutors of Pharmaceutical schools for training of students. The session contents are based on sub-enabling outcomes and their

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06101 Introduction to Negotiations Leadership and Management • Source Session/Topic 24 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 24: Introduction to Negotiations Total Session Time: 120 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define negotiation • Describe importance of negotiation in delivering health services • Enumerate key negotiators in pharmaceutical services in the health service. • Explain the negotiation occurance • Explain the negotiation attitude • Explain the negotiation end results Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer • Note books and Pens SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 2 05 minutes Presentation Negotiation 30 minutes Presentation Importance of Negotiation in Delivering 3 Small Group Health Services Discussion 25 minutes Presentation Key Negotiators in Pharmaceutical Services in 4 the Health Service 5 25 minutes Presentation Negotiation Occurrence 6 05 minutes Presentation Negotiation Attitude 7 15 minutes Presentation Negotiation End Results 8 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 9 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 134 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of Negotiation (5 minutes) • Is a discussion intended to accomplish resolving disputes, reach an agreement on a course of action, Bargain for individual or collective advantage end result to satisfy various interests STEP 3: Importance of Negotiation in Delivering Health Services (30 minutes) Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 20 minutes) DIVIDE students into small manageable groups ASK students to discuss on the following question • What is the importance of negotiation in delivering health services? ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below: • Negotiation leads stakeholders to establish common understanding on how to address a common goal which for this matter is health services. • Enables health service provider establish a limit of the product cost with suppliers which will finally lead to the affordable cost to all suppliers, providers and consumers • It provides room to negotiate terms with contractors for the benefits of both sides contractor and beneficially. • Through negotiation Public Private Partnership is made possible where the two sides share areas to provide health services for mutual benefits. • Negotiation helps to build capacity of both sides who participate in the negotiation process • It facilitates establishing linkage between the two sides. • Gives room to share resources to address the established goal PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 135 STEP 4: Key Negotiators in Pharmaceutical Services in the Health Service (25 minutes) • Pharmacist or pharmaceutical staff who are qualified in the pharmaceutical field • Health facility management with decision making power like head of facility • Technical skills staff like Supplies Officer, Administrators, Planners • When necessary Financial staff • Representatives of the clients who deals with community services STEP 5: State when Negotiation Occur (25 minutes) • Negotiation occurs at work situations between different actors when need arises • Occurs when the two sides negotiate on Project deliverables & deadlines as set • It occurs regarding Contract negotiation between contractors and management • It happens when delegating work or assignments to a junior staff hence the two sides should negotiate to create deep understanding • Negotiation occurs when the two sides are discussing on Employment offer terms between the offer and the acceptance • Negotiation happens to negotiate on personal situations when things not clearly understood between the two parties • Negotiation occurs during marriage/relationships between two sides or parties may be on bride prize or misunderstanding between the husband and wife • Living day-to-day life environment where neighbors may differ leading to negotiation need • Government proceedings between employer side and employee side which causes disputes like what is happening now on worker‘s retirement benefits that lead to negotiation between the government, trade Union or beneficiaries themselves. STEP 6: Negotiation Attitudes (5 minutes) • Ready to accept the result of negotiation. • Attitude to listen others opinions • Calm or peaceful attitude leading to the harmonious negotiation environment • Avoidance of attacking the other side even when they express strong message try as much as you can to be humble. • Avoid dominance or ego status as that may harm the negotiation. STEP 7: Negotiation End Results (15 minutes) • Win/Win o Cooperative, all parties feel good and are committed to the plan of action where all parties benefit • Win/Lose o In a negotiation with authoritarian approach to one side to loose PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 136 • Lose/Win o At this area one side surrender to lose and the left side to win • Lose/Lose o Is a negotiation which focused on the other party as opponent regardless of the incurred cost. • No Deal o The two sides agree to disagree STEP 8: Key Points (5 minutes) • Negotiation is discussion between two or more parties to accomplish resolving disputes or intended task like contract and reach an agreement on a course of action. Or • Is the bargaining for individual or collective advantage end result to satisfy interests various involved parties. • During negotiation actors should be in the following attitudes: Ready to accept the result, listen other side, calm, avoidance of attacking other side and avoidance of one side dominance. • End result of negotiation may be win – win situation, win – lose situation. Lose –

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06101 Networking Techniques in Delivery of Health Leadership and Management • Source Session/Topic 23 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 23: Networking Techniques in Delivery of Health Care Services Total Session Time: 120 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define networking • Describe techniques in delivery of health services • List importance of networking when providing health services • Explain key partners used in your working environment when delivering health services Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer • Note books and Pens SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 2 05 minutes Presentation Networking 40 minutes Presentation 3 Techniques in Delivery of Health Services Brainstorming 30 minutes Presentation Importance of Networking when Providing 4 Small Group Health Services Discussion 30 minutes Presentation Key Partners Used in your Working 5 Environment when Delivering Health Services 6 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 7 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 130 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of Networking (5 minutes) • Networking is a process of cooperating with others to exchange information and develop professional or social relations. Or • Is the interaction between two or more organizations to allow them cooperate as agreed. STEP 3: Techniques in Delivery of Health Services (30 minutes) Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: • What are the Techniques in Delivery of Health Services? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • Preventive services • Promotive services • Curative services • Rehabilitative services STEP 4: Importance of Networking when Providing Health Services (20 minutes) Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 15 minutes) DIVIDE students into small manageable groups ASK students to discuss on the following question • What is the Importance of Networking when providing Health Services? ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below: PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 131 • Improves services to clients • Gives room for resource sharing • Facilitates sharing experiences to address health client challenges • Supplements gaps of some stakeholders • Builds relationship among stakeholders • Limits duplication of efforts among stakeholders • Shortens time of service provision to clients • Widens coverage of health services to clients. STEP 5: Key Partners Used in Your Working Environment when Delivering Health Services (30 minutes) • Internal partners those are found within the organization o Staff and staff working in same organization who can network to address identified challenge o Leadership and staff of same organization o Department and department of same organization • External partners those who are existing outside the organization o Organization and other organization o Health staff and community o Public private partnership o Organization and development partners STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes) • Networking is a process of cooperating with others to exchange information and develop professional or social relations • Techniques used in delivering health services are curative, preventive, rehabilitative and promotive techniques. • Many advantages are experienced from networking like sharing experiences, sharing resources, avoidance of duplication of efforts, increasing speed of service provision, etc. • Key partners are of two main categories internal and external STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What is networking? • What are the techniques used in delivering health services? • What is the importance of networking in health services? • What are the key partners working with your institution in delivering health services? PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 132 References Koontz, H. (1984). Management. New York: McGraw-Hill. Luthans, F. (1981). Organizational Behavior. Auckland: Mcgraw-Hill International Book Company. Graham, H. T. and Bennett, R. (1998). Human resources management. London: Pitman. Heller, R. and Hindle, T. (1998). Essential managers manual. London: Dorling Kindersley. Mashimi J B. (2006). Uongozi na Utawala Bora na maendeleo ya Afrika.Business Image Graphic & Promotions. Saleemi N.A. and Bogonko J. B. (1997). Management (Principles and Practice) Simplified. N. A. Saleemi Publishers PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 133 ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Leadership and Management topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06101 Mentorship Concept Leadership and Management • Source Session/Topic 22 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 22: Mentorship Concept Total Session Time: 120 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define the term mentor • Explain the contribution of mentorship to pharmaceutical services in the health services • List qualities of a mentor • Describe advantages of mentorship to the health services • Enumerate skills needed by a mentor Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer • Note books and Pens SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 2 05 minutes Presentation The Term Mentor 30 minutes The Contribution of Mentorship to 3 Presentation Pharmaceutical Services in the Health Services 20 minutes Presentation 4 Qualities of a Mentor Buzzing 30 minutes Presentation Advantages of Mentorship to the Health 5 Small Group Services Discussion 6 20minutes Presentation Skills Needed by a Mentor 7 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 8 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 125 PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 126 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of Mentorship and Mentor (5 minutes) • Mentorship is a process of transferring skills from a senior experienced staff to a less experienced staff. • Mentor is a staff or a person who is conducting mentorship process to a mentee. STEP 3: The Contribution of Mentorship to Pharmacy Services (30 minutes) • Training under skilled staff at pharmaceutical unit • Guiding junior staff on pharmaceutical issues • Assisting different pharmaceutical responsibilities like packing, clarifying issues to clients when noted or realized that the mentee is stuck. • Guiding junior staff better environmental setting at pharmaceutical when found not properly arranged and mentee does not know the existing gaps • Guiding junior staff best ways of communicating or seeking assistance • Interpreting complicated pharmaceutical procedures to junior staff. STEP 4: Qualities of a Mentor (20 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) Ask students to pair in 2 and buzz on the following • What are the qualities of a mentor? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • Skillful to the respective field • Communication skills • Have interest working with mentee • Willing to mentor • Provide room to listen the mentee PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 127 STEP 5: Advantages of Mentorship to the Pharmacy Services (30 minutes) Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 20 minutes) DIVIDE students into small manageable groups ASK students to discuss on the following question • What are the advantages of Mentorship to the Pharmacy services? ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below: • Builds capacity of less experienced pharmaceutical staff • Provides needy support to relevant health staff • Build relationship between mentor and mentee though mentorship discussion • Gives room to mentors in the health sector to know area of gaps to mentee STEP 6: Skills Needed by a Mentor (20 minutes) • Skilled in that particular field of mentorship • Listening skills • Observation skills • Communication skills STEP 7: Key Points (5 minutes) • Mentorship is a process of transferring skills and knowledge from a more experienced senior staff to a less experienced staff • Mentor should possess communication skills, respective discipline skills, willing to mentor, with interest to people, cooperation, etc. • Mentee should be willing to be coached, accept challenges identified, listening skills, provide cooperation to the mentor. STEP 8: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What is mentorship? • What are advantages of mentorship in pharmaceutical services? • What are basic skills to a mentor? PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 128 Reference Koontz, H. (1984). Management. New York: McGraw-Hill. Luthans, F. (1981). Organizational Behavior. Auckland: Mcgraw-Hill International Book Company. Graham, H. T. and Bennett, R. (1998). Human resources management. London: Pitman. Heller, R. and Hindle, T. (1998). Essential managers manual. London: Dorling Kindersley. Mashimi J B. (2006). Uongozi na Utawala Bora na maendeleo ya Afrika.Business Image Graphic & Promotions. Saleemi N.A. and Bogonko J. B. (1997). Management (Principles and Practice) Simplified. N. A. Saleemi Publishers PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 129 ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Leadership and Management topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06101 Coaching Leadership and Management • Source Session/Topic 21 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 21: Coaching Total Session Time: 120 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define coaching • Explain the role of coaching to pharmaceutical services in the health services • List qualities of a coach and a coachee • Describe advantages of coaching to the health services • Identify coaching challenges in pharmaceuticals services Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer • Note books and Pens SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 2 05 minutes Presentation Coaching 30 minutes Presentation The Role of Coaching to Pharmacy Services 3 Buzzing in the Health Services 4 10 minutes Presentation Qualities of a Coach 10 minutes Presentation 5 Small Group Qualities of Coachee Discussion 25 minutes Presentation Advantages of Coaching to the Health 6 Services 7 25 minutes Presentation Coaching Challenges in Pharmacy Services 8 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 9 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 120 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of Terms Coach, Coachee, Coaching (10 minutes) • A Coach is skilled person who guide, train, and share knowledge with coachee to make them reflect the situation in a different way • Coachee is under skilled person who need guidance, training, or extra skills from a coach to be in a better position to reflect the situation. • Coaching is a process of training, guiding, assisting a less experienced staff by a coach to be in a better position of reflecting the current situation in a different way. STEP 3: The Role of Coaching to Pharmaceutical Services in Health Services (30 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) Ask students to pair in two and buzz on: • What are the roles of coaching in pharmacy services? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • Training under skilled staff • Guiding junior staff on pharmaceutical issues • Assisting different pharmaceutical responsibilities like packing, clarifying issues to clients • Guiding junior staff better environmental setting at pharmaceutical • Guiding junior staff best ways of communicating or seeking assistance • Mentoring junior staff when they are stuck. STEP 4: Qualities of a coach (10 minutes) • Skilled in that particular field • Interest with people • Willing to mentor a coachee PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 121 • Provide cooperation • Able to communicate • Able to listen coachee STEP 5: Qualities of a Coachee (10 minutes) • Willing to accept identified challenges • Eager to learn • Provide cooperation • Know means of communication or language used • Listening skills STEP 6: Advantages of Coaching to the Health Services (25 minutes) Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 20 minutes) DIVIDE students into small manageable groups ASK students to discuss on the following question • What are the advantages of coaching to the Health Services ? ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below: STEP 7: Coaching Challenges in Pharmaceuticals Services (25 minutes) • Inadequate know how of some coaches which affects their coaching performance • Inadequate facilities in pharmaceutical sites which limits coaches to perform his role at pharmaceutical sites • Inadequate skilled staff at pharmaceutical who can cope with coaching process done by a coach • Inadequate space for coaching process at pharmaceutical area or unit • Shortage of supplies which may be used in coaching process which ends limiting the coaching process. PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 122 STEP 8: Key points • Coaching is a process of guiding, training, supporting junior or coachee • Roles of coaching to pharmaceutical services are: Training, Supporting, guiding, sharing experiences and motivating coachee. • Coach should possess skills: Communication skills, relevant skill in the respective field, have interest in people, willing to coach, etc. • Coachee need skills like listening, communicating, accepting identified challenges, etc. during coaching process. STEP 9: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What is coaching? • What are the advantages of coaching to pharmaceutical skills? • What are the qualities of a coach in pharmaceutical services? PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 123 References Koontz, H. (1984). Management. New York: McGraw-Hill. Luthans, F. (1981). Organizational Behavior. Auckland: Mcgraw-Hill International Book Company. Graham, H. T. and Bennett, R. (1998). Human resources management. London: Pitman. Heller, R. and Hindle, T. (1998). Essential managers manual. London: Dorling Kindersley. Mashimi J B. (2006). Uongozi na Utawala Bora na maendeleo ya Afrika.Business Image Graphic & Promotions. Saleemi N.A. and Bogonko J. B. (1997). Management (Principles and Practice) Simplified. N. A. Saleemi Publishers PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 124 ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Leadership and Management topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06101 Supportive Supervision Report Leadership and Management • Source Session/Topic 20 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 20: Supportive Supervision Report Total Session Time: 120 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Explain the meaning of a report • List the contents of Supportive supervision report • Describe the advantages of a report • Enumerate types of supervision report • Explain best ways of keeping reports in pharmaceutical units/departments Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD proomputer • Note books and Pens SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 2 05 minutes Presentation Report 10 minutes Presentation 3 Contents of Supportive Supervision Report Buzzing 30 minutes Presentation 4 Small Group Advantages of Supportive Supervision Report Discussion 30 minutes Presentation Reasons of Writing Supportive Supervision 5 Report 10 minutes Presentation 6 Types of Supervision Report Brainstorming 20 minutes Presentation Keeping Reports in Pharmaceutical 7 Units/Departments 8 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 9 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 114 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of report (5 minutes) • Report is a written statement of the facts of a situation, project, or test, how these facts were ascertained, their significance; the conclusions that have been drawn from them, and the recommendations that are being made. STEP 3: Contents of Supervision Report (10 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (10 minutes) Ask students to form group of 4 to buzz on the following: • What are the contents of Supervision report? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • Title page • Table of Contents • Acknowledgement • Acronyms • Executive summary • Introduction • Objectives • Main report: Findings and analysis/observation based on what was supervised • Conclusions and recommendations • Appendices/Attachments if any • References PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 115 STEP 4: Advantages of Supportive Supervision Report (30 minutes) Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 20 minutes) DIVIDE students into small manageable groups ASK students to discuss on the following question • What is the advantage of Supportive Supervision Report? ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below: • Is a document which addresses work done, whether conclusively or not • Keep others informed of work done by the supervision team in collaboration with supervisee and reflecting areas of attention by relevant actors ie supervisee, supervisors and management of respective level • Justify the use of resource given to the supervision team • Used as a reference document by various actors • Can be used as a reference during training • It reminds supervisee and supervisors trend of improvement STEP 5: Reasons of Writing Supervision Reports (30 minutes) • Official reasons which covers the following o Record work done, whether conclusively or not o Assess a situation o Test the validity of information o Avoid repeating work already done o Circulate new ideas thus sharing experience o Provide means of cross – fertilization of ideas o Indicate a course of action to be taken as a result of work done o Keep others informed of work done and of progress made • Personnel reasons, addresses the following: o To supply the reader with the information he/she needs in a form he/she can understand. o To please our superiors o To justify one's place, position or existence in the firm, establishment or college. o To keep personal records • A good report is logical, clear and concise often creates a good impression on the reader and enhances the reputation of the writer. PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 116 STEP 6: Types of Supervision Report (10 minutes) Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: • What are the types of supervision Report? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • Written supervision report • Verbal supervision report STEP 7: Keeping Reports in Pharmaceutical Units/Departments (20 minutes) • Hard copy is real documents printed, filled or binded and kept in wardrobes, shelves, etc. • Soft copy in flash is soft copy information kept electronically in the flash. • Soft copy in disc are information kept in a floppy disk • Soft copies kept in computers are all electronic information kept in computers. STEP 8: Key points (5 minutes) • Report is a written statement of the facts of a situation, • A report contents covers: o Title page o Table of Contents o Acknowledgement o Acronyms o Executive summary o Introduction o Objectives o Main report: Findings and analysis/observation based on what was supervised o Conclusions and recommendations o Appendices/Attachments if any • There are the following key reasons for writing reports official and personal reasons. • Ways of keeping pharmaceutical reports are Hard copy, Soft copy in flash, Soft copy in disc, Hard copy in files PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 117 STEP 9: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What is supervision report? • What are the key components in supervision report? • What are the reasons for writing supervision reports? PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 118 Reference Koontz, H. (1984). Management. New York:

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06101 Supportive Supervision Leadership and Management • Source Session/Topic 19 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 19: Supportive Supervision Total Session Time: 120 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define supportive supervision • Explain importance of supportive supervision in pharmaceutical services • Enumerate types of supportive supervision • List competences of a supervisor • Describe roles of a supervisor Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer • Note books and Pens SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 2 05 minutes Presentation Supportive Supervision 20 minutes Presentation Importance of Supportive Supervision in 3 Buzzing Pharmaceutical Services 10 minutes Presentation 4 Types of Supportive Supervision Brainstorming 30 minutes Presentation Characteristics of Supportive Supervision to 5 Small group Pharmaceutical Services Discussion 6 10 minutes Presentation Competences of a Supervisor 7 30 minutes Presentation Roles of a Supervisor 8 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 9 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 108 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of Supportive Supervision (5 minutes) • Supportive supervision is the process of assisting, guiding, facilitating, training junior staff by a senior staff with the intention of building capacity of the junior staff. STEP 3: Importance of Supportive Supervision in Pharmaceutical Services (30 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) Ask students to pair in 2 and buzz on the following: • What is the Importance of supportive Supervision in pharmaceutical services? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • It aims to improve health worker‘s performance in relation to quality health services delivery at pharmaceutical unit. • Help staff at pharmaceutical to identify, analyze and address needs and problems • Facilitate and improve the skills and motivate staff at pharmaceutical unit • It assists to identify and plan training needs of pharmaceutical staff • Gives room for on job training hence providing continuing professional development (CPD) at pharmaceutical staff • Supportive supervision facilitates team work or team spirit at pharmaceutical unit • It improves communication within the pharmaceutical unit and facility level • Supportive supervision at pharmaceutical unit, provide leadership, support and motivate health workers to improve their own performance and unit performance. PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 109 STEP 4: Types of Supportive Supervision (15 minutes) Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: • What are the types of supportive supervision? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • Planned/Routine Supervision • Focused Supervision • Unscheduled/Ad hock Supervision STEP 5: Characteristics of Supportive Supervision to Pharmaceutical Unit (30 minutes) Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 20 minutes) DIVIDE students into small manageable groups ASK students to discuss on the following question • What are the types of supportive supervision? ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below: • It should focus on the existing challenge or problem solving to ensure quality and meet client needs at pharmaceutical in particular • The supervision is the responsibility of whole team not for one team leader • It empowerment pharmaceutical service providers to monitor and improve their own performance at their respective unit • Supervisor acts as facilitator, trainer and coach or mentor and not judgers or threatening team. • Pharmaceutical staff or supervisees participate in supervising themselves and each other PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 110 • Decision making is participatory between the supervision team and supervisee at pharmaceutical unit leading to ownership in decision made. STEP 6: Competences of a Supervisor (10 minutes) • Skillful to the area of discipline • Ability to communication with supervisee and team members • Ability to lead a team • Ability to training, lead and guiding team members and supervisee • Resource mobilizer and allocator which will enable team members perform the intended task • Ability to listen others • Skills of learning from others. • All those competences may be summarized into the following Technical skills, Interpersonal skills, Conceptual skills, knowledgeable of the health and pharmaceutical policies and guidelines) as well supervisors should have authority to influence tings. STEP 6: Roles of a Supervisor (30 minutes) • To plan supportive supervision activity • Communicate in advance to area(s) to be supervised • Involve team members in planning and implementation of supervision plan • Motivate team members and supervisee • Train supervisee during supportive supervision • Facilitating solving identified challenge or problem with supervisee • Providing immediate and final feedback to supervisee • Involving or inviting supervisee to express their views after supportive supervision team feedback. • Making follow-up to agreed plan STEP 7: Key Points (5 minutes) • Supportive supervision is the process of supervisors guiding, assisting, facilitating, and training supervisee to improve their capacity in line with performance. • Supervisors should be skillful on areas they supervise. • Supportive supervision is not trucking mistakes for punishment rather is facilitative for problem solving • Types of Supportive supervision are Planned/Routine Supervision, Focused Supervision and Unscheduled Supervision PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 111 STEP 8: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What is supportive supervision? • What are the types of Supportive supervision? • What is

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06101 Delegation Total Session Time: 120 minutes Leadership and Management • Source Session/Topic 18 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 18: Delegation Total Session Time: 120 minutes Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define delegation • List types of delegation • Differentiate verbal delegation and written delegation • Enumerate advantages of delegation in health service delivery • Explain reasons that make some managers hesitate to delegate and reasons which limit subordinates to reject to be delegated. Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer • Note books and Pens SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 2 05 minutes Presentation Delegation 20 minutes Presentation 3 Verbal Delegation and Written Delegation Buzzing 35 minutes Presentation Advantages of Delegation in Pharmaceutical 4 Small group Service Delivery Discussion 5 25 minutes Presentation Reasons that Make Some Managers Hesitate. 20 minutes Presentation Reasons which Limit Subordinates to Accept 6 to be Delegated 7 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 8 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 103 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of Delegation (5 minutes) • Delegation is a process of seniors entrusting power and responsibilities to followers living them seniors with few strategic responsibilities to perform. Or • Delegation is a system of sharing some power and responsibilities practiced by seniors to their junior through which build capacity of juniors. STEP 3: Verbal and Written Delegation (20 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) Ask students to pair in two and buzz on the following: • What are the verbal and written delegations? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • Verbal delegation o Verbal delegation is a type of delegation practices by seniors without documentation hence no record to justify that action while • Written delegation o Written delegation is a clear documented delegation which specifies all the necessary information related to that assignment. This is the recommended type of delegation advocated to official to be practiced. PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 104 STEP 4: Advantages of Delegation in Pharmaceutical Delivery Service (35 minutes) Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 20 minutes) DIVIDE students into small manageable groups ASK students to discuss on the following question • What are the advantages of delegation in Pharmaceutical delivery Service? ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below: • It facilitates to build capacity of juniors as when they are delegated some tasks are challenging and through that they acquire knowledge and skills • In pharmaceutical services that delegation motivates juniors when delegated • It strengthens relationship between juniors and seniors • When pharmaceutical seniors delegate to juniors gives seniors time to concentrate with other key issues • Through delegation seniors can learn area of junior strength and in case of weaknesses then seniors may recommend them for further training. • Through that process seniors may identify juniors who are better for further top positions leading them to recommend for decision makers. • Delegation process at pharmaceutical services give room for workload sharing STEP 5: Reasons that Make some Managers Hesitate to Delegate (25 minutes) • Managers may lack confidence hence thinking when they delegate to their juniors may perform better than them. • Self-centeredness of managers who prefer one man show syndrome as they lack trust to others thinking they are the best performer. • Inadequate know how of manager about the importance of delegation • Fearing changes especially when juniors or delegate perform better than a delegator. • Fear of mistake of managers when are involved in wrong things hence when delegation take place hidden things may be disclosed which might affect the delegator. • If managers are aware of inadequate skills of juniors • When managers luck trust to juniors • If juniors resist to accept delegation PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 105 STEP 6: Reasons which Make Subordinates Fear Delegation (20 minutes) • Lack of skills to the side of subordinate • Fear of mistakes as mistakes are costly on the junior side • Bad previous experience on other occurrence • If it is a meaningless delegation with no benefits or if it is practiced as a punishment • When it is with bad intention STEP 7: Key Points (5 minutes) • Delegation is a process of sharing power and responsibilities • Delegation when practiced fairly has an advantage to both sides • Managers some time hesitate to delegate for a number of reasons like lack of confidence to juniors, self-centeredness, fearing of hidden issues to be known, etc. • Juniors hesitate to accept delegation due to fearing making mistakes, lack of skills, if it is meaningless delegation, etc. STEP 8: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What is delegation? • What are advantages of delegation? • Why do juniors fear delegation? PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 106 References Peterson A.M, Kelly N.W (2014); Leadership and management in pharmacy practice, 2nd edition, CRC press Cole, G. A (2000) Management Theory and Practice, 6th Edition: Continuum Marquis, B. L and Huston, C. J (1996) Leadership Roles and Management Functions in Nursing – Theory and Application, 2nd Edition: Lippincott, Philadelphia. Graham, H. T. and Bennett, R. (1998). Human resources management. London: Pitman. Heller,