PST06101 Leadership and Management

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06101 Health Organization Productivity Leadership and Management • Source Session/Topic 17 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 17: Health Organization Productivity Total Session Time: 120 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define the term productivity • Explain the relationship between organization and productivity • Describe the role of pharmaceutical unit to the organisation productivity • Describe relationship between motivation and organizational productivity. • Mention quality products in the health service delivery. Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer • Note books and Pens SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 2 15 minutes Presentation Productivity and Organizational Productivity 20 minutes Presentation The Relationship Between Organization and 3 Buzzing Productivity 30 minutes Presentation The Role of Pharmaceutical Services to 4 Health Organizational Productivity 30 minutes Presentation Relationship Between Motivation and 5 Small group Organizational Productivity Discussion 10 minutes Presentation Quality Products in the Health Service 6 Delivery 7 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 8 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 97 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of Productivity and Organization Productivity (10 minutes) • Productivity is a regular degree of the efficiency of production or service delivery. It can be expressed as the ratio of output to inputs used in the production or service process, i.e. output per unit of input • Organization productivity is the degree of efficiency of service provision to clients compared to inputs used. STEP 3: Relationship Between Pharmaceutical Services and Health Organization Productivity (20 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) Ask students to pair in 2 and work on the following • What is the relationship between pharmaceutical services and health organization productivity? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • Pharmaceutical deals with availability of medicines and other supplies which are used by health clients hence that links the unit with organizational productivity • Pharmaceutical unit is a final stage of health services as it is the one which addresses the identified or proved client‘s health problem • At pharmaceutical is where the availability of medicines and supplies to patient related health problem will conclude the entire efforts made by other health care units or staff to clients and since productivity is the degree of efficiency of product or services then that mark the degree of organization service delivery to clients. • A qualified pharmaceutical staff will facilitate the proper pharmaceutical services to clients to complement efforts made by other medical personnel by delivering quality products, advice and intended services to clients. • Facilitate to prepare extemporaneous preparation (Syrup, ointments, cream and other medication pending on availability of ingredients) which reduces organization running costs and ending increasing organizational productivity by selling the product to end user. PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 98 • Enhances proper storage of products, medicines and supplies hence minimizes wastage through unnecessary expiry and unnecessary wastage. STEP 4: Role of Pharmaceutical Services to Health Organization Productivity (30 minutes) • Receiving medicines and supplies from suppliers • Identifying type of medicines and supplies • Keeping medicines and supplies • Issuing medicines and supplies to end user or other medical staff with skills to issue to end user • Inspecting or checking the medicines and supplies status • Providing information to end user regarding the best use of the product given • Advising other medical personnel on the change of medicines and medical supplies as per market change. • All those roles have a link with organizational productivity STEP 5: Relationship Between Staff Motivation and Health Organization Productivity (30 minutes) Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 20 minutes) DIVIDE students into small manageable groups ASK students to discuss on the following question • What is relationship between staff motivation and health organization productivity? ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below: • Motivation is a range of issues that influence staff inputs towards work. Hence staff motivation pharmaceutical staff inclusive has a direct relationship with health organization productivity. There are many issues to be addressed in staff motivation in health organization as follows: o Management styles to workers if motivates staff on handling their affairs, good language, fair treatment, etc. encourages them to work hard implying increasing organizational productivity PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 99 o Rewarding system like salaries, extra duty allowance, etc. for those staff who deserve motivates staff towards increasing their efforts to work hence raising productivity o Career development in their respective disciplines motivates staff updating their understandings in their career leading them to perform better to their clients and if so it raises the organizational image hence raising organizational productivity. o Job related assignments to staff in line with staff expertise motivates staff doing work or tasks as per their skills. That has a motivation relationship to staff as they keep improving their understanding to their respective speciality leading them enjoying work hence increasing productivity of their organization. o Environmental and social cultural issues which surrounds staff working environment like market where staff get commodities, neighbours, policy issues in line with organizational services, political support in favour of what staff is delivering to clients in their organization, etc. When those are positive they have a positive motivational

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06101 Organization Behaviour in Relation to Workplace Leadership and Management • Source Session/Topic 16 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 16: Organization Behaviour in Relation to Workplace Total Session Time: 120 minutes Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define workplace • Describe relationship between organization and working environment • List organization behaviours which motivate staff • Explain organizational behaviours which demotivate staff Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer • Note books and Pens SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Objectives 05 minutes Definition of Work, Space, and Work 2 Presentation Environment 30 minutes Presentation Relationship Between Organization and 3 Buzzing Working Environment 4 15 minutes Presentation Organization Behavious Which Motivate Staff 30 minutes Presentation Organization Behavior which Demotivate 5 Small Group Staff Discussion 25 minutes Presentation The Relationship between Working 6 Environment with Pharmaceutical Services 7 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 8 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 92 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of Terms Work, Space and Work Environment (5 minutes) • Work is an action involving mental and physical effort done in order to achieve intended result. • Space is an area where services are provided. • The definition will differ from nature of service provided like pharmaceutical space, labour space, consultation room, running truck, air space etc. • Work environment is all area with sporting facilities used by staff for serving clients. STEP 3:Relationship Between Organization And Working Environment (30 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) Ask students to pair in 2 and buzz on • What is the relationship between organization and working environment? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • An organization as an entity formed by people having a common goal to be fulfilled through interaction of various actors is supposed to create good working environment to its staff so that they provide intended services • Working facilities should be updated from time to time to enable workers enjoy their jobs • Hygiene of working environment should be improved to safeguard health of workers in each organization • Security gargets and general security in working environment should be reinforced to ensure safety of workers in organizations. • Better working environment has a direct relationship with organizational productivity. PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 93 STEP 4: Organization Behaviours which Motivate Staff (15 minutes) • Clear organizational objectives • Well job distribution among different actors • Organized and fair motivational system • Open evaluation system • Adherence to organogram in operation and reporting • Clear information sharing system among different actors • Training system to all staff • Team work and cooperation • Supportive leadership to staff and client STEP 5: Organization Behaviour which Demotivate Staff (25 minutes) Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 30 minutes) DIVIDE students into small manageable groups ASK students to discuss on the following question • What are the Organization Behaviors Which Demotivate Staff? ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below • Unclear organizational objectives leading to staff to perform tasks with no clear guidance which does not show the organization general achievement • Poor staff job distribution making some people to work more while others doing less. • Unclear motivation system gives room for some staff to be highly motivated living others unmotivated which lead to complaints to some staff ending lowering institutional productivity. Motivation since is a complex issue if not well structured affects staff. • Unopen evaluation system limits fair and open evaluation of staff performance giving room to bias evaluation • Bypassing organogram structure gives room to favoritism ending in causing complaints from the bypassed actors. • Poor information sharing demotivates those who miss the information hence affecting their efforts to work ending lowering productivity. • Unfair training system gives room for some staff to benefit training while others missing the opportunity PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 94 • Self-centeredness in organization affects sense of team work hence ending affecting organizational performance. • Unsupportive leadership to staff in organization causes a lot of disharmony STEP 6: The Relationship Between Working Environment with Pharmaceutical Services (25 minutes) • Working environment has a direct relationship with pharmaceutical services as it is where those services are planned and provided to clients. • Good working environment to pharmaceutical staff motivates them to put on more efforts to their respective work • Poor working environment discourage pharmaceutical staff in their daily pharmaceutical services • Working environment addresses many things like working tools, working space, supplies, light, etc. Hence if all those at pharmaceutical services are in place taking into consideration that those staff are with required skills, knowledge and are well motivated then the services will be provided at high degree. STEP 7: Key Points (15 minutes) • Workplace is a working area where service providers like pharmaceutical staff are using to render services to client. • There is close relationship between organization and working environment as good working environment in the organization motivates staff to work better and vice versa. • organization behaviors like supportive management, well established motivational system, open and fair communication or information sharing in organization, etc. motivate staff STEP 8: Evaluation (15 minutes) • What is

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06101 System Theory of Organization to the Health Leadership and Management • Source Session/Topic 15 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 15: System Theory of Organization to the Health System Total Session Time: 120 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define a term system • Explain the system theory of organization • List importance of system theory to our modern health working environment • Describe the similarities of a health system to the ordinary social system • List components of a social system Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer • Handout 15.1: CEDHA social system SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 2 05 minutes Presentation Definition of a System and Social System 25 minutes Presentation and 3 The System Theory of Organization buzzing 4 30 minutes Presentation Components of a Social System 5 05 minutes Presentation Types of Systems 10 minutes Presentation Importance of System Theory to our Modern 6 Health Social Working System 30 minutes Presentation The Similarities of Health System and 7 Small Group Ordinary Social System Discussion 8 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 9 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 85 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of System and Social System (5 minutes) • System is a series of parts which are interrelated and interdependent which interact to make a complete unit. • A social system is a society related system like health organization which among of the key component is human resource. STEP 3: The System Theory of Organization (25 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) Ask students to pair in two and buzz on the following • What is system theory of organization? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • The system theory led to what many people call systems thinking. It has major concepts of organizational systems theory as follows: – Inputs, processes, outputs, Boundaries and Environment – Interdependence & Interrelated. • It was developed by a famous Biologist Tudwig von Bertalariffy (1901 -1972). • Since in a system all units are interrelated hence a change in one part has a link with the rest of the parts. • That implies in the health system, a change in pharmaceutical unit has a direct link with the entire health system. PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 86 STEP 4: Components of a Social System (30 minutes) • Inputs are all resources such as labour, information, energy, water, materials etc. inputs come to the system in different forms from different environment or market. • Processes represent way of converting or changing resources into products or completed services. • Outputs are the function of Inputs and Process hence results into complete product or services. • Feedback is a message from users of output that provide real perception on it to different users may be at internal system of from external environment about the product. It is a way of evaluation on the product. • Boundaries are the limit between one system and subsystem with others not necessarily boundaries like on the map but rather may be limitation in terms of authority justification. and • Environment – The surrounding that encircles or found between one system boundary and others. Subsystems • These are the parts of a system as all subsystems in a system, constitute the total system; and are distinguished by boundaries. • Departments like Pharmaceutical, Administration, and Medical are examples of a subsystem of a health system. STEP 5: Types of Organization System (5 minutes) • Open system which allows interactions • Closed system which limits interactions. STEP 6: Importance of System Theory to our Modern Health Social Working System (10 minutes) • The theory advocates respect to each unit however small it is; it has a significant contribution to the entire system. Or • Synergy or team work increases organization productivity • Involvement in planning and decision making reduces conflicts in organization • Pharmaceutical as a unit in the health system by being respected by this theory is a motivating factor to pharmaceutical team. PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 87 STEP 7: The Similarities of Health System and Ordinary Social System (30 minutes) Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 20 minutes) DIVIDE students into small manageable groups ASK students to discuss on the following question • What are the similarities of health system and ordinary social system? ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below: • All systems have the same components like: o inputs o process o output o feedback o boundary o environment • All systems have human resource components which perform the process or is a master of all resources • Interaction facilitates achievements of its set goal. REFER Students to Handout 15.1: CEDHA Social System STEP 8: Key points (5 minutes) • A system is a series of interrelated and interdependent parts which interact to forma whole • The system theory has significantly contributed to motivate every unit in an organization and it has improved managers thinking about each individual contribution pharmaceutical staff inclusive. • External environment has a role to the internal success as it has an influence. • There are two types of systems open and

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06101 Leadership Concept Leadership and Management • Source Session/Topic 1 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 1: Leadership Concept Total Session Time: 120 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define the term leadership and leader • Describe types and styles of leadership • Define who is a leader to pharmaceutical context • List functions of a leader • Explain qualities of a leader Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer • Note books and Pens SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 05 minutes Presentation 2 Definition of Leadership Buzzing 20 minutes Presentation 3 Types and Styles of Leadership. Small Group Discussion 30 minutes Leadership Concepts and a Leader to 4 Presentation Pharmaceutical Context 5 20 minutes Presentation Functions of a Leader 6 30 minutes Assignment Qualities of a Leader 7 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 7 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 1 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of Terms (5 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (2 minutes) Ask students to pair and buzz on the following question: • What is leadership? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • Leadership o Referring to the ability to influence the actions of others. o Leadership based on the interaction of three elements: the leader, the person or persons being led, and the situation in which both coexist. All three elements change, almost on a daily basis. o A leader is a person who voluntarily or elected by group member to lead the team to realize the set goal. o A good leader understands each of the changes and develops strategies to work with and through others to accomplish goals. o Leading is guiding or enabling group members to face challenges ending in achieving positive results. • Other definitions of leadership o Chester Barnard; ‗defined leadership as the ‗ability of a superior to influence the behaviours of his subordinates and persuade them to follow a particular course of action‘ o Koontz and O’Dannell; ‗Leadership is the ability of a manager to induce subordinates to work with confidence‘ o Allen; ‗Leader is the one who guides and directs other people‘ o Suzan Komives and her colleagues; In health care services leadership is ‗a process of one individual influencing another individual or group to achieve particular objectives. PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 2 STEP 3: Types and Styles of Leadership (20 minutes) • Types of leadership o Formal leadership  Is a type of leadership established by formal legal laws and leaders of this type are appointed in a formal way with official letters which states clearly their responsibilities. Example of formal leaders are: • Pharmacist • District Medical Officer • Member of Parliament o Informal leadership  Informal leadership is a type of leadership which exists spontaneously due to similarities of individual interests like age, sex and sports.  Leaders of this type are not appointed officially and are not binded by legal framework. Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 20 minutes) DIVIDE students into small manageable groups ASK students to discuss on the following question • What are the styles of leadership? ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below: • Styles of leadership o Autocratic  Is a style where a leader determines what to be done by his/her followers.  Mainly is one man centered style.  An autocratic leader is the one who takes all the decisions himself without consulting his subordinates.  There is no room for subordinates to take part to influence decision made by a leader  It is characterized by maximum possible centralization of authority, close supervision, unilateral decision-making and one- way communication.  It is boss –centered leadership.  An autocratic leader is generally disliked, as there is no scope for initiative and self-development. PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 3  Behavior of subordinates becomes hostile and attention is focused upon pleasing the leader. o Democratic  Is a style where a leader gives room for involvement of all /members parties/stakeholders to ensure collective decision is made.  A democratic leader permits his subordinates to participate in the process of decision-making  This style motivates workers and builds their capacity as during the process of decision making as it gives chance for them to learn from each other.  Decentralization of authority, participative planning, and two ways communication are the main features of democratic leadership.  It is group –centred as group makes decisions.  A democratic leader is a team manager and operates according to majority opinion o Laissez – Faire  Is a style applied by a leader allowing subordinates to make their own decisions.  Under this type of leadership, the leader leaves it to the subordinates to decide and control them believing that they are competent and motivated  He believes that people will perform better if they are left free to make and enforce their own decision  This style of leadership may be successful where the subordinates are highly competent and fully dedicated to the organization o Bureaucratic  Is a style where a leader keeps applying laid down principals or regulations.  A bureaucratic leader

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06101 Organization Total Session Time: 120 minutes + Assignment Leadership and Management • Source Session/Topic 13 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 13: Organization Total Session Time: 120 minutes + Assignment Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define organization • List types of organization • Explain organizational culture and designs • Explain the importance of organizational culture to organization performance • Describe key features of an organization. Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer • Note books and Pens SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 05 minutes Presentation Definition of Organization, Structure and 2 Buzzing Organization Culture 05 minutes Presentation & 3 Types of Organization Buzzing 4 15 minutes Presentation Description of Types of Organizations 35 minutes Presentation 5 Small Group Organization Culture and designs Discussion 20 minutes Presentation Explain the importance of Organization 6 Culture to Organization Performance 25 minutes Presentation 7 Key Features of an Organization Brainstorming 8 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 9 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation 10 05 minutes Presentation Take home assignment PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 72 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of Terms (5 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (3 minutes) Ask students to pair in two and buzz on the following: • What is organization? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • Organizations come in a variety of shapes and sizes. Many are organized according to specialty, others by matter of convenience. The manner in which organizations are put together clearly affects how they function • An organization is a group of individuals structured in such a way to work together to achieve common goals. • The organizing function is designed to make the best use, in terms of efficiency and effectiveness, of the organization's resources to achieve these common goals. • Organization culture is the way things are done in an organization similar to culture in certain community. Figure: 1.1 A typical organizational chart. PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 73 STEP 3: Types of Organization (5 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (3 minutes) Ask students to pair in two and enumerate • What are the types of Organizations? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • Formal organization are the type of organization created legally with registration number • Informal organization is the type which is not created legally. STEP 4: Description of Types of Organization (15 minutes) • Formal organization is an organization which is legally been established by law. It exists legitimately. o Example an institution with registration number by a recognized authority eg. NACTE, Registrar of Association etc. • Informal organization are those organizations exists informally not recognized legally by legal system. They do emerge spontaneously due to sharing interest like sports, gender, age or professional interests. • The informal organization can supply the much-needed social interaction and human contact to perform work efficiently and effectively STEP 5: Organization Culture and Designs (25 minutes) Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 20 minutes) DIVIDE students into small manageable groups ASK students to discuss on the following question • What is Organisation Culture? Give example ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below: PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 74 • Organizational culture is the belief and behavior that determine how an organization‘s employees and management interact and handle outside transactions. • Organizational culture represents an organization's hopes, capabilities, attitude, and morals that hold it together, and is expressed in its self-respect, inner workings, connections with the outside world, and future expectations. Or • Organization culture shows or tell ways: o the organization carries its business, handles their staff, clients and the community in general o Involvement in decision making and freedom of individual expression o Power sharing within organizational hierarchy o Commitment of staff towards organizational objective o Favour or discourage external inputs hence it has a relationship with organizational growth. ORGANIZATION DESIGNS • One of the first steps in designing an organization is to determine which jobs belong in which department. This process, called job classification, allows one to determine the similarities and differences and allows jobs to be organized into larger segments, such as departments. Creating these departments allows for individuals to be grouped into manageable units. There are at least four methods to group work activities: o Departmentalization by function organizes jobs by the functions to be per- formed. For example, in a hospital, the department of pharmacy is created to maintain all medication-related functions for the hospital. o Departmentalization by product organizes all functions needed to make and market a particular product under one person. For example, in the phar- maceutical industry, the brand manager for a product is in charge of the marketing, research, and development functions related to the product. o Departmentalization by geographical regions groups jobs on the basis of territory or geography. For example, a pharmaceutical company may have its sales force organized regionally, into the northeast, southeast, Midwest, southwest, and northwest. This creates jobs such as regional manager for cardiovascular products. o Departmentalization by customer groups jobs on the basis of type of customer. In pharmacy, home-care or long-term-care patients represent this

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06101 The Role of Pharmaceutical Personnel in Health Care Teams Leadership and Management • Source Session/Topic 12 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 12: The Role of Pharmaceutical Personnel in Health Care Teams Total Session Time: 120 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define the terms pharmaceutical personnel and health care teams • Describe roles of pharmaceutical personnel in health care services • Explain the relationship between pharmaceutical personnel and other health personnel in the service delivery Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer • Note books and Pens SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 05 minutes Presentation Definition of Pharmaceutical Personnel, 2 Buzzing Health Care, Health Care Teams 40 minutes Presentation 3 Small Group Roles of Pharmaceutical Staff Discussion 40 minutes Presentation Relationship between Pharmaceutical 4 Brainstorming Personnel and Other Health Personnel 5 20 minutes Presentation Roles of Pharmaceutical Leaders 6 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 7 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 67 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of Pharmaceutical Personnel (5 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) Ask students to pair in two and buzz on the following: • What is a pharmaceutical personnel? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • Pharmaceutical personnel are all staff working in pharmaceutical unit or area. • Health care is health services provided to health customers or consumers. • Health care teams are all heath care teams providing health services to health service clients. STEP 3: Roles of Pharmaceutical Staff in Pharmaceutical Management Team (30 minutes) Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 20 minutes) DIVIDE students into small manageable groups ASK students to discuss on the following question • What are roles of pharmaceutical staff in pharmaceutical management team? ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below: PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 68 • Production of pharmaceutical products depending on the level of production • Validation by assessing and documenting all equipment and processes to ensure that an action will be taken. • Quality Assurance – monitor the processes and procedures to ensure set standards are met. • Quality Control – provide testing and checks throughout the service process to maintain standards. • Regulatory Affairs – deal with the applications and paperwork surrounding regulations so that products will be used as per the set regulations. • Operations – ensures the continuous functioning of the pharmaceutical unit as laid down work distribution. • Research & Development – This will depend on the level of the pharmaceutical unit as at lower level they may conduct operational research on medicines or product supplied to clients. But at higher level in labs they may identify molecules that could be used in medications, or on current medications to improve the products. • Other – includes areas of supply chain, Logistics, Marketing, HR, Warehouse, Finance, etc. STEP 4: The Relationship Between Pharmaceutical Personnel and Other Health Personnel (40 minutes) Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: • What is the relationship between pharmaceutical personnel and other health personnel? ALLOW few students to respond? WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • All serve same health clients • All are under one major set of health team • All depend on each other example a doctor will attend a client, demand medical tests from lab, radiology, etc. before concluding what type of medicine to be given to a patient. Later will recommend medicine to be finally given by a pharmaceutical staff. STEP 5: Roles of Pharmaceutical Leaders (20 minutes) • Leading the process of planning pharmaceutical services • Leading group members at pharmaceutical units • Linking pharmaceutical staff with other health units‘ staff PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 69 • Representing pharmaceutical interest in respective organization departmental meeting • Training and guiding their followers • Writing pharmaceutical reports STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes) • Pharmaceutical personnel are all staff working at pharmaceutical unit. • Pharmaceutical staff or personnel depend on other health staff as their service complement each other • Pharmaceutical staff plays a significant role in health care system. STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What is a pharmaceutical personnel? • What are the roles of pharmaceutical staff in the health care system? • What is the relationship between pharmaceutical staff and other health staff? PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 70 References Peterson A.M, Kelly N.W (2014); Leadership and management in pharmacy practice, 2nd edition, CRC press Marquis, B. L and Huston, C. J (1996) Leadership Roles and Management Functions in Nursing – Theory and Application, 2nd Edition: Lippincott, Philadelphia. Heller, R. and Hindle, T. (1998). Essential managers manual. London: Dorling Kindersley. Mashimi J B. (2006). Uongozi na Utawala Bora na maendeleo ya Afrika. Business Image Graphic & Promotions. Saleemi N.A. and Bogonko J. B. (1997). Management (Principles and Practice) Simplified. N. A. Saleemi Publishers. PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 71 ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Leadership and Management topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06101 Health Care Team Leadership and Management • Source Session/Topic 11 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 11: Health Care Team Total Session Time: 120 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define a team in the context of pharmaceutical • List types of teams • Explain steps in team formation • Enumerate advantages of teams • Describer disadvantages of a team Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer • Note books and Pens SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 05 minutes Presentation 2 Definition of Health Care Team Buzzing 3 10 minutes Presentation Types of Teams 30 minutes Presentation 4 Small Group Steps Involved in Team Formation Discussion 30 minutes Presentation 5 Advantages of Teams Brainstorming 6. 30 minutes Presentation Shortcoming of Teams 7 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 8 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 62 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of Team (5 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) Ask students to pair and buzz in 3 minutes on the following: • What is pharmaceutical team? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • A team is a group of people working together to attain set goal • Pharmaceutical team is a team formed by pharmaceutical staff to address pharmaceutical established objective • Health care team is a composition of various staff working in the health sector of various disciplines to address set health goal. STEP 3: Types of Teams (5 minutes) • Working Teams are teams that are basic to any organization. Example pharmaceutical team, academic team, football team etc. • Special Purpose Teams. Special purpose teams are teams that are formed to fulfil a special assignment like evaluation, consultancy, research, etc. • Multi-functional Teams. These teams consist of members formed from different areas of expertise sharing tasks. • Self-Directed Teams. Self-Directed Teams do not have a clear leader. Members define the division of labor, responsibilities and the distribution of tasks sometimes no need of having a team leader. PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 63 STEP 4: Steps in Team Formation (30 minutes) Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 20 minutes) DIVIDE students into small manageable groups ASK students to discuss on the following question • What are the steps involved in team formation? ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below: Bruce Tuckman developed a Tuckman Model in the mid-1960s commonly referred as Tuckman framework for team development there are five steps in team formation or development: • Forming – Is an early stage which expresses feelings like excitement, Eagerness, Curiosity, where members will keep asking questions and create structure, goals, direction, roles of the team. Is a stage of build trust among team members. • Storming – Is a stage of frustration as no trust to each other every one studying on his fellows, challenging each other‘s ideas. • Norming – Is a stage where members know each other build trust, agree on goals work and measure results. • Performing – Is a stage where members will gain satisfaction and confidence on each other and focus on task accomplishment. • Transformation – Is a stage where some member leaves the team for a number of reasons like retirement, transfer etc. The performance at that stage may be reduced but after a while they will be proud of their achievement. STEP 5: Advantages of Teams (30 minutes) Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: • What are advantages of teams? ALLOW few students to respond? WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 64 • Shared responsibility among different actors • Motivates each other leading to achieving the goal • Facilitates learning process through others • Allows other actors to share workload (delegate) to give room for others do other tasks. • Work done by a team creates sense of ownership at the as it is a team achievement rather than individual achievement. • Proactive Approach which means involvement of various actors leads to gain experience from the more experienced ones especially when involve practical assignments. • Skill development through complementarity from skilled member to less skilled member. STEP 6: Shortcomings of Teams (30 minutes) • Time consuming due to misunderstandings or unnecessary jokes during the process of performing assigned tasks • Can lead to some actors feel uncomfortable in case end result is not positive • Confusing if no trust or others are trouble makers. • Causes conflict among members during the process when things are not going right as expected • May require change due to a number of factors like when some members are transferred, retire or causes unnecessary troubles to other team members. STEP 7: Key Points (5 minutes) • Team is a group of people working together to achieve a set goal. • Pharmaceutical team is a team formed by pharmaceutical members • Teams have benefits of increasing productivity and supplement learning process from each other. • Teams as well may have disadvantages like time wastage, frustration, conflict among team members, etc. STEP 8: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What is pharmaceutical

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06101 Participatory Planning Concept in Provision of Health Care Services Leadership and Management • Source Session/Topic 10 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 10: Participatory Planning Concept in Provision of Health Care Services Total Session Time: 120 minutes Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define participatory planning • List partners involved in planning in pharmaceutical services at your health facility • Describe importance of participatory planning in provision of health care services • Explain principles observed when planning pharmaceutical services • Enumerate roles of planning team leader. Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer • Note books and Pens SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Objectives 05 minutes Presentation 2 Participatory Planning Buzzing 20 minutes Presentation Partners Involved in Planning in 3 Brainstorming Pharmaceutical Services Presentation 4 30 minutes Small group Importance of Participatory Planning Discussion 30 minutes Presentation Principles of Planning in Pharmaceutical 5 Services 6 20 minutes Presentation Roles of Planning Team Leader in Planning 7 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 8 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 57 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of Participatory Planning (5 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (5minutes) Ask students to pair in two and buzz on the following • What is participatory planning? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below Definition of participatory planning • Participatory planning is a type of planning which is involving all key partners or players. Or • Is a planning which not one planner involved in the planning process of a given entity or organization. • Partners ranges from a person, organization, professional bodies, funders, etc. who share same interest and collaborate together to address the existing situation. PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 58 STEP 3: Partners Involved in Planning in Pharmaceutical Services (20 minutes) Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: • Who is the planning partners working with your pharmaceutical unit? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content belowCLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • Partners involved in planning in pharmaceutical unit. • The involvement will be determined with the planners‘ choice and need. • The possible partners are: o Management team within same organization o Pharmaceutical firms with and outside the environment o Council authorities o Neighbors o Pharmaceutical industries o Business firms o Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children etc. STEP 4: Importance of Participatory Planning (30 minutes) Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 20 minutes) DIVIDE students into small manageable groups ASK students to discuss on the following question • What is the Importance of participatory planning? ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below: Importance of participatory planning • Participatory planning is shared planning of different actors. • It gives room of sharing expertise of know how resulting to good plan • It minimizes errors in the plan PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 59 • It involves a range of ideas hence portrays sense of ownership • During implementation resistance is very minimal • Widen range of know how about the planning process STEP 5: Principles Observed when Planning Pharmaceutical Services (30 minutes) • To abide with pharmaceutical professional ethics • Focus to public interest or consumers interest • Involvement of reasonable stakeholders • Sharing non-confidential information to various levels STEP 6: Roles of Planning Team Leader in Planning (30 minutes) • Planning team leader leads group individuals of the planning team for the purpose of achieving a key result or group of aligned results. • Provides guidance during planning process • Provides instruction when needed • Directs planning team members • Monitors the quantitative and qualitative achievements of the team • Reports results to a management • Often works within the team, as a member, carrying out the same roles but with the additional leadership responsibilities • Motivate the team to use their knowledge and skills to achieve the shared goals. • Applies his capability and expertise to influence performance within a planning team STEP 7: Key Points (5 minutes) • Planning is a process of thinking in advance about your current situation to identify your existing challenges, where you want to go, how will you go and how will you know that you are there. • Participatory planning is process of planning by involving key stakeholders sharing same interest with your unit • Through planning is where you can think across the wall leading you to address the impossible to be the possible ones. STEP 8: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What is planning? • What is participatory planning? • Who are planning team of pharmaceutical services? • What are the advantages of participatory planning in pharmaceutical services? PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 60 References Peterson A.M, Kelly N.W (2014); Leadership and management in pharmacy practice, 2nd edition, CRC press Marquis, B. L and Huston, C. J (1996) Leadership Roles and Management Functions in Nursing – Theory and Application, 2nd Edition: Lippincott, Philadelphia. Graham, H. T. and Bennett, R. (1998). Human resources management. London: Pitman. Heller, R. and Hindle, T. (1998). Essential managers

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06101 Planning Concepts Leadership and Management • Source Session/Topic 9 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 9: Planning Concepts Total Session Time: 120 minutes Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define Planning • Explain planning concepts • List importance of planning • Enumerate steps observed during planning process in your organization Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer • Note books and Pens SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 20 minutes Presentation 2 Definition of Terms Buzzing 3 10 minutes Presentation Explanation of Planning Concept 30 minutes Presentation / 4 Small Group Importance of Planning Discussion 5 20 minutes Method Y Steps of Planning 6 25 minutes Presentation Describe Planning Steps 7 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 8 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 51 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of Terms (20 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) Ask students to pair in two and buzz for 3 minutes on the following • What is planning? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • Planning is a process of thinking in advance what activities required to achieve set objective, who will perform them, what resources to be used, when to be done and how are the results to be known. Or • Planning is forecasting by identifying level you are, where you what you want to achieve, what means will you use to achieve your goal (Resources) and how will you know you have achieved your goal. or • Planning is the process of thinking about and organizing the activities required to achieve a desired goal. • Planning is an important property of intellectual behavior leading a planner to think beyond the surrounding wall or darkness and see light beyond. STEP 3: Planning Concept (10 minutes) • Planning concepts are those ideas used by planners to address challenges surrounding them in their working or living environment. • The concepts may be of theories, models, or key ideas which when applied they end up producing positive results. PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 52 STEP 4: Importance of Planning (30 minutes) Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 15 minutes) DIVIDE students into small manageable groups ASK students to discuss on the following question • What is the importance of planning to pharmaceutical services? ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below: • It gives room to assess existing situation at pharmaceutical that given time or identifying the surrounding challenges • Planning leads a planner to iron out how to address the identified challenges • Through planning a planner will know in advance what resources to be used to address the identified challenges at pharmaceutical. (Human, money, etc.) • Through planning a planner will foretell time to do the tasks planned • Planning guides a planner in advance know how to evaluate progress in implementing his schedule. STEP 5: Stages Observed During Planning (20 minutes) • Situational analysis – Assessing the general status of the organization • Develop objectives and develop tasks to meet those objectives (Setting priorities) • Determine resources needed to implement tasks (Budgeting) • Create a timeline benchmarking key areas to guide the monitoring and evaluation • (Implementation) • Determine tracking and assessment method. (Monitoring and Evaluation) STEP 6: Steps Involved in Planning (25 minutes) • Situational Analysis is the assessment of the current situation of an Institution where the institution looks seriously at itself as well as outside environment. Critically you assess the population characteristics like demographic information, religious, educational and culture, Infrastructures like Geographical, infrastructure, socio economic situation, public and private sector structurer, Overall National policies, existing Health policies and political context and Health needs – Medical professional perceived health needs and community health needs. Services provided by and plan of the PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 53 Non Health Sector, Resources available, Efficiency, effectiveness, equity and quality of current services. • Priority setting – It is an important stage of setting priorities as per needs vs. competing limited resources. At this stage interventions or possible solutions to address the identified problems and determining resource allocation, action plan and budgeting should be properly indicated. • Budgeting and Fund allocation – At this stage interventions or possible solutions to address the identified problems and resource to be used are costed, action plan are put in place and allocation of the budget are done ready for implementation. • Implementation Is the stage whereby all identified solutions to the problems identified are put into practice by using the available resources. • Monitoring & Evaluation o Monitoring – Is an assessment of activities done in line with inputs used versus output realized in a particular given time for further action. Monitoring is carried out throughout the task or process at all levels. o Evaluation – Is the final stage of the planning step. Evaluation can be formative during the implementation or summative at the final stage of implementation Fig.9.1 Planning steps (Cycle) PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 54 STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes) • Planning is forecasting • Planning steps are those key steps to be followed during planning process namely: • Planning is important

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06101 Principles of Management Leadership and Management • Source Session/Topic 8 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 8: Principles of Management Total Session Time: 120 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define management principles • Enumerate fourteen principles by Henry Fayol • Describe relationship between fourteen principles by Henry Fayol in pharmaceutical services • List advantages of management principles to our current work Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer • Note books and Pens SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 15 minutes Presentation 2 Defining Terms Brainstorming 3 20 minutes Presentation Fourteen Management Principles 30 minutes Presentation Relationship Between Fourteen Principles by 4 Small Group Henry Fayol Discussion 30 minutes Presentation Management Styles in Relation to 5 Pharmaceutical Services 20 minutes Presentation Advantages of Management Principles to our 6 Current Work 7 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 8 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 46 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of Management Principles (5 minutes) Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: • What are the management principles? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • Management principles are those philosophies or ideologies which were laid down by management founders like Henry Fayol which to date are still very useful to all management perspective pharmaceutical services inclusive. STEP 3: Fourteen Management Principles by Henry Fayol (20 minutes) • Division of Work • Authority and Responsibility • Discipline • Unity of Command • Unity of Direction • Subordination of Individual Interest • Remuneration • The Degree of Centralization • Scalar Chain • Order • Equity • Stability of Tenure of Personnel • Initiative • Esprit de Corps PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 47 STEP 4: Relationship Between Management Principles and Pharmaceutical Services (40 minutes) Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 20 minutes) DIVIDE students into small manageable groups ASK students to discuss on the following question • What is the relationship between management principles and pharmaceutical services? ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below: • Division of work – To date in pharmaceutical services work is divides to different actors either in line with specialties or to share workload to increase productivity. • Authority and Responsibility – At pharmaceutical unit staff are appointed and charged with authority and responsibilities to perform. The two should commensurate to enable an actor to perform. • Discipline – This principle refers on obedience of subordinates which smoothen working environment. The principle is as well applied to pharmaceutical staff. • Unity of Command – At pharmaceutical unit each staff is supposed to receive order from one unit boss similar to other organizations. • Unity of Direction – A unit has one objective regardless of different activities or functions. However, all will be focusing on one meeting unit objective which finally addressed common organization objectives. This applies to pharmaceutical unit. • Subordination of Individual Interest – Staff at pharmaceutical unit similar to other organizational staff their personal interest should be subordinate to organizational interest. • Remuneration – Motivation is very fundamental to all staff at work place pharmaceutical staff inclusive. • The Degree of Centralization – That refers to decision making sharing following from to to lower level. Top levels (executives) make decision and lower level implement. Delegation of that power to lower level is decentralization. It is applicable to pharmaceutical services as well. • Scalar Chain – Is a flow of power from top to down forming a structure. The head of institution is one while followers are many. This applies to in pharmaceutical services. • Order – Staff at working environment should have accessed resources to work well in organization pharmaceutical staff the same. PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 48 • Equity – Equal and fair treatment should be practiced to all staff in organization pharmaceutical staff same to give them room to perform. • Stability of Tenure of Personnel – This function refers deployment and managing human personnel. At pharmaceutical unit staff are hired and managed similar to other staff. • Initiative – The function encourages involvement and creativity to add value for the company. Even at pharmaceutical services new ideas are encouraged. • Esprit de Corps – The function encourages mutual trust and cooperating among actors. In other words, team work. At pharmaceutical unit cooperation as well is vital for productivity. STEP 6: Advantages of Management Principles in Favour of Pharmaceutical Services (20 minutes) • All fourteen management principles are useful to all management of pharmaceutical services • The principles guide leaders of pharmaceutical plan services, remunerate staff, making decision, divide work among pharmaceutical staff, treating staff equally, etc. • The principles assist in maintaining disciplines and levels of actors at pharmaceutical services. STEP 7: Key Points (05 minutes) • Management principles are those philosophies or ideologies which were laid down by management founders like Henry Fayol. • Fourteen management principles are useful to pharmaceutical services as they guide managers at those levels to apply them accordingly to address pharmaceutical services. • The principles show levels of hierarchy at pharmaceutical unit similar to other organization levels. STEP 8: Evaluation (5 minutes) •