PST04209 Compounding of Pharmaceutical Preparations

NTA Level 4 • Semester 2 • PST04209 Introduction to Pharmaceutical Compounding Compounding of Pharmaceutical Preparations • Source Session/Topic 1 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 1: Introduction to Pharmaceutical Compounding Total Session Time: 60 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Describe Historical Background of Compounding • Define Pharmaceutical Compounding • Explain Reasons for Compounding in Pharmacy practice Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board, chalk and whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 15 minutes Presentation 2 Historical Background of Compounding Buzzing 10 minutes Presentation 3 Definition of Pharmaceutical Compounding Buzzing 20 minutes Presentation Reasons for Compounding in Pharmacy 4 Practice 5 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 6 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 1 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Historical Background of Compounding (15 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes • What is the origin of Compounding? ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points not mentioned WRITE their response on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below • Compounding has its origins since the beginning of the profession of pharmacy itself. • The profession of pharmacy is as old as mankind, it has been a part of everyday life. • The oldest settlements support the contention that prehistoric peoples gathered plants for medicinal purposes. • By trial and error, the folk knowledge of the healing properties of certain natural substances grew • Compounded Medications were the standard means of providing prescription medications prior to medications being mass produced in high volume by large pharmaceutical manufacturers. . • In the last few decades, patient and physicians have realized that not all patients can tolerate commercial, “off the shelf” medications. And hence demand for professional compounding to meet the required dosage strengths, dosage forms. • Patients often experience better outcomes with customized compounded prescriptions that are formulated specifically for them. CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 2 STEP 3: Definition of Pharmaceutical Compounding (10 minutes) Activity: Brainstorming (10 minutes) Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: • What is pharmaceutical compounding? ALLOW few students to respond? WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • Pharmaceutical compounding is the art and science of preparing a particular pharmaceutical product by combining appropriate ingredients using various tools to meet the unique need of a patient. Or • Compounding is defined as the art and science of creating personalized medications for patient. Or • The pharmaceutical compounding includes preparation, mixing, assembling, altering, packaging, and labeling of a drug, drug-delivery device, or device in accordance with a licensed practitioner‟s prescription, medication order, or initiative based on the practitioner/ patient/ pharmacist/compounder relationship in the course of professional practice. STEP 4: Reasons for Compounding in Pharmacy Practice (20 minutes) The following are reasons for compounding: • To adjust strength or dosage • To flavour a medication (i.e. to make it palatable for a child) • To reformulate the drug to exclude an unwanted , nonessential ingredient • To change the form of the medication for patients who, for example, have difficulty in swallowing or experience stomach upset when taking oral medication. • To ensure the patient is getting the right drug STEP 5: Key Points (5 minutes) • Compounding has its origins since the beginning of the profession of pharmacy itself. • The profession of pharmacy is as old as man kind CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 3 • Compounding is defined as the art and science of creating personalized medications for patient • The following are reasons for compounding; o To adjust strength or dosage o To flavour a medication (i.e. to make it palatable for a child) o To reformulate the drug to exclude an unwanted , nonessential ingredient o To change the form of the medication for patients who, for example, have difficulty in swallowing or experience stomach upset when taking oral medication. STEP 6: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What is the origin of compounding? • What is pharmaceutical compounding? • What are the reasons for compounding in pharmacy? CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 4 CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 5 References Senya, S. S., Mwasha, C. Y. S., Muyinga, A. M., Amiri, R. I., & Mauga, E. A. S. K. (2011). Tanzania Pharmaceutical Handbook (2nd ed.). Dar es salaam: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Allied Health Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Health Sciences. A. J. Winfield, J. A. R., I. Smith. (2009). Pharmaceutical Practice (4th ed.) Britain, R. P. S. o. G. (1994). The Pharmaceutical Codex (12 ed.). London: London Pharmaceutical Press. CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 6 Next Topic →View all Compounding of Pharmaceutical Preparations topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 4 • Semester 2 • PST04209 Describe Personnel and Premises Requirements Compounding of Pharmaceutical Preparations • Source Session/Topic 2 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 2: Describe Personnel and Premises Requirements for Compounding Total Session Time: 60 minutes Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Outline Personnel Requirements for Compounding • Outline Premise Requirements for Compounding Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board , chalk and whiteboard markers, • LCD projector and computer SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 25 minutes Presentation Personnel Requirements for Compounding 2 Brainstorming 20 minutes Presentation Premise Requirements for Compounding 3 Buzzing 4 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 5 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 7 SESSION CONTENTS STEP1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: Personnel Requirements for Compounding (25 minutes) Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: • Who is responsible for compounding of pharmaceuticals? ALLOW few students to respond? WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below The following are personnel required for compounding: • Pharmacist • Pharmaceutical Technician • Pharmaceutical assistant • Pharmaceutical dispenser STEP 3: Premise Requirements for Compounding (20 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes • Where pharmaceutical products should be compounded? ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points not mentioned WRITE their response on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 8 • The following are areas for compounding: o Pharmaceutical laboratory o Pharmaceutical industry o Pharmaceutical training institution o Drug outlets i.e. Pharmacy etc STEP 4: Key Points (5 minutes) • Personnel required for compounding include: o Pharmacist o Pharmaceutical Technician o Pharmaceutical assistant o Pharmaceutical dispensers • Premises for compounding are: o Pharmaceutical laboratory o Pharmaceutical industry o Pharmaceutical training institution o Drug outlets i.e. Pharmacy. STEP 5: Evaluation (5 minutes) • Who is responsible for compounding of pharmaceuticals? • Where pharmaceutical products should be compounded? CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 9 References Senya, S. S., Mwasha, C. Y. S., Muyinga, A. M., Amiri, R. I., & Mauga, E. A. S. K. (2011). Tanzania Pharmaceutical Handbook (2nd ed.). Dar es salaam: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Allied Health Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Health Sciences. MoHSW (2011), the Pharmacy Act 2011. Dar-es-Salaam: Government Printer MoHSW (2003), Tanzania Food, Drugs and Cosmetics Act. Dar-es-Salaam: Government printer. CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 10 ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Compounding of Pharmaceutical Preparations topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 4 • Semester 2 • PST04209 Identification and Correct use of Apparatus, Compounding of Pharmaceutical Preparations • Source Session/Topic 3 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 3: Identification and Correct use of Apparatus, Instrument and Equipment in Compounding Total Session Time: 120 minutes +6 hours of Practice Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Mention apparatus, instrument and equipment used in compounding • Demonstrate correct use of apparatus, instrument and equipment Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board, chalk and whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 35 minutes Presentation Apparatus, Instruments and Equipments Used in 2 Compounding Buzzing 60 minutes Presentation Correct Use of Apparatus Instruments and 3 Equipments Demonstration 4 10 minutes Presentation Key Points 5 10 minutes Presentation Evaluation CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 11 SESSION CONTENTS STEP1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: Apparatus, Instruments and Equipment Used in Compounding (35 Minutes) Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes • What are the apparatus, instruments and equipment used for compounding? ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points not mentioned WRITE their response on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below • Apparatus used for compounding are the following: o Beaker (glass and plastic) o Measuring cylinders o Pipette o Mortar and pestle o Thermometer o Stirring rod o Spatula (stainless steel or plastic) o Sucker / rubber tit o Evaporating dish o Storage container (jar and bottles) o X – ray film o Cylindrical or conical measures o Conical flasks o Funnel (glass or plastic) o Filtration material ( filter paper, muslin, cotton gauze, gauze) o Sieve • Instruments used for compounding include; o Weighing balance o Water bath o Bunsen burner CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 12 o Stove • Equipment used for compounding include; o Reverse Osmosis machine o Autoclave machine o Tablet compression machine o Fluidized bed drier o Coating machine o HPLC machine o Dissolution STEP 3: Correct Use of Apparatus, Instruments and Equipment (60 minutes) • Pipette should be held in upright while forefinger is positioned at the top for good reading of meniscus • Reading of the meniscus should be taken at the bottom curvature • Viscous liquid should not be measured by using pipette, because it will not be poured easily, instead use measuring cylinders. • Weighing balance before use, should be tarred to zero or pointer should be at zero • Pieces of paper or x-rays film are covered on top for protection of the weighing balance. And also for an easy cleaning of the weighing balance • Stainless spatula should not be used when weighing metals (e.g. Iodine) because it will cause chemical reaction and stain on the spatula, instead used plastic spatula • Chemicals liquids are sucked by using sucker and not by using mouth CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 13 Activity: Demonstration (50 minutes) DIVIDE students in small manageable groups. PREPARE apparatus, instruments and equipments needed for demonstration POSITION students so that everyone can see and hear REVIEW steps of that skill with students using a Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) REFER students to the Tanzania Pharmaceutical Handbook for correct use of the equipment DEMONSTRATE the procedure of correct use of the apparatus, instrument and equipment ALLOW one student from each group to do a return demonstration and let others comment on it CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below INFORM the students that “every student will practice in the laboratory under supervision until is competent” STEP 4: Key Points (10 minutes) • Apparatus, instruments and equipment used for compounding are the following: o Beaker o Measuring cylinders o Pipette o Mortar and pestle o Thermometer o Stirring rod o Spatula (stainless steel or plastic) o Sucker / rubber tit o Evaporating dish o Storage container o X – ray film o Weighing balance o Water bath o Bunsen burner o Stove o Reverse Osmosis o Autoclave machine o Tablet compression machine o Fluidized bed drier CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 14 o Coating machine o HPLC machine o Dissolution • To ensure quality pharmaceutical preparations, the apparatus, instruments and equipment for compounding must be used correctly STEP 5: Evaluation (10 minutes) What are the apparatus, instruments and equipment that are used in compounding? STEP 6: Practice (6 hours) • INFORM the students that “every student will practice in the laboratory under supervision until is competent” on identifying and demonstrate the correct use of the apparatus, instruments and equipments used in compounding CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 15 References Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain., & Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences. (1994). The Pharmaceutical Codex, Principles and Practice of Pharmaceutics (W. Lund Ed. 12th ed.). London,: Pharmaceutical P. Senya, S. S., Mwasha, C. Y. S., Muyinga, A. M., Amiri, R. I., & Mauga, E. A. S. K. (2011). Tanzania Pharmaceutical Handbook (2nd ed.). Dar es salaam: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Allied Health Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Health Sciences. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. Committee of Revision. (2013). The United States pharmacopeia (pp. v.). Rockville, Md.: United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide

NTA Level 4 • Semester 2 • PST04209 Cleaning, Preventive Maintenance and Storage of Equipment and Instruments used in Compounding Compounding of Pharmaceutical Preparations • Source Session/Topic 4 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 4: Cleaning, Preventive Maintenance and Storage of Equipment and Instruments used in Compounding Total Session Time: 120 minutes + 4 hours of Practice Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Explain Proper Cleaning of Equipment and Instruments • Describe Preventive Maintenance of Equipment and Instruments • Describe Storage of Equipment and Instruments Used in Compounding Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board , chalk and whiteboard markers, • LCD projector and computer SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 35 minutes Presentation Proper Cleaning of Equipment and Instruments 2 Demonstration 35 minutes Presentation Preventive Maintenance of Equipment and 3 Instruments Demonstration 35 minutes Presentation Storage of Equipment and Instruments Used in 4 Demonstration Compounding 5 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 6 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 17 SESSION CONTENTS STEP1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: Proper Cleaning of Equipment (35 Minutes) • Cleaning is the process of removing visible material such as dirt, grease, so as to reduce the possibility of contamination. • Equipment need proper cleaning before and after use to prevent contamination to the prepared products and other instruments and apparatus used in compounding, every equipment has got it‟s cleaning procedures but generally the procedures depend on the type of equipment to be cleaned, there are equipment which require cleansing using chemicals (disinfectants, detergents) and the one which require dusting/wiping off • Personnel responsible for cleaning should: o Wash their hands with soap and water o Be aware of the risks of contamination o Wear thick, protective gloves o Be careful when handling sharps and sharp instruments o Follow manufacturer‟s instructions Activity: Demonstration (20 minutes) DIVIDE students in small manageable groups. PREPARE equipment needed for demonstration POSITION students so that everyone can see and hear REVIEW steps of that skill with students using a Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) REFER students to the SOP for cleaning of equipment or Instrument DEMONSTRATE the procedure of conducting cleaning of the equipment using SOP ALLOW one student from each group to do a return demonstration and let others comment on it CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the manufacturer‟s instruction according to the equipment or instrument used. INFORM the students that “every student will practice in the laboratory under supervision until is competent” CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 18 STEP 3: Describe Preventive Maintenance of Equipment (35 minutes) • Preventive maintenance is a regular service, recommended by manufacturers and carried out by trained technicians, to check equipment performance and replace parts. • The frequency of preventive maintenance depends on the type of the equipment and the manufacturer‟s recommendation. • Regular servicing of the equipment can double the life time of the equipment and reduce breakdowns. o For example refrigerators and weighing scales can last for about 8 years if they are regularly serviced • Proper maintenance affects the performance and safety of the equipment. Poorly maintained equipment deteriorates more quickly and is more likely to break down. • Unreliable or inaccurate equipment is often worse than no equipment at all. A sterilizer, for example, will not sterilize its contents properly • NOTE: All maintenance and repairs should be carried out according to manufacturer‟s instruction Activity: Demonstration (20 minutes) DIVIDE students in small manageable groups. PREPARE equipment needed for demonstration POSITION students so that everyone can see and hear REVIEW steps of that skill with students using a Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) REFER students to the SOP of conducting preventive maintenance of equipment DEMONSTRATE the procedure of conducting preventive maintenance using SOP ALLOW one student from each group to do a return demonstration and let others comment on it CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below INFORM the students that “every student will practice in the laboratory under supervision until is competent” CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 19 For example, Practical tips for steam sterilizer maintenance • Clean the inside of the sterilizer after use and check regularly for signs of wear and damage. • Regularly clean the nozzle that the weights rest on • Check for steam leakages around the lids and valve. If there is a problem, turn off the heat, open the pressure valve and wait for the sterilizer to cool • If steam is leaking out from under the sterilizer lid, check the position and quality of the rubber seal and adjust or replace it • If steam is leaking out from the safety valve, check the position of the valve and adjust or replace it • If you cannot solve the problem, use another sterilizer and inform your supervisor STEP 4: Describe Storage of Equipment used in Compounding (35 minutes) • Pharmaceutical personnel play an essential role in routine care and proper storage of equipment and instruments used for compounding. • Therefore proper storage is essential for keeping safe the equipment and instruments used in compounding Activity: Demonstration (20 minutes) DIVIDE students in small manageable groups. PREPARE equipment and materials needed for demonstration POSITION students so that everyone can see and hear REVIEW steps of that skill with students using a Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) REFER students to the SOP of conducting storage of equipment DEMONSTRATE the procedure of storage of equipment using SOP ALLOW one student from each

NTA Level 4 • Semester 2 • PST04209 Describe Cleaning, Preventive Maintenance and Storage of Apparatus, Containers and Closures Compounding of Pharmaceutical Preparations • Source Session/Topic 5 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 5: Describe Cleaning, Preventive Maintenance and Storage of Apparatus, Containers and Closures used in Compounding Total Session Time: 120 minutes + 6 hours of Practice Prerequisites • None Students Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Explain Proper cleaning of Apparatus, Containers and Closures • Describe Preventive Maintenance of Apparatus, Containers and Closures • Describe Storage of Apparatus, Containers and Closures used in Compounding Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board , chalk and whiteboard markers, • LCD projector and computer SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 25 minutes Presentation Proper Cleaning of Apparatus, Containers and 2 Closures Demonstration 35 minutes Presentation Preventive Maintenance of Apparatus, 3 Containers and Closures Demonstration 35 minutes Presentation Storage of Apparatus Used in Compounding, 4 Demonstration Containers and Closures 5 10 minutes Presentation Key Points 6 10 minutes Presentation Evaluation CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 23 SESSION CONTENTS STEP1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: Proper Cleaning of Apparatus, Containers and Closures (35 Minutes) • The following are common apparatus, containers and closures used in pharmaceutical compounding: o Beaker o Measuring cylinders o Pipette o Mortar and pestle o Thermometer o Stirring rod o Spatula (stainless steel or plastic) o Sucker / rubber tit o Evaporating dish o Fluted/ Plain amber containers and closures o Fluted/ Plain colorless container and closures o Ointment jars and closures o Dropper bottle • After use, apparatus, containers and closures should be cleaned, all items should be soaked in water to prevent deposits drying up, as this makes them more difficult to remove • Use clean and general purpose detergent water for reusable plastic, glass, or metal items. Most items only need to be soaked for about 30 minutes to remove debris before disinfection or sterilising. • Do not leave items, especially metal items, soaking for long periods of time, e.g. overnight, as this can damage them. • After cleaning, rinse with clean water and dry thoroughly CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 24 Activity: Demonstration (20 minutes) DIVIDE students in small manageable groups. PREPARE apparatus, containers and closures needed for demonstration POSITION students so that everyone can see and hear REVIEW steps of that skill with students using a Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) if any REFER students to the SOP of conducting cleaning of apparatus, containers and closures DEMONSTRATE the procedure of conducting cleaning of the apparatus, containers and closures ALLOW one student from each group to do a return demonstration and let others comment on it CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below INFORM the students that “every student will practice in the laboratory under supervision until is competent” STEP 3: Preventive Maintenance of Apparatus, Containers and Closures (25 minutes) Preventive Maintenance • Preventive Maintenance is a regular service, recommended by manufacturers and carried out by trained technicians, to check apparatus performance and replace parts. Maintenance can double the life time of apparatus and reduce breakdowns. • The frequency of maintenance and repair depends on the type of apparatus and the manufacturer‟s instructions/ recommendation • Pharmaceutical personnel play an essential role in routine care and maintenance of apparatus, containers and closures, checking for damage and reporting any defects. Important care and maintenance tasks include: o Keeping all items clean and dry. o Pipette, test tubes, containers and measuring cylinders are stored while they are in upside down position. o Protecting items from dust and dirt after use by keeping them covered. o Switching off and unplugging items when they are not in use. o Storing items properly when they are not in use, e.g. thermometer in their case and other glass ware o Replacing lost, worn, cracked or broken parts, e.g. measuring cylinders, beakers, stirring rods, mortar and pestle. CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 25 • You can help to remind staff about these care and maintenance tasks by putting written instructions near the equipment. Activity: Demonstration (20 minutes) DIVIDE students in small manageable groups. PREPARE apparatus needed for demonstration POSITION students so that everyone can see and hear REVIEW steps of that skill with students using a Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) if any REFER students to the SOP of conducting preventive maintenance of apparatus, containers and closures DEMONSTRATE the procedure of conducting preventive maintenance of apparatus, containers and closures ALLOW one student from each group to do a return demonstration and let others comment on it CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE the procedures for cleaning INFORM the students that “every student will practice in the laboratory under supervision until is competent” STEP 4: Storage of Apparatus, Containers and Closures Used in Compounding (25 minutes) • Most of the apparatus, containers and closures will be kept in a store, from which they are issued when needed. • Apparatus, containers and closures should be stored according to the manufacturer‟s instructions. Proper storage conditions are important to protect apparatus, containers and closures from damage • The store should be: o Secure o Clean o Free from pests o Dry o Not too hot or cold o Well ventilated o Not exposed to direct sunlight CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 26 • To ensure security, keep the store locked. Make one person responsible for looking after the supplies, keeping the keys

NTA Level 4 • Semester 2 • PST04209 Identification of Formula Needed in Pharmaceutical Compounding from the References Compounding of Pharmaceutical Preparations • Source Session/Topic 6 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 6: Identification of Formula Needed in Pharmaceutical Compounding from the References Total Session Time: 120 minutes + 4 hours of Practical Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • List References /Compendia Used in Compounding of Pharmaceutical Preparations • Identify Formula for Pharmaceutical Preparation Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board ,chalk and whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 35 minutes Presentation References /Compendia Used in Compounding 2 of Pharmaceutical Preparations Buzzing 60 minutes Presentation Identification of Formula for Pharmaceutical 3 Preparation Demonstration 4 10 minutes Presentation Key Points 5 10 minutes Presentation Evaluation CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 30 SESSION CONTENTS STEP1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: References/ Compendia Used in Compounding of Pharmaceutical Preparations (35 Minutes) • A reference book is a book containing useful facts or specially organized information, as an encyclopedia, dictionary, or atlas. Or is a book intended to be consulted for information on specific matters rather than to read from beginning to the end. o These books have been written as a student guide to extemporaneous pharmaceutical compounding and dispensing. It has been designed to assist the student compounder in understanding the key dosage forms encountered within extemporaneous dispensing. Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes • What are the references/ Compendia used in compounding? ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points not mentioned WRITE their response on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below • The following are the reference books used in compounding: o Tanzania Pharmaceutical Handbook (TPH) o Pharmaceutical Codex (PCx) o British Pharmacopoeia (BP) o United State Pharmacopoeia (USP) o Martindale‟s Extra Pharmacopoeia o Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy 21st Edition o The Tanganyika Formulary STEP 3: Identification of Formula for Pharmaceutical Preparation (60 Minutes) • After comprehended the request in the prescription, a compounder has to identify the correct formula from the reference book • The correct formulas from the reference book can be obtain through the following ways: CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 31 o Find the name of the pharmaceutical preparation to be compounded through table of contents of the reference book and go to formulation, e.g. solution. o The formulation in the content indicates the page where the respective formula is indicated. o Find the name of the pharmaceutical preparation to be compounded through the index of the reference book o The index indicates the number of page where the respective formula is indicated Below are official formulas obtained from the reference book (TPH) under the indicated table of content of the book • AQUEOUS IODINE SOLUTION PCx (Syn. Lugol‟s Solution) Iodine………………………………………………………….. 5.0 g Potassium iodide………………………………………………. 10.0 g Purified water freshly boiled and cooled ……………………… to 100mL • WEAK IODINE SOLUTION PCx. (Syn. Iodine Tincture) Iodine………………………………………………………. 2.5 g Potassium iodide…………………………………………… 2.5 g Purified water, freshly boiled and cooled………………….. 2.5 g Alcohol (90%)……………………………………………… to 100.0 mL Activity: Demonstration (50 minutes) DIVIDE students in small manageable groups. PREPARE formula from a reference book for demonstration POSITION students so that everyone can see and hear REVIEW steps of that skill with students using a reference book REFER students to the Tanzania Pharmaceutical Handbook (TPH) DEMONSTRATE the procedure of identifying a formula from a reference book ALLOW one student from each group to do a return demonstration and let others comment on it CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE the procedures to identify a Formula for Pharmaceutical Preparation INFORM the students that “every student will practice in the laboratory under supervision until is competent” CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 32 STEP 4: Key Points (10 minutes) • A reference book is a book containing useful facts or specially organized information, as an encyclopedia, dictionary. • After comprehended the request in the prescription, a compounder has to identify the correct formula from the reference book • The correct formulas from the reference book can be obtain through table of content and index of the respective book. STEP 5: Evaluation (10 minutes) • What is a reference book? • How the correct formula from the reference book can be identified? STEP 6: Practice (4) • INFORM the students that they have to practice in the laboratory in identification of formula needed in pharmaceutical compounding from the references book o BENZOIC ACID SOLUTION (TPH) o SALICYLIC ACID OINTMENT (TPH). o SALICYLIC ACID AND SULPHUR OINTMENT (TPH) o CHLOROFORM WATER, DOUBLE STRENGTH (TPH) CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 33 References Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain., & . Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences. (1994). The Pharmaceutical Codex, Principles and Practice of Pharmaceutics (W. Lund Ed. 12th ed.). London,: Pharmaceutical . Senya, S. S., Mwasha, C. Y. S., Muyinga, A. M., Amiri, R. I., & Mauga, E. A. S. K. (2011). Tanzania Pharmaceutical Handbook (2nd ed.). Dar es salaam: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Allied Health Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Health Sciences. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. Committee of Revision. (2013). The United States pharmacopeia (pp. v.). Rockville, Md.: United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session

NTA Level 4 • Semester 2 • PST04209 Listing of Ingredients, Equipment/ Instruments/ Compounding of Pharmaceutical Preparations • Source Session/Topic 7 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 7: Listing of Ingredients, Equipment/ Instruments/ Apparatus for Compounding as per Official Formula Total Session Time: 60 minutes + 1 hours of Tutorial Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • List Ingredients for Compounding According to Official Formula • List Equipment/Instrument/Apparatus for Compounding as per Official Formula Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board, chalk and whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 20 minutes Ingredients for Compounding According to 2 Presentation Official Formula 25 minutes Presentation Small Equipment/Instrument/Apparatus for 3 group Discussion Compounding as per Official Formula 4 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 5 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 35 SESSION CONTENTS STEP1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: Ingredients for Compounding According to Official Formula (20 Minutes) • After identifying a correct official formula that is suitable for compounding of the product, then list all ingredients present in official formula, • If some of ingredients are out of stock, prepare that ingredient in advance, or find an alternative one if the official formula provides such assumption • Check for compatibility of the alternative ingredient with other ingredients in the formula Some examples of preparations with their respective ingredients include: • IODINE PAINT, COMPOUND (Syn. Mandl‟s Paint) o Iodine o Potassium iodide o Water for preparations o Peppermint oil o Alcohol (90%) o Glycerol • AMMONIUM CHLORIDE MIXTURE o Ammonium chloride o Aromatic ammonia solution o Liquorices liquid extract o Water for preparations • ORAL REHYDRATION SALTS (ORS) o Glucose, anhydrous o Sodium chloride o Trisodium citrate dehydrate o Potassium chloride CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 36 STEP 3: Equipment/Instrument/Apparatus for Compounding as per Official Formula (25 Minutes) • It is very important to identify the apparatus, instrument, or equipment that will be needed for pharmaceutical compounding Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 20 minutes) DIVIDE students into small manageable groups ASK students to discuss on the following question • What apparatus/ equipments that are used in the compounding of the 500 mL of Normal saline? • What apparatus/ equipments that are used in the compounding of the 250 mL Dextrose solution 5%? ALLOW students to discuss for 10 minutes ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below • The following are apparatus/ instruments/ equipments used in compounding of the Normal saline; o Weighing balance o Beaker o Stirring rod o Measuring cylinder • The following are apparatus/ instruments/ equipments used in compounding of the Dextrose solution 5%; o Weighing balance o Beaker o Stirring rod o Measuring cylinder STEP 4: Key Points (5 minutes) • Each preparation has its own formula for compounding together with its ingredients • Apparatus/ instruments/ equipments used for compounding should be appropriate to the pharmaceutical preparations to be compounded CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 37 STEP 5: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What are the ingredients used in compounding of Ammonium chloride mixture? STEP 6: Tutorial (1 hours) • INFORM the students that “every student will practice in the laboratory in identification of ingredients and apparatus/ instrument/ equipments needed for compounding the following preparations: Benzaldehyde spirit TPH • Aluminium acetate solution TPH • Compound Sodium Chloride Mouth Wash TPH CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 38 References Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain., & . Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences. (1994). The Pharmaceutical Codex, Principles and Practice of Pharmaceutics (W. Lund Ed. 12th ed.). London,: Pharmaceutical . Senya, S. S., Mwasha, C. Y. S., Muyinga, A. M., Amiri, R. I., & Mauga, E. A. S. K. (2011). Tanzania Pharmaceutical Handbook (2nd ed.). Dar es salaam: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Allied Health Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Health Sciences. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. Committee of Revision. (2013). The United States pharmacopeia (pp. v.). Rockville, Md.: United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 39 ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Compounding of Pharmaceutical Preparations topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 4 • Semester 2 • PST04209 Reduction and Enlargement of the Official Compounding of Pharmaceutical Preparations • Source Session/Topic 8 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 8: Reduction and Enlargement of the Official Formula to Obtain Required Formula for Compounding Total Session Time: 120 minutes + 1 hours of Assignment Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Explain Reduction and Enlarging of Appropriate Formula for Compounding • Practice Reduction and Enlarging of Official Formula to Determine Amount of Each Ingredient Required for Compounding Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board, chalk and whiteboard markers ,LCD projector and computer • Worksheet 8.1 take home assignment SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 30 minutes Reduction and Enlarging of Appropriate 2 Presentation Formula for Compounding 60 minutes Presentation Reduction and Enlarging of Official Formula to 3 Small group Determine Amount of Each Ingredient Required discussion for Compounding 4 10 minutes Presentation Key Points 5 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation 6 10 minutes Presentation Assignment CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 40 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Reduction and Enlarging of Official Formula (30 minutes) • Reducing and enlarging formula are calculations performed when the required amounts of medicines (Prescribed/ordered) deviate from the official formula in a reference book. o Obtaining the amount of each ingredient required for compounding, the figures of the official formula are multiplied by a factor which is determined by the following proportion:- Total amount of the official = quantity of each ingredient in the official formula Total amount required x (x = quantity of each ingredient in the required amount i.e. x = total amount required × Quantity of each ingredient in the official formula . Total amount of official formula Thus the factor is determined by the ratio: Total amount required . Total amount of official formula Summary on obtaining the amount for each ingredient in the required amount (x): x = FACTOR × quantity of each ingredient in the official formula CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 41 STEP 3: Reduction and Enlarging of Official Formula (60 minutes) To Determine Amount of Each Ingredient Required for Compounding Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 60 minutes) DIVIDE students in small manageable groups ASK students to discuss in groups on the following questions • What is the amount of each ingredient required to make 40mls of Compound Sodium Chloride Mouth Wash BPC. 1973? • What is the amount of each ingredient required to make 20mls Aromatic Magnesium Carbonate mixture PCx. (Syn. Mistura Carminativa)? REFER Students to Tanzania Pharmaceutical Handbook (2011): Chapter 2, Formulary and list of alternatives for Pharmaceutical ingredients including water, for reference ALLOW students to discuss for 20 minutes ALLOW each groups to present for 5 minutes CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below • Official formula given for Compound Sodium Chloride Mouth Wash BPC. 1973 o Sodium chloride …………………………………….. 1.5g o Sodium bicarbonate …………………………………. 1.0g o Peppermint emulsion, concentrated …………………. 2.5 mL o Chloroform water double strength …………………… 50.0 mL o Water for preparation ………………………………. to 100.0mL Thus: Total amount of official formula = 100mL Total amount required = 40 mL Amount of each ingredient (x) =? FACTOR = Total amount required . Total amount of official formula FACTOR = 40 mL / 100mL FACTOR = 0.4 CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 42 Then, amount of each ingredient can be obtained as summarized in table below, Total amount of the official FACTOR total amount required Sodium chloride…………………….. 1.5g 0.6 g Sodium bicarbonate ………………… 1.0g 0.4 g Peppermint emulsion, concentrated…. 2.5 mL 0.4 1.0 mL Chloroform water double strength … 50.0 mL 20.0 mL Water for preparation ………….. to 100.0mL 40.0 mL Therefore amount required for each ingredient to make 40 mL of Compound Sodium Chloride Mouth Wash BPC. 1973 are: o Sodium chloride ……………………………………… 0.6 g o Sodium bicarbonate …………………………………. 0.4 g o Peppermint emulsion, concentrated …………………. 1.0 mL o Chloroform water double strength ………………….. 20.0 mL o Water for preparation …………………………….. to 40.0mL • Official formula given for Aromatic Magnesium Carbonate mixture PCx. (Syn. Mistura Carminativa) o Light magnesium carbonate ………………………..….. 3.0 g o Aromatic cardamom tincture ……………………..……. 3.0 mL o Sodium bicarbonate ……………..………………..……. 5.0 g o Chloroform water double strength …..………………… 50.0 mL o Water for preparation ………………….…………… to 100.0mL Thus: Total amount of official formula = 100mL Total amount required = 20 mL Amount of each ingredient (x) =? FACTOR = total amount required . Total amount of official formula FACTOR = 20 mL / 100mL FACTOR = 0.2 Then, amount of each ingredient can be obtained as summarized in table below, Total amount of the official FACTOR total amount required Light magnesium carbonate ……….. 3.0 g 0.6 g Aromatic cardamom tincture ………. 3.0 mL 0.6 g Sodium bicarbonate .………………. 5.0 g 0.2 1.0 mL Chloroform water double strength … 50.0 mL 10.0 mL Water for preparation …………. to 100.0mL 20.0 mL CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 43 Therefore amount required for each ingredient to make 20 mL of Aromatic Magnesium Carbonate mixture PCx, o Light magnesium carbonate …………………………….. 0.6 g o Aromatic cardamom tincture ………………………..…. 0.6 mL o Sodium bicarbonate ……………..…………………..…. 1.0 g o Chloroform water double strength …..………………… 10.0 mL o Water for preparation ………………….……………. to 20.0mL STEP 4: Key Points (10 minutes) • Reducing and enlarging formula are calculations performed when the required amounts of medicines

NTA Level 4 • Semester 2 • PST04209 Weighing and Measuring Amounts of Ingredients Compounding of Pharmaceutical Preparations • Source Session/Topic 9 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 9: Weighing and Measuring Amounts of Ingredients Required for Compounding Total Session Time: 120 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Weigh Amounts of Ingredients Required for Compounding • Measure Volumes of Ingredients Required for Compounding Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board , chalk and whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 50 minutes Presentation 2 Buzzing Weighing Amounts of Ingredients Demonstration 55 minutes Presentation 3 Brainstorming Measuring Volumes of Ingredients Demonstration 4 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 5 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 50 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Weighing Amounts of Ingredients (50 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes • What are the instruments used for weighing of ingredients required for compounding? ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points not mentioned WRITE their response on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below • Weighing balance (either double pan balance, single pan balance, or electronic balance) is the common instrument used in weighing different amounts of ingredients required for compounding. • General rules for weighing solid ingredients required for compounding o Use a balance that is suitable for weighing the required quantity. The maximum weight that is accurately measured by the balance is determined by multiplying the smallest scale unit by 200. Never try to weigh quantities exceeding the capacity of the balance. Check whether the balance and the weights are calibrated for the SI unit system. If not, make sure the amounts to be weighed are converted to the same SI unit as in the weighing balance. o Check the instrument for inaccurate adjustment and sticking by releasing the beam on a trial swing and observing the movement of pointer over the calibrated scale (For non-electrical balance) o When using a non-electrical balance make sure the balance arm can move freely. This is checked by touching the balance pan with a forceps. Make sure the balance is in the down or is resting position, before transferring materials or weights to or from the pans. o When using a non-electrical balance always use forceps to transfer weights; never touch weights with your fingers. Put weights back into weight drawer or into their case immediately after use and close the weight drawer immediately. These procedures are to avoid corrosion and contamination of the weight and keep them accurate. CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 51 o Never weigh pharmaceutical materials directly on the balance pan. Use a piece of paper for solids, waxed paper for semisolids, and appropriate vessels for liquids. Vessels used for liquids requires cleaning after each weighing. o Use a suitable spatula for transfer of materials to the balance pan. Take care not to spill any material. Clean immediately after spilling material. The spatula should be cleaned after each weighing. o Some pharmaceutical material are corrosive or aggressive. Special containers and spatulas are sometimes needed. o After weighing a solid that has to be dissolved in a liquid, it can be washed off with that liquid. o Clean the balance thoroughly after use. Activity: Demonstration (30 minutes) DIVIDE students in small manageable groups. PREPARE equipment and materials needed for demonstration POSITION students so that everyone can see and hear REVIEW general rules for weighing ingredients using weighing balance with students. REFER students to the general rules of weighing pharmaceutical ingredients. DEMONSTRATE the procedure of weighing solid pharmaceutical ingredients for compounding. ALLOW one student from each group to do a return demonstration and let others comment on it CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE INFORM the students that “every student will practice in the skills laboratory under supervision until is competent” CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 52 STEP 3: Measuring Volumes of Ingredients (55 minutes) Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: • What are the common apparatus used for measuring volumes for compounding? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • Measurement by volumes is done with graduated cylinders/measures (measuring cylinder), pipettes, and a dropper or syringes. • General rules for measurement of volumes using measures/graduated cylinders. o Select a measure of a suitable size. Pharmaceutical measures show no scale lower than the minimum volume they can accurately measure. o Make sure the scale of the measure is in milliliters (mL), not otherwise. When the volume is stated in other units, convert the volumes to milliliters (mL) o Always read the scale at eye level, at the bottom of the liquid surface (meniscus) as shown on figure 9.1 below. When reading the scale is difficult, hold a piece of dark colored paper behind the measure. • Figure 9.1: Reading the scale of volumetric glassware • Source: graduated cylinders handout (2015). o Make sure no liquid remains in the measure. It may take some time for liquid to flow out completely, particularly when you are measuring viscous liquids. For water and aqueous solutions keep the measure top down for 15 seconds after all the liquid has flown out, and 2 minutes for syrup and

NTA Level 4 • Semester 2 • PST04209 Stock Solution and Dilution of Concentrated Compounding of Pharmaceutical Preparations • Source Session/Topic 10 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 10: Stock Solution and Dilution of Concentrated Solution Total Session Time: 120 minutes + 20 hours of Practice Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define Terminologies Used in this Section • Describe Stock Solutions • Perform Trituration, Alligation medial and Alligation alternate for Dilution of Pharmaceutical Preparations • Dilute Concentrated Solutions for External Use (Preparations of Antiseptics and Disinfectants) Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board ,chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer • Handout 10.1: Practice on Compounding of Antiseptic and disinfectant • Worksheet 10.1: Practice on Compounding of Antiseptic and disinfectant CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 57 SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 10 minutes Presentation Definition of Terminologies Used in this 2 Section Buzzing 3 20 minutes Presentation Stock Solutions 30 minutes Presentation Trituration, Alligation Medial and Alligation 4 Alternate for Dilution of Pharmaceutical Preparations 45 minutes Presentation Dilution of Concentrated Solutions for External 5 Use 6 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 7 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 58 SESSION CONTENTS STEP1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: Definition of Terminologies Used in this Section (10 Minutes) Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes • What is Stock Solution? • What is Trituration? • What is Alligation Medial? • What is Alligation Alternate? ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points not mentioned WRITE their response on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below Stock Solution • Are solutions of known concentration that are frequently prepared for convenience in dispensing. They are usually strong solutions from which weaker ones may be made conveniently. When correctly prepared, these solutions enable the pharmaceutical staff to obtain small quantities of medicinal substances that are to be dispensed in solution. Trituration • Trituration is a method of diluting potent medicinal substances. These dilutions offer a means of obtaining conveniently and accurately small quantities of potent drug for compounding. Trituration may be done either manually in a mortar with a pestle or with a mechanical device. Or • Trituration referred to a pharmaceutical process of reducing substances to fine particles through grinding in a mortar and pestle. CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 59 Alligation Medial • Alligation medial is a method by which the „weighted average” percentage strength of mixtures of two or more substances of known quantity and concentration may be quickly calculated. The percentage strength expressed as a whole number, of each component of the mixture is multiplied by its corresponding quantity and the sum of the products is divided by the sum of quantities to give the percentage strength of the mixture, provided of course that the quantities have been expressed in a common denomination whether of weight or of volume Alligation Alternate • Alligation alternate is a method to calculate the number of parts of two or more components of a given strength to prepare a mixture of required strength. The required strength of the mixture to be prepared must lie somewhere between the strengths of its components, i.e. the mixture must be stronger than its weakest component and weaker than its strongest component. The amounts of components to be mixed are found by the scheme as illustrated in the diagram of example number one. STEP 3: Stock Solutions (20 Minutes) • Stock solutions are invariably prepared on a weight in volume (w/v) basis and their concentrations are expressed as ratio strength or less frequently, as percentage strength. Examples • How many milliliters of a 1:400 (w/v) of stock solution should be used to make 4 liters of a 1:2000 (w/v) solution? 4L  4000mL 1 : 400  0.25% Then, 0.25% 4000 mL  0.05% x mL 0.05  4000 x 0.25 x = 800mL Answer CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 60 • How many milliliters of a 1% stock solution of a certified red dye should be used in preparing 4000mL of a mouth wash that is to contain 1:20000 (w/v) of certified red dye as a coloring agent? 1 : 20000  0.005% Then, 1% 4000mL  0.005% x mL 0.005  4000 x 1 x  20 mL, Answer • What is the % strength of an ointment which contains 1.5 g benzoic acid in 30g of the preparation? The answer is found as follows: 1.5 x  30 100 1.5  100 x  5% 30 The strength is 5% w/w, Answer. STEP 4: Trituration, Alligation Medial and Alligation Alternate for Dilution of Pharmaceutical Preparations (30 minutes) Trituration For example; in preparation of Antidandruff lotion, the following ingredients are used: Salicylic acid……………………………………………………. 1.0 g Cetrimide……………………………………………………….. 5.0 g Liquid paraffin…………………………………………………. 3.0 mL Alcohol (90%)………………………………………………….. 6.0 mL Purified water…………………………………………………… to 100.0 mL The 5g of Cetrimide is triturated with 3mL Liquid Paraffin; 1g of Salicylic Acid is dissolved in 6mL of the Alcohol (90%), and added. The mixture is triturated well, water is added to the required volume 100mL, and the preparation mixed. CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 61 Alligation Medial • What is the percentage (v/v) of alcohol in a mixture of