Skip to main content

Pharmaceutical Sciences Notes

Pharmaceutical Sciences Notes, PST Level 4 Semester 2, PST NTA Level 4, PST04208 Law and Ethics in Pharmacy Practice

Health Care Delivery and Referral System in Tanzania – PST04208 Law and Ethics in Pharmacy Practice

NTA Level 4 • Semester 2 • PST04208 Health Care Delivery and Referral System in Tanzania Law and Ethics in Pharmacy Practice • Source Session/Topic 7 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Health Care Delivery and Referral System in Tanzania Students Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define health care system Mention goals of health care system Mention levels of health care delivery system in Tanzania Describe the referral system in health care delivery Definition of Health Care System Health care system is a system which consists of all organizations, people and actions whose primary intent is to promote, restore or maintain health Source WHO 2005 Goals of Health Care System The goals of health care system are; Promoting a goal of universal health care To ensure that all people obtain the health services they need without suffering financial hardship when paying for them. To ensure good health for the citizens, Levels of Health Care Delivery System The organization structure includes five levels as follows: National Level The central level, is the Ministry of Health and social Welfare Regional Level This level sometimes referred to as an extension of the MOH. It has the regional secretariat and one hospital in the region. District hospital level The district is the focal point for the implementation of the national health policy managed by the local authorities. Divisional Level This consist of a health centre which provides both curative and preventive Ward Level This is the lowest level (dispensary) of the formal health care delivery system. Referral System in Health Care Delivery Referral System Is an organizational structure for coordinating, linking, & transferring responsibility of care. May be done by: a generalist to a specialist a specialist to a specialist one hospital to another Government’s referral system assumes a pyramidal pattern of a referral system recommended by health planners that is from dispensary to Consultant Hospital (Better Health In Africa, 1993). The following are health facilities from low level to the highest level through which a referral system go through; Dispensary Services The dispensary caters for 6,000 to 10,000 people and supervises all the village health posts in its ward. This is the first level where patients are attended to. If the patient cannot be attended to at this level because of the complexity of the condition is then referred to the next level which is a health centre Health Centre Services A health Centre is expected to cater for 50,000 people which is approximately the population of one administrative division. This is the second level where patients are attended to. If the patient cannot be attended to at this level because of the complexity of the condition is then referred to the next level which is a health centre District Hospitals The district is a very important level in the provision of health services in the country each district is supposed to have a district hospital. For those districts which donate have Government normally negotiates with religious organizations to designate voluntary hospitals get subventions from the Government to contract terms. Patients are referred to here from Health centres and dispensaries present within the District Regional Hospitals Every region is supposed to have a hospital. Regional Hospital offer similar services like those agreed at district level, however regional hospitals have specialists in various fields and offer additional services which are not provided at district hospitals. Patients from districts are referred to these hospitals for further management Referral/Consultant Hospitals This is the highest level of hospital services in the country presently there are four referral hospitals namely, the Muhimbili National Hospital which cater the eastern zone; Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (KCMC) which cater for the northern zone, Bugando Hospital which cater for the western zone; and Mbeya Hospital which serves the southern Highlands. ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Law and Ethics in Pharmacy Practice topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

Pharmaceutical Sciences Notes, PST Level 4 Semester 2, PST NTA Level 4, PST04208 Law and Ethics in Pharmacy Practice

Roles of Pharmaceutical Personnel in Health Care Delivery – PST04208 Law and Ethics in Pharmacy Practice

NTA Level 4 • Semester 2 • PST04208 Roles of Pharmaceutical Personnel in Health Care Delivery Law and Ethics in Pharmacy Practice • Source Session/Topic 8 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Roles of Pharmaceutical Personnel Students Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Mention roles of pharmaceutical dispensers Describe roles of pharmaceutical assistants Mention roles of pharmaceutical technicians Roles of Pharmaceutical Dispensers Assist the sale of pharmacy only and prescription only medicines under general sale Assist in compounding, manipulation or preparation of non sterile medicines or categorized substances according to a formula or standard operating procedures approved by a superintendent Assist the provision of information to individuals in order to promote health Assist in the distribution and control of stock of categorized medicines or categorized substances Roles of Pharmaceutical Assistants Pharmaceutical assistants enlisted may under supervision of a pharmacist, perform the following services or acts; Assist the sale of pharmacy only and prescription only medicines under general sale Assist in compounding, manipulation or preparation of non sterile medicines or categorized substances according to a formula or standard operating procedures approved by a superintendent Assist in manufacturing of sterile medicines or categorized substances according to formula and standard operating procedures approved by superintendent Assist in repackaging of medicines Assist in the distribution and control of stock of categorized medicine or categorized substances Assist the provision of information to individuals in order to promote health Undertake any other service or act as the council as the council may prescribe Roles of Pharmaceutical Technicians A pharmaceutical technician enrolled by the pharmacy council may, under the personal supervision of a pharmacist, perform the following activities Sale of pharmacy only and prescription only medicines under general sale Compounding, manipulation or preparation of non-sterile medicines or categorized substances according to a formula and standard operating procedures approved by a superintendent Assist in manufacturing of sterile or non sterile medicines or scheduled substances according to a formula and standard operating procedures approved by superintendent Repackaging of medicines in accordance with standard operating procedures approved by superintendent The distribution and control of stock of schedule medicines or categorized substances in the manner prescribed under any written law The ordering of medicine and scheduled substances upon review such medicine by an authorized practitioner in the manner prescribed under the Act or any other written law , or to purchase or obtain such medicine or categorized substance Interpretation and evaluation of prescription, selection, manipulation or compounding of medicine, labelling and supply of the medicine in an appropriate container Provision of instructions regarding the correct use of medicines supplied The provision of information to individuals in order to promote health Assist in data collection for research purposes Supervision of pharmaceutical Assistant Promotion of medical products and medical devices as per the Act Undertake any other Act or service as may be prescribed by the Council ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Law and Ethics in Pharmacy Practice topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

Pharmaceutical Sciences Notes, PST Level 4 Semester 2, PST NTA Level 4, PST04208 Law and Ethics in Pharmacy Practice

Laws Relating to Storage and Distribution of Medicines and Medical Supplies – PST04208 Law and Ethics in Pharmacy Practice

NTA Level 4 • Semester 2 • PST04208 Laws Relating to Storage and Distribution of Medicines and Medical Supplies Law and Ethics in Pharmacy Practice • Source Session/Topic 9 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Laws Relating to Storage and Distribution of Medicines and Medical supplies Students Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define terms storage ,distribution, good storage practices Identify sections in the Pharmacy Act 2011 related to storage and distribution of medicines and medical supplies Describe sections in the Pharmacy Act 2011, related to storage and distribution of medicines and medical supplies Definition of Terms Storage and Distribution according to Pharmacy Act 2011 Definitions: Storage of medicines and medical supplies Storage means putting and safe keeping of medicines and medical supplies up to the point of use. Good Storage Practices (GSP) means part of quality assurance that ensures that the quality of pharmaceutical products is maintained by means of adequate control throughout the storage thereof. Distribution Distribution means a business of dealing in human medicines or medical devices in bulk or wholesale but does not include importers of human medicines, medical devices, food, cosmetics and veterinary medicines. Good distribution practices (GDP) Are practices that ensure that the quality of a pharmaceutical product is maintained by means of adequate control of the numerous activities which occur during the distribution process as well as providing a tool to secure the distribution system from counterfeits, unapproved, illegally imported, stolen, counterfeit, substandard, adulterated, and/or misbranded pharmaceutical products. Identification of Sections in the Pharmacy Act 2011,related to storage and distribution of medicines and medical supplies Section 34 Registration of premises Section 36 Application of permits Section 44 Conditions for body corporate to become authorized seller of medicines and pharmaceutical products Description of Sections in the Pharmacy Act 2011,related to storage and distribution of medicines and medical supplies Section 34 Registration of Premises A person shall not sell, dispense or supply medicinal products except in premises registered under this Act. An application for registration or renewal of registration of premises shall be made to the Council in the prescribed form, and shall be accompanied by such fee as the Council may prescribe. The Registrar or any person in his behalf shall- keep a register of all premises registered under this section; register premises if he is satisfied that the requirements to be complied with by the applicant as prescribed by the Council from time to time have been complied with; or have powers to approve the location and name of the proposed premises. The Council may, for good cause, refuse to register or cause to be removed from the register, any premises which is or has become unsuitable for purposes for which they were registered. A person who contravenes the provisions of subsection (1) commits an offence and upon conviction shall be liable to a fine not exceeding ten million shillings or imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years or to both. Section 36 Application for Permits A person shall not sell, dispense or supply medicinal products unless he has obtained a permit issued under this Act. An application for a permit shall be made to the Council in the prescribed form, and shall be accompanied by such fee as the Minister may prescribe. The Council shall not issue a permit to sell medicines and related medical supplies under this section unless the Council is satisfied that the premises in respect of which the application relates shall be stored, meets the prescribed standards; that the equipment are available for storing the medicines and related medical supplies; with the suitability of the equipment and facilities which are used for distributing the medicines and related medical supplies; and With the arrangements made or to be made for securing the safe keeping, and the maintenance of adequate records in respect of medicines and related medical supplies stored in or distributed from those premises. Section 44 Conditions for body corporate to become authorized seller of medicine and pharmaceutical products Anybody corporate carrying on business involving sale of drugs shall be an authorized seller of medicines within the meaning of this Act, if- with regard to the keeping, selling, dispensing and compounding of medicines the business is under the management of a superintendent who- is a Pharmacist; has signed and submitted to the Registrar a statement in writing on behalf of the body corporate stating his name and specifying whether or not he is a member of that body; and is not at that time acting in similar capacity for any other body; in each set of premises for the sell of medicines, the business is carried on either under the personal supervision of the superintendent or subject to his directions under the personal control of another Pharmacist; the name and certificate of registration of the superintendent or of some other Pharmacist having control of the business is conspicuously exhibited in the premises. Where- a body corporate which is an authorized seller of drugs has been convicted of an offence under this Act; or any member of the body corporate or any of its officer or any officer employed by it in carrying on the business, has been convicted of any criminal offence, or has been guilty of misconduct which, in the opinion of the Council, renders him or would, if he were a Pharmacist, render him unfit to be on the register, the Council may inquire into the matter and may, subject to this Act, direct that- the body corporate cease to be an authorized seller of medicines, and be disqualified for a period to be specified in the directions from being an authorized seller of medicines; or any or all of the premises of medicines and the body corporate be removed from the register of premises and be disqualified for such period as the Council

Pharmaceutical Sciences Notes, PST Level 4 Semester 2, PST NTA Level 4, PST04208 Law and Ethics in Pharmacy Practice

Handling and Disposal of Unfit Medicines and Cosmetic Products – PST04208 Law and Ethics in Pharmacy Practice

NTA Level 4 • Semester 2 • PST04208 Handling and Disposal of Unfit Medicines and Cosmetic Products Law and Ethics in Pharmacy Practice • Source Session/Topic 10 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Procedures for Handling and Disposal of Unfit Medicines and Cosmetic products Students Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define the terms “ unfit medicines and cosmetic products” Describe the handling of unfit medicines and cosmetic products at facility level Describe the procedures for application to dispose off unfit medicines and cosmetic products prepare the format of the Register Book of unfit medicines/cosmetic products(Annex I) prepare Model of Application form for disposal of unfit products(Annex II) Definition of Unfit Medicines and Cosmetic products Unfit medicines and cosmetic products Medicines and Cosmetic products shall be considered as unfit when they are: expired improperly sealed damaged, unexpired and improperly stored improperly labelled counterfeit, substandard and adulterated prohibited unauthorized Prohibited drugs means any drug declared to be a prohibited drug in terms of the provisions of section 81 of this Act (TFDC Act). Counterfeit : a drug, medical device or herbal drug shall be deemed to be counterfeit if – it is manufactured under a name which belongs to another drug; or it is an imitation of, or is a substitute for, another drug, medical device or herbal drug resembles another drug or medical device likely to deceive or bears upon its label or container the name of another drug, medical device or herbal drug unless it is plainly and conspicuously marked so as to reveal its true character and its lack of identity with such other drug, medical device or herbal drug; or the label or container bears the name Of an individual or company purporting to be a manufacturer of the drug, medical device or herbal drug; which individual or company is fictitious or does not exist; or it has been substituted wholly or in Part by another drug substances; or it Purports to be it is a Product of manufacturer of whom it is not truly product. Expired: means a product should not be sold because of an expected decline in quality or effectiveness after a certain date. Substandard products are products that do not meet their quality standards and specifications. Handling of Unfit Medicines and Cosmetic products at Facility level Handling of Unfit Medicines and Cosmetic products at Facility level In order to manage properly unfit medicines and cosmetic products at a facility level, the following requirements shall be adhered to: Maintain a register book (Annex I) for unfit medicines and cosmetic products Keep them into different categories by dosage form such as:- Solids, semi-solids and powders: capsules, powders for injection, tablets, granules, creams, gels, suppositories etc. Liquids: Solutions, suspension, syrups, mixtures, lotions, aerosol, inhalers etc. Keep separately medicines which fall under controlled drugs, antineoplastics, antibiotics and any other hazardous medicines or cosmetic products. Keep in containers according to their dosage forms to facilitate verification exercise, sorting and selection of disposal method Demarcate an area for keeping containers of unfit medicines and cosmetic products which shall be labeled conspicuously with words “Expired medicines/ cosmetic products – Not for Sale” or “Unfit medicines/cosmetics – Not for sale” or “Dawa/Vipodozi hivi muda wake wa matumizi umekwisha – visiuzwe” au “Dawa/Vipodozi hivihavifai kwa matumizi – zisiuzwe” in red ink. Maintain safe custody of unfit pharmaceutical products in registered premises until they are disposed off to avoid pilferage. The decision of when to initiate disposal of unfit medicines and cosmetic products shall be made by regional, district or hospital pharmacist, owners, in-charge of facility, dispensers, and inspectors (including inspectors at ports of entry) to avoid accumulation of such products. Application for disposal of unfit medicines from Government institutions shall be accompanied by an approval from Accountant General declaring that the product have been written off and that are subject to disposal as required by law under Section 256 of the Public Finance Regulations,2001. Procedures for Application to dispose off Unfit Medicines and Cosmetic products Any person who intends to dispose off unfit medicines or cosmetic products shall adhere to the following procedures: Request in writing to the Director General of TFDA by using application for (Annex II) which is available at TFDA headquarter offices, TFDA zone offices, Regional and District Medical officer’s offices and TFDA website: www.tfda.ac.tz. A request shall be accompanied with a list of products to be disposed of and should state clearly trade name, generic name and strength (where applicable), dosage form, pack size, quantity, manufacturer, batch number and market value of product. Once the request has been received by TFDA, the Authority shall acknowledge and inform the applicant through a letter to contact Directorate of Medicines and Cosmetics to arrange or TFDA zone offices for verification of the product. In case of regions where there are no TFDA zone offices, applicant shall be informed to contact the Regional or District Medical officer’s offices for the same. TFDA-HQ or TFDA zone office/Regional/District Medical officer’s offices shall send inspectors to the premises to verify and authenticate the information submitted. Format of the Register Book of Unfit Medicines /Cosmetic products Important information in the Register book: Name of the product trade name generic name Strength of the product(where applicable) Dosage form: suspension, cream, ointment, tablet,…. Pack size Quantity Batch number Value(Tshs.) Annex I Format of Register Book S/N Name of a product Name of a product Strength where applicable Dosage form Pack size quantity Batch number Value (TZs) Trade name Generic name Strength where applicable Dosage form Pack size quantity Batch number Value (TZs) STEP 6: Model of Application form for Disposal of Unfit products (10 minutes) Important information in Application Form for Disposal Form number Postal address of TFDA Postal address of the applicant Specification of type of business of the applicant Type of products to be disposed

Pharmaceutical Sciences Notes, PST Level 4 Semester 2, PST NTA Level 4, PST04208 Law and Ethics in Pharmacy Practice

Sorting and Verification of Unfit Medicines and Cosmetic Products – PST04208 Law and Ethics in Pharmacy Practice

NTA Level 4 • Semester 2 • PST04208 Sorting and Verification of Unfit Medicines and Cosmetic Products Law and Ethics in Pharmacy Practice • Source Session/Topic 11 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Sorting and Verification Exercise of Unfit Medicines and Cosmetic Products Students Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define the term sorting of unfit medicines and cosmetic products Describe the sorting categories with their recommended disposal methods Describe sorting process of unfit medicines and cosmetic products Describe verification exercise of unfit medicines and cosmetic products Describe the Model of the Verification form(Annex III) Definition of the Term Sorting of Unfit Medicines and Cosmetic Products Sorting of unfit medicines and cosmetic products Sorting of medicines and cosmetic products means to separate the medicines and cosmetic products into separate categories for which different disposal methods are required. The separation should be made into those that can be safely used and returned to the pharmaceutical supply system and those that require disposal by different methods. For example, controlled drugs (e.g. narcotics), antineoplastic drugs and antibiotics all require special methods of disposal. Substantial investment in human resources may be required for identifying and separating those products. Sorting Categories and their Recommended Disposal Methods Sorting categories and their recommended methods Some of the examples of category of products and their recommended disposal methods are highlighted on the table below: S/N Categories Disposal methods 1. Solids, semi-solids and Powders Landfill, incineration and waste Immobilization 2. Liquids Sewer, high temperature incineration and treated waste 3. Antineoplastics Treated waste and landfill, high temperature incineration and return to manufacturer 4. Controlled drugs Treated waste and landfill, high temperature incineration 5. Aerosols and inhalers Landfill without waste inertization 6. Disinfectants Sewer or fast-flowing watercourse 7. PVC plastics, glass (ampoules, bottles and vials) Landfill and re-cycling 8. Paper, cardboard Recycle, burn, landfill Sorting process of Unfit Medicines and Cosmetic Products During verification exercise, the drug inspector shall supervise sorting exercise of unfit medicines and cosmetics products before determination of disposal method. Sorting should be done in an open or in a well ventilated area/building as close as possible to the stock pile in an orderly manner. Staff involved in sorting exercise shall be provided with protective gears such as gloves, boots, overalls and dust masks and shall be briefed on the sorting exercise, health and safety risks associated with handling the materials. Sorted medicines and cosmetics shall be carefully packed into steel drums or cardboard boxes or jute bags and information to be indicated outside the container shall include; dosage form(s) and proposed mode of destruction. The materials should be kept in a dry secure and preferably separate room to avoid being confused with in–date medicines or cosmetics until disposal is carried out. Verification Exercise of Unfit Medicines and Cosmetic Products After verification exercise is completed, a verification form (Annex III) shall be filled and signed by both parties. Verification process shall involve the following stages: Identification of the product. Separate medicines which fall under controlled drugs, antineoplastics, antibiotics and any other hazardous medicinal or cosmetic products. Sort according to Destruction Method (Annex IV). After verification the applicant shall be informed by either TFDA-HQ or TFDA zone office, Regional or District Authorities through a letter on the proposed mode of destruction and shall be directed to arrange with the respective local authority e.g. Municipal/ District Medical Officer/ Pharmacist to determine disposal site, cost and date of destruction. The cost of destruction shall be borne by the owner of the product as stipulated under Section 99 of Tanzania Food, Drugs and Cosmetics Act of 2003. Description of Model of Verification Form Annex III Model of Verification Form Form No…………… TANZANIA FOOD AND DRUGS AUTHORITY P.O. BOX 77150, DAR ES SALAAM Email: info@tfda.or.tz Telephone: 255 22 2450512, 2450751 Direct Line: 255 22 2450979 Fax No: 255 22 2450793 Name of applicant………………………………………………………………………….. of (postal address)… … … … … … … …… … … … … … undertaking the business of(specify)………………………………………………………………………………………. Location of Business……………………………………………………………………………. Weight (in Kg)………………………………………………………………………………………. Value (in Tshs)…………………………………………………………………………………….. Does the actual product(s) tally with the list of product(s) submitted to TFDA? YES/NO Other observation (s)……………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Suggested mode of destruction………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Name of Applicant……………………………………………………..Signature…………. Date of verification………………………………. 1. Name of Drug Inspector…………………………………………Signature…………….. 2. Name of Drug Inspector…………………………………………Signature……………… Handout 13.1: Sorting Categories and their Recommended Methods of disposal Sorting categories: The objective of sorting is to separate the medicines and cosmetic products into categories that require different disposal methods. The appropriate safe disposal method recommended will depend principally on the pharmaceutical dosage form of the drugs. Segregated temporary storage areas or receptacles must be provided for each sorted category. Practical advice on sorting Sorting involves an initial overall evaluation of the stockpile and subsequent division of pharmaceuticals into those suitable for use and those to be discarded. For those to be discarded a decision is made on the best method of disposal. To be efficient items should only be handled once. Pharmaceuticals suitable for use should remain in their packaging. The pharmaceuticals to be discarded should, when necessary, be separated from their packaging as late in the process as possible. The sorting process includes: identifying each item; making a decision on whether it is usable; if usable, leaving packaging intact; if not usable, making a judgement on the optimal method of disposal and sorting accordingly; leaving packages and boxes intact until reaching their location, prior to definitive disposal or Transport to an institution for use. Optimum conditions for sorting Sorting should be done in the open or in a well ventilated and, if necessary, heated covered structure designated by the local authority. Sorting should be done as close as possible to the stockpile in an orderly way, with all sorted material clearly labeled and separated at all times. Staff supplied with protective equipment (gloves, boots, overalls, dust masks, etc.), should

Pharmaceutical Sciences Notes, PST Level 4 Semester 2, PST NTA Level 4, PST04208 Law and Ethics in Pharmacy Practice

Destruction of Unfit Medicines and Cosmetic Products – PST04208 Law and Ethics in Pharmacy Practice

NTA Level 4 • Semester 2 • PST04208 Destruction of Unfit Medicines and Cosmetic Products Law and Ethics in Pharmacy Practice • Source Session/Topic 12 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Destruction of Unfit medicines and Cosmetic Products Students Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Identify different Participants involved in the Destruction process Describe the procedures for Destruction of Unfit Medicines and Cosmetic products Describe the Model of Drug Disposal Form of Unfit Medicines and Cosmetic products Describe the Model of Certificate of Destruction of Unfit Medicines and Cosmetic products Identification of Different Participants involved in the Destruction Process Identification of Different Participants involved in the Destruction Process It is the responsibility of the Tanzania Food and Drug Authority to implement the guidelines in coordination with regional and local health authorities, as well as with the directors of health facilities that face the problems of drug disposal. A local task force or advisory committee should be established at an early stage to assess, analyze and address the problem of drug disposal, and to monitor activities. Furthermore, it is suggested that such a task force has a maximum of five members and that meetings are held as near to the site of the stockpile as possible. Members/supervisors are chosen from: the drug regulatory authority the ministry of health; the police authority institutional pharmacists; A qualified hazardous waste expert may be appointed by the authority to be responsible for pharmaceutical waste disposal. If this is done the person appointed should become a member of the task force. The individual can be an expert in environmental management, a registered water chemist, hydro-geologist or sanitary engineer. The choice of expert depends on the technical problems to be faced. Therefore the destruction exercise shall be supervised by Health Officer, Environmental Officer, Policeman and Drug Inspector, and the owner/witness/superintended (pharmacist in charge) of the business. Procedures for Destruction of Unfit Medicines and Cosmetic Products Destruction of unfit medicines and cosmetic products shall involve the following procedures: A Drug Inspector, Health Officer, Environmental Officer and Policeman shall supervise the transport of consignment from the owner’s premises to the disposal site for destruction exercise. The destruction exercise shall be supervised by Health Officer, Environmental Officer, Policeman and Drug Inspector. Unfit medicines and cosmetic products shall be transported in a closed motor vehicle to avoid pilferage. Supervisors shall wear protective gears such as overalls, gloves, masks, caps and boots during the exercise. Upon completion of the exercise, a Drug Disposal Form (Annex V) shall be duly filled in and signed by the supervisors and owner/owner’s representative. Drug Disposal Form shall be sent to TFDA headquarter offices. Once TFDA has received the form, a certificate of destruction of unfit medicines and cosmetic products (Annex VI) shall be prepared and sent to the consignee. Particular care shall be taken while handling anti cancer drugs, narcotic drugs and penicillins to avoid associated hazards. Description of Model of Drug Disposal Form of Unfit Medicines and Cosmetic products Important information in the Disposal Form Name and address of the owner of the products destroyed Location/site where destruction exercise was conducted Date of the destruction exercise Methods of destruction used Total weight (Kg) and value(Tshs) of the products destroyed Name and signature of owner/in charge/representative of the organization Names, title and signatures of Drug Inspector, other supervisor(s) and witness of the disposal exercise. The Model of the form: (Annex V) Model of Disposal Form Form No……… (Pursuant to Section 99 of the Tanzania Food, Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 2003) The Tanzania Food and Drugs Authority declares to have supervised the disposal of unfit product (as per attached list) belonging to M/S…………………………………………………………………………………………… of postal address…………………………………………………………………………… The destruction exercise was conducted at (location, site) ……………………………………………on this date ……………………………………… by the following method(s) (state clearly):- 1…………………………………………………… 2…………………………………………………… 3…………………………………………………… The total weight of the products destroyed is ……………………………………… Kg and value is ………………………………………. Tshs. Name and signature of owner/in charge/representative of the organization: …………………………………… …… ……………………………………. (Name) (Signature) Names, title and signatures of Drug Inspector(s), other supervisor(s) and Witness of the disposal exercise:- Name: Title/Position: Signature & Date: 1………………………… ……. …………………….… …………………… 2…………………………. …………………. …………. ..…..……………… 3………………………… …. ……………………. …… …………………… 4…………………………. . ……………………. ……… …………………… 5………………………… …. …………………………… ……………………. Description of model of certificate of Destruction of Unfit Medicines and Cosmetic Products Important Information in the Certificate of Destruction Reference number of the certificate Date Name and postal address of owner Methods of destruction Place/site of destruction Serial number of the attached disposal form Weight(Kg) and value(Tshs) of products disposed Name and signature of Director General Annex VI Model of Certificate of Destruction Ref. No……………………………..… Date: ……………………….. THE TANZANIA FOOD, DRUGS AND COSMETICS ACT, 2003 CERTIFICATE OF DESTRUCTION I, being the person in-charge with the administration of the law relating to the Control of Pharmaceutical Products to which the Tanzania Food, Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 2003 apply, hereby certify the destruction of expired Pharmaceutical products belonging to…………………………………………………. of (Postal Address) …………………………………………………………… which took place on………………………………………………………………………………………………. The said consignment was destroyed by…………………………………………………… at………………………………………………….. …..under the witness and supervision of Drug Inspector, Environmental Officer, Health Officer and Police as specified in the attached disposal form with S.No. ………………………………….. The weight of the whole lot disposed is ………………….. Kg and its value is ……………… Tshs. ……………………………. Name and Signature of Director General ← Previous TopicView all Law and Ethics in Pharmacy Practice topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

Pharmaceutical Sciences Notes, PST Level 4 Semester 2, PST NTA Level 4, PST04209 Compounding of Pharmaceutical Preparations

Introduction to Pharmaceutical Compounding – PST04209 Compounding of Pharmaceutical Preparations

NTA Level 4 • Semester 2 • PST04209 Introduction to Pharmaceutical Compounding Compounding of Pharmaceutical Preparations • Source Session/Topic 1 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 1: Introduction to Pharmaceutical Compounding Total Session Time: 60 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Describe Historical Background of Compounding • Define Pharmaceutical Compounding • Explain Reasons for Compounding in Pharmacy practice Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board, chalk and whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 15 minutes Presentation 2 Historical Background of Compounding Buzzing 10 minutes Presentation 3 Definition of Pharmaceutical Compounding Buzzing 20 minutes Presentation Reasons for Compounding in Pharmacy 4 Practice 5 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 6 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 1 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Historical Background of Compounding (15 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes • What is the origin of Compounding? ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points not mentioned WRITE their response on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below • Compounding has its origins since the beginning of the profession of pharmacy itself. • The profession of pharmacy is as old as mankind, it has been a part of everyday life. • The oldest settlements support the contention that prehistoric peoples gathered plants for medicinal purposes. • By trial and error, the folk knowledge of the healing properties of certain natural substances grew • Compounded Medications were the standard means of providing prescription medications prior to medications being mass produced in high volume by large pharmaceutical manufacturers. . • In the last few decades, patient and physicians have realized that not all patients can tolerate commercial, “off the shelf” medications. And hence demand for professional compounding to meet the required dosage strengths, dosage forms. • Patients often experience better outcomes with customized compounded prescriptions that are formulated specifically for them. CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 2 STEP 3: Definition of Pharmaceutical Compounding (10 minutes) Activity: Brainstorming (10 minutes) Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: • What is pharmaceutical compounding? ALLOW few students to respond? WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • Pharmaceutical compounding is the art and science of preparing a particular pharmaceutical product by combining appropriate ingredients using various tools to meet the unique need of a patient. Or • Compounding is defined as the art and science of creating personalized medications for patient. Or • The pharmaceutical compounding includes preparation, mixing, assembling, altering, packaging, and labeling of a drug, drug-delivery device, or device in accordance with a licensed practitioner‟s prescription, medication order, or initiative based on the practitioner/ patient/ pharmacist/compounder relationship in the course of professional practice. STEP 4: Reasons for Compounding in Pharmacy Practice (20 minutes) The following are reasons for compounding: • To adjust strength or dosage • To flavour a medication (i.e. to make it palatable for a child) • To reformulate the drug to exclude an unwanted , nonessential ingredient • To change the form of the medication for patients who, for example, have difficulty in swallowing or experience stomach upset when taking oral medication. • To ensure the patient is getting the right drug STEP 5: Key Points (5 minutes) • Compounding has its origins since the beginning of the profession of pharmacy itself. • The profession of pharmacy is as old as man kind CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 3 • Compounding is defined as the art and science of creating personalized medications for patient • The following are reasons for compounding; o To adjust strength or dosage o To flavour a medication (i.e. to make it palatable for a child) o To reformulate the drug to exclude an unwanted , nonessential ingredient o To change the form of the medication for patients who, for example, have difficulty in swallowing or experience stomach upset when taking oral medication. STEP 6: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What is the origin of compounding? • What is pharmaceutical compounding? • What are the reasons for compounding in pharmacy? CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 4 CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 5 References Senya, S. S., Mwasha, C. Y. S., Muyinga, A. M., Amiri, R. I., & Mauga, E. A. S. K. (2011). Tanzania Pharmaceutical Handbook (2nd ed.). Dar es salaam: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Allied Health Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Health Sciences. A. J. Winfield, J. A. R., I. Smith. (2009). Pharmaceutical Practice (4th ed.) Britain, R. P. S. o. G. (1994). The Pharmaceutical Codex (12 ed.). London: London Pharmaceutical Press. CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 6 Next Topic →View all Compounding of Pharmaceutical Preparations topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

Pharmaceutical Sciences Notes, PST Level 4 Semester 2, PST NTA Level 4, PST04209 Compounding of Pharmaceutical Preparations

Describe Personnel and Premises Requirements – PST04209 Compounding of Pharmaceutical Preparations

NTA Level 4 • Semester 2 • PST04209 Describe Personnel and Premises Requirements Compounding of Pharmaceutical Preparations • Source Session/Topic 2 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 2: Describe Personnel and Premises Requirements for Compounding Total Session Time: 60 minutes Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Outline Personnel Requirements for Compounding • Outline Premise Requirements for Compounding Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board , chalk and whiteboard markers, • LCD projector and computer SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 25 minutes Presentation Personnel Requirements for Compounding 2 Brainstorming 20 minutes Presentation Premise Requirements for Compounding 3 Buzzing 4 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 5 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 7 SESSION CONTENTS STEP1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: Personnel Requirements for Compounding (25 minutes) Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: • Who is responsible for compounding of pharmaceuticals? ALLOW few students to respond? WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below The following are personnel required for compounding: • Pharmacist • Pharmaceutical Technician • Pharmaceutical assistant • Pharmaceutical dispenser STEP 3: Premise Requirements for Compounding (20 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes • Where pharmaceutical products should be compounded? ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points not mentioned WRITE their response on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 8 • The following are areas for compounding: o Pharmaceutical laboratory o Pharmaceutical industry o Pharmaceutical training institution o Drug outlets i.e. Pharmacy etc STEP 4: Key Points (5 minutes) • Personnel required for compounding include: o Pharmacist o Pharmaceutical Technician o Pharmaceutical assistant o Pharmaceutical dispensers • Premises for compounding are: o Pharmaceutical laboratory o Pharmaceutical industry o Pharmaceutical training institution o Drug outlets i.e. Pharmacy. STEP 5: Evaluation (5 minutes) • Who is responsible for compounding of pharmaceuticals? • Where pharmaceutical products should be compounded? CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 9 References Senya, S. S., Mwasha, C. Y. S., Muyinga, A. M., Amiri, R. I., & Mauga, E. A. S. K. (2011). Tanzania Pharmaceutical Handbook (2nd ed.). Dar es salaam: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Allied Health Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Health Sciences. MoHSW (2011), the Pharmacy Act 2011. Dar-es-Salaam: Government Printer MoHSW (2003), Tanzania Food, Drugs and Cosmetics Act. Dar-es-Salaam: Government printer. CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 10 ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Compounding of Pharmaceutical Preparations topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

Pharmaceutical Sciences Notes, PST Level 4 Semester 2, PST NTA Level 4, PST04209 Compounding of Pharmaceutical Preparations

Identification and Correct use of Apparatus, – PST04209 Compounding of Pharmaceutical Preparations

NTA Level 4 • Semester 2 • PST04209 Identification and Correct use of Apparatus, Compounding of Pharmaceutical Preparations • Source Session/Topic 3 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 3: Identification and Correct use of Apparatus, Instrument and Equipment in Compounding Total Session Time: 120 minutes +6 hours of Practice Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Mention apparatus, instrument and equipment used in compounding • Demonstrate correct use of apparatus, instrument and equipment Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board, chalk and whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 35 minutes Presentation Apparatus, Instruments and Equipments Used in 2 Compounding Buzzing 60 minutes Presentation Correct Use of Apparatus Instruments and 3 Equipments Demonstration 4 10 minutes Presentation Key Points 5 10 minutes Presentation Evaluation CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 11 SESSION CONTENTS STEP1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: Apparatus, Instruments and Equipment Used in Compounding (35 Minutes) Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes • What are the apparatus, instruments and equipment used for compounding? ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points not mentioned WRITE their response on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below • Apparatus used for compounding are the following: o Beaker (glass and plastic) o Measuring cylinders o Pipette o Mortar and pestle o Thermometer o Stirring rod o Spatula (stainless steel or plastic) o Sucker / rubber tit o Evaporating dish o Storage container (jar and bottles) o X – ray film o Cylindrical or conical measures o Conical flasks o Funnel (glass or plastic) o Filtration material ( filter paper, muslin, cotton gauze, gauze) o Sieve • Instruments used for compounding include; o Weighing balance o Water bath o Bunsen burner CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 12 o Stove • Equipment used for compounding include; o Reverse Osmosis machine o Autoclave machine o Tablet compression machine o Fluidized bed drier o Coating machine o HPLC machine o Dissolution STEP 3: Correct Use of Apparatus, Instruments and Equipment (60 minutes) • Pipette should be held in upright while forefinger is positioned at the top for good reading of meniscus • Reading of the meniscus should be taken at the bottom curvature • Viscous liquid should not be measured by using pipette, because it will not be poured easily, instead use measuring cylinders. • Weighing balance before use, should be tarred to zero or pointer should be at zero • Pieces of paper or x-rays film are covered on top for protection of the weighing balance. And also for an easy cleaning of the weighing balance • Stainless spatula should not be used when weighing metals (e.g. Iodine) because it will cause chemical reaction and stain on the spatula, instead used plastic spatula • Chemicals liquids are sucked by using sucker and not by using mouth CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 13 Activity: Demonstration (50 minutes) DIVIDE students in small manageable groups. PREPARE apparatus, instruments and equipments needed for demonstration POSITION students so that everyone can see and hear REVIEW steps of that skill with students using a Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) REFER students to the Tanzania Pharmaceutical Handbook for correct use of the equipment DEMONSTRATE the procedure of correct use of the apparatus, instrument and equipment ALLOW one student from each group to do a return demonstration and let others comment on it CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below INFORM the students that “every student will practice in the laboratory under supervision until is competent” STEP 4: Key Points (10 minutes) • Apparatus, instruments and equipment used for compounding are the following: o Beaker o Measuring cylinders o Pipette o Mortar and pestle o Thermometer o Stirring rod o Spatula (stainless steel or plastic) o Sucker / rubber tit o Evaporating dish o Storage container o X – ray film o Weighing balance o Water bath o Bunsen burner o Stove o Reverse Osmosis o Autoclave machine o Tablet compression machine o Fluidized bed drier CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 14 o Coating machine o HPLC machine o Dissolution • To ensure quality pharmaceutical preparations, the apparatus, instruments and equipment for compounding must be used correctly STEP 5: Evaluation (10 minutes) What are the apparatus, instruments and equipment that are used in compounding? STEP 6: Practice (6 hours) • INFORM the students that “every student will practice in the laboratory under supervision until is competent” on identifying and demonstrate the correct use of the apparatus, instruments and equipments used in compounding CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 15 References Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain., & Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences. (1994). The Pharmaceutical Codex, Principles and Practice of Pharmaceutics (W. Lund Ed. 12th ed.). London,: Pharmaceutical P. Senya, S. S., Mwasha, C. Y. S., Muyinga, A. M., Amiri, R. I., & Mauga, E. A. S. K. (2011). Tanzania Pharmaceutical Handbook (2nd ed.). Dar es salaam: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Allied Health Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Health Sciences. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. Committee of Revision. (2013). The United States pharmacopeia (pp. v.). Rockville, Md.: United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide

Pharmaceutical Sciences Notes, PST Level 4 Semester 2, PST NTA Level 4, PST04209 Compounding of Pharmaceutical Preparations

Cleaning, Preventive Maintenance and Storage of Equipment and Instruments used in Compounding – PST04209 Compounding of Pharmaceutical Preparations

NTA Level 4 • Semester 2 • PST04209 Cleaning, Preventive Maintenance and Storage of Equipment and Instruments used in Compounding Compounding of Pharmaceutical Preparations • Source Session/Topic 4 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 4: Cleaning, Preventive Maintenance and Storage of Equipment and Instruments used in Compounding Total Session Time: 120 minutes + 4 hours of Practice Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Explain Proper Cleaning of Equipment and Instruments • Describe Preventive Maintenance of Equipment and Instruments • Describe Storage of Equipment and Instruments Used in Compounding Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board , chalk and whiteboard markers, • LCD projector and computer SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 35 minutes Presentation Proper Cleaning of Equipment and Instruments 2 Demonstration 35 minutes Presentation Preventive Maintenance of Equipment and 3 Instruments Demonstration 35 minutes Presentation Storage of Equipment and Instruments Used in 4 Demonstration Compounding 5 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 6 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 17 SESSION CONTENTS STEP1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: Proper Cleaning of Equipment (35 Minutes) • Cleaning is the process of removing visible material such as dirt, grease, so as to reduce the possibility of contamination. • Equipment need proper cleaning before and after use to prevent contamination to the prepared products and other instruments and apparatus used in compounding, every equipment has got it‟s cleaning procedures but generally the procedures depend on the type of equipment to be cleaned, there are equipment which require cleansing using chemicals (disinfectants, detergents) and the one which require dusting/wiping off • Personnel responsible for cleaning should: o Wash their hands with soap and water o Be aware of the risks of contamination o Wear thick, protective gloves o Be careful when handling sharps and sharp instruments o Follow manufacturer‟s instructions Activity: Demonstration (20 minutes) DIVIDE students in small manageable groups. PREPARE equipment needed for demonstration POSITION students so that everyone can see and hear REVIEW steps of that skill with students using a Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) REFER students to the SOP for cleaning of equipment or Instrument DEMONSTRATE the procedure of conducting cleaning of the equipment using SOP ALLOW one student from each group to do a return demonstration and let others comment on it CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the manufacturer‟s instruction according to the equipment or instrument used. INFORM the students that “every student will practice in the laboratory under supervision until is competent” CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 18 STEP 3: Describe Preventive Maintenance of Equipment (35 minutes) • Preventive maintenance is a regular service, recommended by manufacturers and carried out by trained technicians, to check equipment performance and replace parts. • The frequency of preventive maintenance depends on the type of the equipment and the manufacturer‟s recommendation. • Regular servicing of the equipment can double the life time of the equipment and reduce breakdowns. o For example refrigerators and weighing scales can last for about 8 years if they are regularly serviced • Proper maintenance affects the performance and safety of the equipment. Poorly maintained equipment deteriorates more quickly and is more likely to break down. • Unreliable or inaccurate equipment is often worse than no equipment at all. A sterilizer, for example, will not sterilize its contents properly • NOTE: All maintenance and repairs should be carried out according to manufacturer‟s instruction Activity: Demonstration (20 minutes) DIVIDE students in small manageable groups. PREPARE equipment needed for demonstration POSITION students so that everyone can see and hear REVIEW steps of that skill with students using a Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) REFER students to the SOP of conducting preventive maintenance of equipment DEMONSTRATE the procedure of conducting preventive maintenance using SOP ALLOW one student from each group to do a return demonstration and let others comment on it CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below INFORM the students that “every student will practice in the laboratory under supervision until is competent” CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 19 For example, Practical tips for steam sterilizer maintenance • Clean the inside of the sterilizer after use and check regularly for signs of wear and damage. • Regularly clean the nozzle that the weights rest on • Check for steam leakages around the lids and valve. If there is a problem, turn off the heat, open the pressure valve and wait for the sterilizer to cool • If steam is leaking out from under the sterilizer lid, check the position and quality of the rubber seal and adjust or replace it • If steam is leaking out from the safety valve, check the position of the valve and adjust or replace it • If you cannot solve the problem, use another sterilizer and inform your supervisor STEP 4: Describe Storage of Equipment used in Compounding (35 minutes) • Pharmaceutical personnel play an essential role in routine care and proper storage of equipment and instruments used for compounding. • Therefore proper storage is essential for keeping safe the equipment and instruments used in compounding Activity: Demonstration (20 minutes) DIVIDE students in small manageable groups. PREPARE equipment and materials needed for demonstration POSITION students so that everyone can see and hear REVIEW steps of that skill with students using a Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) REFER students to the SOP of conducting storage of equipment DEMONSTRATE the procedure of storage of equipment using SOP ALLOW one student from each

banner
Scroll to Top