Pharmaceutical Sciences Notes

NTA Level 4 • Semester 2 • PST04209 Describe Cleaning, Preventive Maintenance and Storage of Apparatus, Containers and Closures Compounding of Pharmaceutical Preparations • Source Session/Topic 5 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 5: Describe Cleaning, Preventive Maintenance and Storage of Apparatus, Containers and Closures used in Compounding Total Session Time: 120 minutes + 6 hours of Practice Prerequisites • None Students Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Explain Proper cleaning of Apparatus, Containers and Closures • Describe Preventive Maintenance of Apparatus, Containers and Closures • Describe Storage of Apparatus, Containers and Closures used in Compounding Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board , chalk and whiteboard markers, • LCD projector and computer SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 25 minutes Presentation Proper Cleaning of Apparatus, Containers and 2 Closures Demonstration 35 minutes Presentation Preventive Maintenance of Apparatus, 3 Containers and Closures Demonstration 35 minutes Presentation Storage of Apparatus Used in Compounding, 4 Demonstration Containers and Closures 5 10 minutes Presentation Key Points 6 10 minutes Presentation Evaluation CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 23 SESSION CONTENTS STEP1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: Proper Cleaning of Apparatus, Containers and Closures (35 Minutes) • The following are common apparatus, containers and closures used in pharmaceutical compounding: o Beaker o Measuring cylinders o Pipette o Mortar and pestle o Thermometer o Stirring rod o Spatula (stainless steel or plastic) o Sucker / rubber tit o Evaporating dish o Fluted/ Plain amber containers and closures o Fluted/ Plain colorless container and closures o Ointment jars and closures o Dropper bottle • After use, apparatus, containers and closures should be cleaned, all items should be soaked in water to prevent deposits drying up, as this makes them more difficult to remove • Use clean and general purpose detergent water for reusable plastic, glass, or metal items. Most items only need to be soaked for about 30 minutes to remove debris before disinfection or sterilising. • Do not leave items, especially metal items, soaking for long periods of time, e.g. overnight, as this can damage them. • After cleaning, rinse with clean water and dry thoroughly CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 24 Activity: Demonstration (20 minutes) DIVIDE students in small manageable groups. PREPARE apparatus, containers and closures needed for demonstration POSITION students so that everyone can see and hear REVIEW steps of that skill with students using a Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) if any REFER students to the SOP of conducting cleaning of apparatus, containers and closures DEMONSTRATE the procedure of conducting cleaning of the apparatus, containers and closures ALLOW one student from each group to do a return demonstration and let others comment on it CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below INFORM the students that “every student will practice in the laboratory under supervision until is competent” STEP 3: Preventive Maintenance of Apparatus, Containers and Closures (25 minutes) Preventive Maintenance • Preventive Maintenance is a regular service, recommended by manufacturers and carried out by trained technicians, to check apparatus performance and replace parts. Maintenance can double the life time of apparatus and reduce breakdowns. • The frequency of maintenance and repair depends on the type of apparatus and the manufacturer‟s instructions/ recommendation • Pharmaceutical personnel play an essential role in routine care and maintenance of apparatus, containers and closures, checking for damage and reporting any defects. Important care and maintenance tasks include: o Keeping all items clean and dry. o Pipette, test tubes, containers and measuring cylinders are stored while they are in upside down position. o Protecting items from dust and dirt after use by keeping them covered. o Switching off and unplugging items when they are not in use. o Storing items properly when they are not in use, e.g. thermometer in their case and other glass ware o Replacing lost, worn, cracked or broken parts, e.g. measuring cylinders, beakers, stirring rods, mortar and pestle. CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 25 • You can help to remind staff about these care and maintenance tasks by putting written instructions near the equipment. Activity: Demonstration (20 minutes) DIVIDE students in small manageable groups. PREPARE apparatus needed for demonstration POSITION students so that everyone can see and hear REVIEW steps of that skill with students using a Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) if any REFER students to the SOP of conducting preventive maintenance of apparatus, containers and closures DEMONSTRATE the procedure of conducting preventive maintenance of apparatus, containers and closures ALLOW one student from each group to do a return demonstration and let others comment on it CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE the procedures for cleaning INFORM the students that “every student will practice in the laboratory under supervision until is competent” STEP 4: Storage of Apparatus, Containers and Closures Used in Compounding (25 minutes) • Most of the apparatus, containers and closures will be kept in a store, from which they are issued when needed. • Apparatus, containers and closures should be stored according to the manufacturer‟s instructions. Proper storage conditions are important to protect apparatus, containers and closures from damage • The store should be: o Secure o Clean o Free from pests o Dry o Not too hot or cold o Well ventilated o Not exposed to direct sunlight CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 26 • To ensure security, keep the store locked. Make one person responsible for looking after the supplies, keeping the keys

NTA Level 4 • Semester 2 • PST04209 Identification of Formula Needed in Pharmaceutical Compounding from the References Compounding of Pharmaceutical Preparations • Source Session/Topic 6 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 6: Identification of Formula Needed in Pharmaceutical Compounding from the References Total Session Time: 120 minutes + 4 hours of Practical Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • List References /Compendia Used in Compounding of Pharmaceutical Preparations • Identify Formula for Pharmaceutical Preparation Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board ,chalk and whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 35 minutes Presentation References /Compendia Used in Compounding 2 of Pharmaceutical Preparations Buzzing 60 minutes Presentation Identification of Formula for Pharmaceutical 3 Preparation Demonstration 4 10 minutes Presentation Key Points 5 10 minutes Presentation Evaluation CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 30 SESSION CONTENTS STEP1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: References/ Compendia Used in Compounding of Pharmaceutical Preparations (35 Minutes) • A reference book is a book containing useful facts or specially organized information, as an encyclopedia, dictionary, or atlas. Or is a book intended to be consulted for information on specific matters rather than to read from beginning to the end. o These books have been written as a student guide to extemporaneous pharmaceutical compounding and dispensing. It has been designed to assist the student compounder in understanding the key dosage forms encountered within extemporaneous dispensing. Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes • What are the references/ Compendia used in compounding? ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points not mentioned WRITE their response on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below • The following are the reference books used in compounding: o Tanzania Pharmaceutical Handbook (TPH) o Pharmaceutical Codex (PCx) o British Pharmacopoeia (BP) o United State Pharmacopoeia (USP) o Martindale‟s Extra Pharmacopoeia o Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy 21st Edition o The Tanganyika Formulary STEP 3: Identification of Formula for Pharmaceutical Preparation (60 Minutes) • After comprehended the request in the prescription, a compounder has to identify the correct formula from the reference book • The correct formulas from the reference book can be obtain through the following ways: CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 31 o Find the name of the pharmaceutical preparation to be compounded through table of contents of the reference book and go to formulation, e.g. solution. o The formulation in the content indicates the page where the respective formula is indicated. o Find the name of the pharmaceutical preparation to be compounded through the index of the reference book o The index indicates the number of page where the respective formula is indicated Below are official formulas obtained from the reference book (TPH) under the indicated table of content of the book • AQUEOUS IODINE SOLUTION PCx (Syn. Lugol‟s Solution) Iodine………………………………………………………….. 5.0 g Potassium iodide………………………………………………. 10.0 g Purified water freshly boiled and cooled ……………………… to 100mL • WEAK IODINE SOLUTION PCx. (Syn. Iodine Tincture) Iodine………………………………………………………. 2.5 g Potassium iodide…………………………………………… 2.5 g Purified water, freshly boiled and cooled………………….. 2.5 g Alcohol (90%)……………………………………………… to 100.0 mL Activity: Demonstration (50 minutes) DIVIDE students in small manageable groups. PREPARE formula from a reference book for demonstration POSITION students so that everyone can see and hear REVIEW steps of that skill with students using a reference book REFER students to the Tanzania Pharmaceutical Handbook (TPH) DEMONSTRATE the procedure of identifying a formula from a reference book ALLOW one student from each group to do a return demonstration and let others comment on it CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE the procedures to identify a Formula for Pharmaceutical Preparation INFORM the students that “every student will practice in the laboratory under supervision until is competent” CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 32 STEP 4: Key Points (10 minutes) • A reference book is a book containing useful facts or specially organized information, as an encyclopedia, dictionary. • After comprehended the request in the prescription, a compounder has to identify the correct formula from the reference book • The correct formulas from the reference book can be obtain through table of content and index of the respective book. STEP 5: Evaluation (10 minutes) • What is a reference book? • How the correct formula from the reference book can be identified? STEP 6: Practice (4) • INFORM the students that they have to practice in the laboratory in identification of formula needed in pharmaceutical compounding from the references book o BENZOIC ACID SOLUTION (TPH) o SALICYLIC ACID OINTMENT (TPH). o SALICYLIC ACID AND SULPHUR OINTMENT (TPH) o CHLOROFORM WATER, DOUBLE STRENGTH (TPH) CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 33 References Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain., & . Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences. (1994). The Pharmaceutical Codex, Principles and Practice of Pharmaceutics (W. Lund Ed. 12th ed.). London,: Pharmaceutical . Senya, S. S., Mwasha, C. Y. S., Muyinga, A. M., Amiri, R. I., & Mauga, E. A. S. K. (2011). Tanzania Pharmaceutical Handbook (2nd ed.). Dar es salaam: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Allied Health Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Health Sciences. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. Committee of Revision. (2013). The United States pharmacopeia (pp. v.). Rockville, Md.: United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session

NTA Level 4 • Semester 2 • PST04209 Listing of Ingredients, Equipment/ Instruments/ Compounding of Pharmaceutical Preparations • Source Session/Topic 7 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 7: Listing of Ingredients, Equipment/ Instruments/ Apparatus for Compounding as per Official Formula Total Session Time: 60 minutes + 1 hours of Tutorial Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • List Ingredients for Compounding According to Official Formula • List Equipment/Instrument/Apparatus for Compounding as per Official Formula Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board, chalk and whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 20 minutes Ingredients for Compounding According to 2 Presentation Official Formula 25 minutes Presentation Small Equipment/Instrument/Apparatus for 3 group Discussion Compounding as per Official Formula 4 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 5 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 35 SESSION CONTENTS STEP1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: Ingredients for Compounding According to Official Formula (20 Minutes) • After identifying a correct official formula that is suitable for compounding of the product, then list all ingredients present in official formula, • If some of ingredients are out of stock, prepare that ingredient in advance, or find an alternative one if the official formula provides such assumption • Check for compatibility of the alternative ingredient with other ingredients in the formula Some examples of preparations with their respective ingredients include: • IODINE PAINT, COMPOUND (Syn. Mandl‟s Paint) o Iodine o Potassium iodide o Water for preparations o Peppermint oil o Alcohol (90%) o Glycerol • AMMONIUM CHLORIDE MIXTURE o Ammonium chloride o Aromatic ammonia solution o Liquorices liquid extract o Water for preparations • ORAL REHYDRATION SALTS (ORS) o Glucose, anhydrous o Sodium chloride o Trisodium citrate dehydrate o Potassium chloride CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 36 STEP 3: Equipment/Instrument/Apparatus for Compounding as per Official Formula (25 Minutes) • It is very important to identify the apparatus, instrument, or equipment that will be needed for pharmaceutical compounding Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 20 minutes) DIVIDE students into small manageable groups ASK students to discuss on the following question • What apparatus/ equipments that are used in the compounding of the 500 mL of Normal saline? • What apparatus/ equipments that are used in the compounding of the 250 mL Dextrose solution 5%? ALLOW students to discuss for 10 minutes ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below • The following are apparatus/ instruments/ equipments used in compounding of the Normal saline; o Weighing balance o Beaker o Stirring rod o Measuring cylinder • The following are apparatus/ instruments/ equipments used in compounding of the Dextrose solution 5%; o Weighing balance o Beaker o Stirring rod o Measuring cylinder STEP 4: Key Points (5 minutes) • Each preparation has its own formula for compounding together with its ingredients • Apparatus/ instruments/ equipments used for compounding should be appropriate to the pharmaceutical preparations to be compounded CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 37 STEP 5: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What are the ingredients used in compounding of Ammonium chloride mixture? STEP 6: Tutorial (1 hours) • INFORM the students that “every student will practice in the laboratory in identification of ingredients and apparatus/ instrument/ equipments needed for compounding the following preparations: Benzaldehyde spirit TPH • Aluminium acetate solution TPH • Compound Sodium Chloride Mouth Wash TPH CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 38 References Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain., & . Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences. (1994). The Pharmaceutical Codex, Principles and Practice of Pharmaceutics (W. Lund Ed. 12th ed.). London,: Pharmaceutical . Senya, S. S., Mwasha, C. Y. S., Muyinga, A. M., Amiri, R. I., & Mauga, E. A. S. K. (2011). Tanzania Pharmaceutical Handbook (2nd ed.). Dar es salaam: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Allied Health Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Health Sciences. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. Committee of Revision. (2013). The United States pharmacopeia (pp. v.). Rockville, Md.: United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 39 ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Compounding of Pharmaceutical Preparations topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 4 • Semester 2 • PST04209 Reduction and Enlargement of the Official Compounding of Pharmaceutical Preparations • Source Session/Topic 8 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 8: Reduction and Enlargement of the Official Formula to Obtain Required Formula for Compounding Total Session Time: 120 minutes + 1 hours of Assignment Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Explain Reduction and Enlarging of Appropriate Formula for Compounding • Practice Reduction and Enlarging of Official Formula to Determine Amount of Each Ingredient Required for Compounding Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board, chalk and whiteboard markers ,LCD projector and computer • Worksheet 8.1 take home assignment SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 30 minutes Reduction and Enlarging of Appropriate 2 Presentation Formula for Compounding 60 minutes Presentation Reduction and Enlarging of Official Formula to 3 Small group Determine Amount of Each Ingredient Required discussion for Compounding 4 10 minutes Presentation Key Points 5 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation 6 10 minutes Presentation Assignment CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 40 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Reduction and Enlarging of Official Formula (30 minutes) • Reducing and enlarging formula are calculations performed when the required amounts of medicines (Prescribed/ordered) deviate from the official formula in a reference book. o Obtaining the amount of each ingredient required for compounding, the figures of the official formula are multiplied by a factor which is determined by the following proportion:- Total amount of the official = quantity of each ingredient in the official formula Total amount required x (x = quantity of each ingredient in the required amount i.e. x = total amount required × Quantity of each ingredient in the official formula . Total amount of official formula Thus the factor is determined by the ratio: Total amount required . Total amount of official formula Summary on obtaining the amount for each ingredient in the required amount (x): x = FACTOR × quantity of each ingredient in the official formula CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 41 STEP 3: Reduction and Enlarging of Official Formula (60 minutes) To Determine Amount of Each Ingredient Required for Compounding Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 60 minutes) DIVIDE students in small manageable groups ASK students to discuss in groups on the following questions • What is the amount of each ingredient required to make 40mls of Compound Sodium Chloride Mouth Wash BPC. 1973? • What is the amount of each ingredient required to make 20mls Aromatic Magnesium Carbonate mixture PCx. (Syn. Mistura Carminativa)? REFER Students to Tanzania Pharmaceutical Handbook (2011): Chapter 2, Formulary and list of alternatives for Pharmaceutical ingredients including water, for reference ALLOW students to discuss for 20 minutes ALLOW each groups to present for 5 minutes CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below • Official formula given for Compound Sodium Chloride Mouth Wash BPC. 1973 o Sodium chloride …………………………………….. 1.5g o Sodium bicarbonate …………………………………. 1.0g o Peppermint emulsion, concentrated …………………. 2.5 mL o Chloroform water double strength …………………… 50.0 mL o Water for preparation ………………………………. to 100.0mL Thus: Total amount of official formula = 100mL Total amount required = 40 mL Amount of each ingredient (x) =? FACTOR = Total amount required . Total amount of official formula FACTOR = 40 mL / 100mL FACTOR = 0.4 CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 42 Then, amount of each ingredient can be obtained as summarized in table below, Total amount of the official FACTOR total amount required Sodium chloride…………………….. 1.5g 0.6 g Sodium bicarbonate ………………… 1.0g 0.4 g Peppermint emulsion, concentrated…. 2.5 mL 0.4 1.0 mL Chloroform water double strength … 50.0 mL 20.0 mL Water for preparation ………….. to 100.0mL 40.0 mL Therefore amount required for each ingredient to make 40 mL of Compound Sodium Chloride Mouth Wash BPC. 1973 are: o Sodium chloride ……………………………………… 0.6 g o Sodium bicarbonate …………………………………. 0.4 g o Peppermint emulsion, concentrated …………………. 1.0 mL o Chloroform water double strength ………………….. 20.0 mL o Water for preparation …………………………….. to 40.0mL • Official formula given for Aromatic Magnesium Carbonate mixture PCx. (Syn. Mistura Carminativa) o Light magnesium carbonate ………………………..….. 3.0 g o Aromatic cardamom tincture ……………………..……. 3.0 mL o Sodium bicarbonate ……………..………………..……. 5.0 g o Chloroform water double strength …..………………… 50.0 mL o Water for preparation ………………….…………… to 100.0mL Thus: Total amount of official formula = 100mL Total amount required = 20 mL Amount of each ingredient (x) =? FACTOR = total amount required . Total amount of official formula FACTOR = 20 mL / 100mL FACTOR = 0.2 Then, amount of each ingredient can be obtained as summarized in table below, Total amount of the official FACTOR total amount required Light magnesium carbonate ……….. 3.0 g 0.6 g Aromatic cardamom tincture ………. 3.0 mL 0.6 g Sodium bicarbonate .………………. 5.0 g 0.2 1.0 mL Chloroform water double strength … 50.0 mL 10.0 mL Water for preparation …………. to 100.0mL 20.0 mL CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 43 Therefore amount required for each ingredient to make 20 mL of Aromatic Magnesium Carbonate mixture PCx, o Light magnesium carbonate …………………………….. 0.6 g o Aromatic cardamom tincture ………………………..…. 0.6 mL o Sodium bicarbonate ……………..…………………..…. 1.0 g o Chloroform water double strength …..………………… 10.0 mL o Water for preparation ………………….……………. to 20.0mL STEP 4: Key Points (10 minutes) • Reducing and enlarging formula are calculations performed when the required amounts of medicines

NTA Level 4 • Semester 2 • PST04209 Weighing and Measuring Amounts of Ingredients Compounding of Pharmaceutical Preparations • Source Session/Topic 9 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 9: Weighing and Measuring Amounts of Ingredients Required for Compounding Total Session Time: 120 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Weigh Amounts of Ingredients Required for Compounding • Measure Volumes of Ingredients Required for Compounding Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board , chalk and whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 50 minutes Presentation 2 Buzzing Weighing Amounts of Ingredients Demonstration 55 minutes Presentation 3 Brainstorming Measuring Volumes of Ingredients Demonstration 4 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 5 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 50 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Weighing Amounts of Ingredients (50 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes • What are the instruments used for weighing of ingredients required for compounding? ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points not mentioned WRITE their response on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below • Weighing balance (either double pan balance, single pan balance, or electronic balance) is the common instrument used in weighing different amounts of ingredients required for compounding. • General rules for weighing solid ingredients required for compounding o Use a balance that is suitable for weighing the required quantity. The maximum weight that is accurately measured by the balance is determined by multiplying the smallest scale unit by 200. Never try to weigh quantities exceeding the capacity of the balance. Check whether the balance and the weights are calibrated for the SI unit system. If not, make sure the amounts to be weighed are converted to the same SI unit as in the weighing balance. o Check the instrument for inaccurate adjustment and sticking by releasing the beam on a trial swing and observing the movement of pointer over the calibrated scale (For non-electrical balance) o When using a non-electrical balance make sure the balance arm can move freely. This is checked by touching the balance pan with a forceps. Make sure the balance is in the down or is resting position, before transferring materials or weights to or from the pans. o When using a non-electrical balance always use forceps to transfer weights; never touch weights with your fingers. Put weights back into weight drawer or into their case immediately after use and close the weight drawer immediately. These procedures are to avoid corrosion and contamination of the weight and keep them accurate. CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 51 o Never weigh pharmaceutical materials directly on the balance pan. Use a piece of paper for solids, waxed paper for semisolids, and appropriate vessels for liquids. Vessels used for liquids requires cleaning after each weighing. o Use a suitable spatula for transfer of materials to the balance pan. Take care not to spill any material. Clean immediately after spilling material. The spatula should be cleaned after each weighing. o Some pharmaceutical material are corrosive or aggressive. Special containers and spatulas are sometimes needed. o After weighing a solid that has to be dissolved in a liquid, it can be washed off with that liquid. o Clean the balance thoroughly after use. Activity: Demonstration (30 minutes) DIVIDE students in small manageable groups. PREPARE equipment and materials needed for demonstration POSITION students so that everyone can see and hear REVIEW general rules for weighing ingredients using weighing balance with students. REFER students to the general rules of weighing pharmaceutical ingredients. DEMONSTRATE the procedure of weighing solid pharmaceutical ingredients for compounding. ALLOW one student from each group to do a return demonstration and let others comment on it CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE INFORM the students that “every student will practice in the skills laboratory under supervision until is competent” CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 52 STEP 3: Measuring Volumes of Ingredients (55 minutes) Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: • What are the common apparatus used for measuring volumes for compounding? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • Measurement by volumes is done with graduated cylinders/measures (measuring cylinder), pipettes, and a dropper or syringes. • General rules for measurement of volumes using measures/graduated cylinders. o Select a measure of a suitable size. Pharmaceutical measures show no scale lower than the minimum volume they can accurately measure. o Make sure the scale of the measure is in milliliters (mL), not otherwise. When the volume is stated in other units, convert the volumes to milliliters (mL) o Always read the scale at eye level, at the bottom of the liquid surface (meniscus) as shown on figure 9.1 below. When reading the scale is difficult, hold a piece of dark colored paper behind the measure. • Figure 9.1: Reading the scale of volumetric glassware • Source: graduated cylinders handout (2015). o Make sure no liquid remains in the measure. It may take some time for liquid to flow out completely, particularly when you are measuring viscous liquids. For water and aqueous solutions keep the measure top down for 15 seconds after all the liquid has flown out, and 2 minutes for syrup and

NTA Level 4 • Semester 2 • PST04209 Stock Solution and Dilution of Concentrated Compounding of Pharmaceutical Preparations • Source Session/Topic 10 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 10: Stock Solution and Dilution of Concentrated Solution Total Session Time: 120 minutes + 20 hours of Practice Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define Terminologies Used in this Section • Describe Stock Solutions • Perform Trituration, Alligation medial and Alligation alternate for Dilution of Pharmaceutical Preparations • Dilute Concentrated Solutions for External Use (Preparations of Antiseptics and Disinfectants) Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board ,chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer • Handout 10.1: Practice on Compounding of Antiseptic and disinfectant • Worksheet 10.1: Practice on Compounding of Antiseptic and disinfectant CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 57 SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 10 minutes Presentation Definition of Terminologies Used in this 2 Section Buzzing 3 20 minutes Presentation Stock Solutions 30 minutes Presentation Trituration, Alligation Medial and Alligation 4 Alternate for Dilution of Pharmaceutical Preparations 45 minutes Presentation Dilution of Concentrated Solutions for External 5 Use 6 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 7 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 58 SESSION CONTENTS STEP1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: Definition of Terminologies Used in this Section (10 Minutes) Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes • What is Stock Solution? • What is Trituration? • What is Alligation Medial? • What is Alligation Alternate? ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points not mentioned WRITE their response on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below Stock Solution • Are solutions of known concentration that are frequently prepared for convenience in dispensing. They are usually strong solutions from which weaker ones may be made conveniently. When correctly prepared, these solutions enable the pharmaceutical staff to obtain small quantities of medicinal substances that are to be dispensed in solution. Trituration • Trituration is a method of diluting potent medicinal substances. These dilutions offer a means of obtaining conveniently and accurately small quantities of potent drug for compounding. Trituration may be done either manually in a mortar with a pestle or with a mechanical device. Or • Trituration referred to a pharmaceutical process of reducing substances to fine particles through grinding in a mortar and pestle. CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 59 Alligation Medial • Alligation medial is a method by which the „weighted average” percentage strength of mixtures of two or more substances of known quantity and concentration may be quickly calculated. The percentage strength expressed as a whole number, of each component of the mixture is multiplied by its corresponding quantity and the sum of the products is divided by the sum of quantities to give the percentage strength of the mixture, provided of course that the quantities have been expressed in a common denomination whether of weight or of volume Alligation Alternate • Alligation alternate is a method to calculate the number of parts of two or more components of a given strength to prepare a mixture of required strength. The required strength of the mixture to be prepared must lie somewhere between the strengths of its components, i.e. the mixture must be stronger than its weakest component and weaker than its strongest component. The amounts of components to be mixed are found by the scheme as illustrated in the diagram of example number one. STEP 3: Stock Solutions (20 Minutes) • Stock solutions are invariably prepared on a weight in volume (w/v) basis and their concentrations are expressed as ratio strength or less frequently, as percentage strength. Examples • How many milliliters of a 1:400 (w/v) of stock solution should be used to make 4 liters of a 1:2000 (w/v) solution? 4L  4000mL 1 : 400  0.25% Then, 0.25% 4000 mL  0.05% x mL 0.05  4000 x 0.25 x = 800mL Answer CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 60 • How many milliliters of a 1% stock solution of a certified red dye should be used in preparing 4000mL of a mouth wash that is to contain 1:20000 (w/v) of certified red dye as a coloring agent? 1 : 20000  0.005% Then, 1% 4000mL  0.005% x mL 0.005  4000 x 1 x  20 mL, Answer • What is the % strength of an ointment which contains 1.5 g benzoic acid in 30g of the preparation? The answer is found as follows: 1.5 x  30 100 1.5  100 x  5% 30 The strength is 5% w/w, Answer. STEP 4: Trituration, Alligation Medial and Alligation Alternate for Dilution of Pharmaceutical Preparations (30 minutes) Trituration For example; in preparation of Antidandruff lotion, the following ingredients are used: Salicylic acid……………………………………………………. 1.0 g Cetrimide……………………………………………………….. 5.0 g Liquid paraffin…………………………………………………. 3.0 mL Alcohol (90%)………………………………………………….. 6.0 mL Purified water…………………………………………………… to 100.0 mL The 5g of Cetrimide is triturated with 3mL Liquid Paraffin; 1g of Salicylic Acid is dissolved in 6mL of the Alcohol (90%), and added. The mixture is triturated well, water is added to the required volume 100mL, and the preparation mixed. CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 61 Alligation Medial • What is the percentage (v/v) of alcohol in a mixture of

NTA Level 4 • Semester 2 • PST04209 Reconstitution of Powders/ Granules for Oral Compounding of Pharmaceutical Preparations • Source Session/Topic 11 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 11: Reconstitution of Powders/ Granules for Oral Preparations Total Session Time: 60 minutes + 6 hours of Practices Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define Powders/ Granules for Oral Preparations • Describe Reconstitution of Powders/Granules for Oral Preparations • Perform Reconstitution of Powders/Granules for Oral Preparations Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board, chalk and whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer • Handout 11.1 Powders and granules for oral administration • Worksheet 11.1 Reconstitution of Oral Rehydrating Salt SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 10 minutes Presentation Definition of Powders/ Granules for Oral 2 Preparations Brainstorming 10 minutes Presentation Reconstitution of Powders/Granules for Oral 3 Preparations Buzzing 25 minutes Presentation Performing Reconstitution of Powders/Granules 4 Demonstration for Oral Preparations 5 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 6 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 72 SESSION CONTENTS STEP1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: Define Powders/ Granules for Oral Preparations (10 minutes) Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: • What is powder? • What are powders for oral preparation? ALLOW few students to respond? WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • The term “Powder” when used in the context of dosage form, describes a formulation in which a drug powder has normally been mixed with other powdered excipients to produce a final product. o Therefore Powders for oral Preparations are mixtures of finely divided solids intended for oral administration and comprise of the active ingredients plus excipients (such as diluents, sweeteners, and dispersing agents) where necessary. o They are usually mixed with water or other suitable liquid before administration. • Granules that are used as a dosage form comprise powder particles that have been aggregated to form larger particles sufficiently robust to withstand handling. • Granules are obtained by granulation, where by dry primary powder particles are (i.e. single, discrete powder particles) are processed to adhere to form larger multi-particle entities. CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 73 STEP 3: Reconstitution of Powders/ Granules for Oral Preparations (10 Minutes) Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes • What is medicine reconstitution? ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points not mentioned WRITE their response on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below • Reconstitution refers to the process of adding a diluent to a dry ingredient to make it a liquid. o Therefore medicine reconstitution refers to use the given directions, or recipe, on a prescription label to mix the powder contained inside to a specific concentration as indicated. • Diluent is the liquid used to mix a medication during reconstitution, different medications use different diluents so be sure to read the medication label or package insert correctly so that you use the proper diluent and volume needed to reconstitute the medication. o If the correct diluent is not used, the medication may clump or crystallize making it unusable for administration o Examples of common diluent used in reconstitution of oral powders/granules are, purified water, syrup, normal saline (NS 0.9%), dextrose 5% in water (D5W). • The volume of diluents that should be added to a powder or granules to produce a specific volume of a final product with the required concentration varies between formulations. • Therefore before reconstituting any powdered/granulated medication it is important to read manufacturer‟s instructions (package inset), so as to know exactly which diluent to be used and the amount of diluent to be added in order to produce the required concentration. • If a large amount of diluent is to be added to the bottle, a portion of the diluent (usually half) should be added to medication and then mixed. Once the medication as started to dissolve, the second portion of diluent is added and mixed. Be sure the medication has dissolved completely before administering to the patient. • Example of the instruction for reconstitution are shown on figure 11.1 and figure 11.2 CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 74 • Figure 11.1: Instruction for Reconstitution of Amoxicillin Suspension • Source: Reconstituting medicine handout (2013). Figure 11.2: Instruction for Reconstitution of Amoxicillin Oral Suspension • Source: Elymox (Amoxicillin Oral Suspension B.P) package (2015). CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 75 STEP 4: Performing Reconstitution of Powders/ Granules for Oral Preparations (25minutes) Activity: Demonstration (20 minutes) DIVIDE students in small manageable groups. PREPARE equipment and materials needed for demonstration POSITION students so that everyone can see and hear REVIEW steps of that skill with students using a checklist REFER students to the checklist of reconstituting powders/granules for oral preparation DEMONSTRATE the procedure of reconstitution of Oral rehydrating Salts (O.R.S) ALLOW one student from each group to do a return demonstration and let others comment on it CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below INFORM the students that “every student will practice in the skills laboratory under supervision until is competent” • Other Oral powders/granules preparations are recommended to be reconstituted prior to use, e.g. effervescent powders/granules (ENO, ANDREWS) and O.R.S where their shelf life after reconstitution is short, instruct patient on

NTA Level 4 • Semester 2 • PST04209 Labelling and Dispensing of Prepared Liquid Compounding of Pharmaceutical Preparations • Source Session/Topic 12 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 12: Labelling and Dispensing of Prepared Liquid Dosage Form Total Session Time: 60 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Label Prepared Preparations • Dispense Prepared Preparations into Suitable Containers and Closures Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board ,chalk/whiteboard markers, • LCD projector and computer SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 35 minutes Presentation 2 Labeling of Prepared Preparations Demonstration 10 minutes Dispensing of Prepared Preparations into 3 Presentation Suitable Containers 4 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 5 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 82 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Labelling of Prepared Preparations (35 minutes) • Label means any tag, brand, mark, pictorial or other descriptive matter, written, printed, stencilled, marked, embossed or impressed on or attached to a container of any food, drug, cosmetics or medical devices o A label is an important, integral part of a drug preparation o A label gives clear instructions on how and when to take or use the medication o The label contributes a good appearance of dispensed medicine, thus increasing the confidence of the patient o The label should be written in a legible, neat, and well balanced way o The size of the label should be appropriate to that of the container • The main label should clearly state the following: o The name (underlined) and quantity of the preparation o The patient‟s name o The date of dispensing (preparation date) o Dose and instruction for use. o The expiry date, where applicable and/ or manufacturing date o Storage condition o The name of the dispenser (initial) o The name and address of the dispensing institution. o Required dispensing information, such as Shake well before use. • Preparations intended for application to the skin should be labelled “for External Use Only” in red; those to be used in the mouth but not to be swallowed, get an auxiliary label “Not to be Swallowed”. “Not to be Taken” is used for liquid preparations which are not administered orally and which are not applied to skin surfaces such as ear drops, eye- drops, nasal drops, enemas and for solid dosage forms which might, by error, be administered orally such as inhalation capsules, pessaries and solution tablets. Alternatively, such preparations can be labelled with instructions on the restricted use e.g. “For Use in the Eye Only” or “Rectal Use only” or “For Vaginal Use Only”. All heterogeneous liquid preparations such as emulsion and suspensions, must carry the instruction “Shake before use”. Special storage conditions are also given on the auxiliary label such as “Store at a Cool Place” or more precise instructions like “Store between 20 C and 80C”. Preparations containing easily inflammable liquids are labelled “Highly Inflammable” or “Keep away from Open Flames” • All dispensed medicines should have the instruction: “Keep out of Reach of Children”. • A label have the following important characteristics o Neat (orderly and in a clean condition) o Clear (easily deliver a well-defined message in a simple language) CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 83 o Fit the container (not too large or too small) o Attractive (pleasing or appealing to the senses) Activity: Demonstration (25 minutes) DIVIDE students in small manageable groups. PREPARE equipment and materials needed for demonstration POSITION students so that everyone can see and hear REVIEW steps of writing a label REFER students to the important things required to appear on the label. DEMONSTRATE on how to write a good label ALLOW one student from each group to do a return demonstration and let others comment on it CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below INFORM the students that “every student will practice in the skills laboratory under supervision until is competent” • Example of labels: For External Use Only CALAMINE LOTION PCx 100 mL Apply to the affected parts at night until cured. The name of the dispenser and the name and address of the dispensing Institution Preparation date Expiry date SHAKE THE BOTTLE BEFORE USE Keep Out of Reach of Children CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 84 STEP 3: Dispensing of Prepared Preparations into Suitable Containers (10 minutes) • Selection of a suitable container is more crucial, because container forms an integral part of dispensed medicines and should maintain the quality, safety and stability of its contents. Therefore it should comply with the following requirement: o Be strong enough to protect the contents from normal mechanical hazards of handling and transport. o Prevent leakage o Provide protection from environmental conditions, such as moisture, microorganisms, oxygen, carbon dioxide and light. o Be sufficiently transparent to inspect liquid preparation. o Do not react with the contents. • Some general guidelines on selection of container for preparations made in small scale compounding are: o Liquid medicines. Preparations for external use, for application to the mouth and throat, and for instillation into body cavities should be dispensed in fluted bottles, whereas those for internal use should be dispensed in plain bottles, as officially recommended. o This difference gives warning to user of the medicine. When someone touches a bottle which is fluted will be cautioned that the medicine should not be swallowed. Even though this is not more practicable now a days. o Medicines which

NTA Level 4 • Semester 2 • PST04209 Procedures for preparing solutions and Mixtures Compounding of Pharmaceutical Preparations • Source Session/Topic 13 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 13: Procedures for preparing solutions and Mixtures of solids in liquids Total Session Time: 120 minutes + 30 hours of Practice Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Describe Procedures for Preparing Solutions of Solid in Liquid • Prepare Solution of Solids in Liquid (e.g. simple syrup etc.) • Prepare Mixtures of Solids in Liquid (e.g. pharmaceutical mixtures, suspensions etc.) Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board, chalk and whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer • Worksheet 13.1: Practice on Compounding of Solutions and Mixtures SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 30 minutes Procedures for Preparing Solutions and Presentation 2 Mixtures. Buzzing 55 minutes Presentation 3 Preparation of Solids in Liquid Solutions. Demonstration 4 20 minutes Presentation Preparation of Solids in Liquid Mixtures 5 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 6 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 89 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Procedures for Preparing Solutions of Solid in Liquid (30 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes • What is a solution? • What is a mixture? ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points not mentioned WRITE their response on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below • Mixture refers to a combination of two or more substances with or without chemical union. (Synonym: Mistura ) • Mixtures is often referred both oral solutions and suspension. • A solution is a homogeneous liquid preparation that contains one or more dissolved medicaments. Since, by definition, active ingredients are dissolved within the vehicle, uniform doses by volume may be obtained without any need to shake the formulation. • A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture of a solid and a liquid in which the solid does not dissolve. OR • A suspension is a two-phase system comprising solid particles (the disperse phase) dispersed in a liquid (the continuous phase or dispersion medium) • General procedures for preparation of solutions: o Write out the formula either from the prescription (unofficial) or from an official text (official). o Calculate the quantities required for each ingredient in the formula to produce the required final volume. o Prepare a suitable label. o Weigh all solids in case of liquid to liquid solution measure the accurate volumes required. o Identify the soluble solids and calculate the quantity of vehicle required to dissolve the solids fully. If more than one solid is to be dissolved, they are dissolved one by one, in order of solubility (i.e. the least soluble first). CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 90 o Transfer the appropriate amount of vehicle to a glass beaker. o If necessary, transfer the solid to a mortar and use the pestle to reduce particle size to aid dissolution o Transfer the solid to the beaker and stir to aid dissolution. If a mortar and pestle have been used to reduce particle size, ensure that the mortar is rinsed with a little vehicle to ensure complete transfer of the powders. o When all the solid(s) has/have dissolved, transfer the solution to the conical measure that will be used to hold the final solution. o Rinse out the beaker in which the solution was made with a portion of the vehicle and transfer the rinsing to the conical measure. o Add any remaining liquid ingredients to the conical measure and stir. o Make up to final volume with remaining vehicle. o Transfer to a suitable container, label and dispense to the patient. • General procedure for preparation of solid in liquid mixtures (Suspensions) o Write out the formula either from the prescription (unofficial) or from an official text (official). o Calculate the quantities required for each ingredient in the formula to produce the required final volume. o Prepare a suitable label. o Weigh all solids and measure the accurate volumes of the liquids required. o The solids, if necessary, are reduced to a fine powder in a mortar and mixed thoroughly mixed with any included suspending agents. o The small proportion of the vehicle is added and triturated until a smooth creamy paste free from lumps is formed. o If there are soluble solids, they are dissolved in the vehicle and the solution is added in portions to the mortar and the mixture is triturated to a smooth consistency after each addition. o Then the mixture is transferred to conical measure. o The vehicle is used to rinse the mortar and make up to final volume. o Then transferred to suitable container, label and ready for dispensing to a patient. CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 91 STEP 3: Preparation of Solution of Solids in Liquid (55 minutes) • In preparation of solid in liquid solutions, every official formula has got its procedures on how to carry out the preparation, although the general procedures remain as mentioned on step 2 above. Activity: Demonstration (45 minutes) DIVIDE students in small manageable groups. PREPARE equipment and materials needed for demonstration POSITION students so that everyone can see and hear REVIEW steps of preparing solution of solid in liquid with students REFER students to the official formula of preparing Sodium Chloride Solution Pcx In the

NTA Level 4 • Semester 2 • PST04209 Procedures for Preparing Mixture of Solids in Solids Compounding of Pharmaceutical Preparations • Source Session/Topic 14 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 14: Procedures for Preparing Mixture of Solids in Solids Total Session Time: 120 minutes + 10 hours of Practice Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Describe Procedure of Preparing Mixtures of Solids in Solids (e.g. divided powders, bulky powders) • Prepare Mixtures of Solids in Solids (e.g. divided powders, bulky powders) Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board , chalk and whiteboard markers, • LCD projector and computer • Worksheet 14.1: Practice on Compounding of Oral Powders SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 40 minutes Presentation, Procedure of Preparing Mixtures of Solids in 2 Small Group Solids Discussion 65 minutes Presentation 3 Preparation of Mixtures of Solids in Solids Demonstration 4 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 5 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 98 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: procedure of preparing mixtures of solids in solids (40 minutes) • The term “Powder” when used in the context of dosage form, describes a formulation in which a drug powder has normally been mixed with other powdered excipients to produce a final product. o Therefore Powders for oral Preparations are mixtures of finely divided solids intended for oral administration and comprise of the active ingredients plus excipients (such as diluents, sweeteners, and dispersing agents) where necessary. o They are usually mixed with water or other suitable liquid before administration. • Powders for oral preparations may be presented as bulk oral powders or oral divided powders. o Bulk oral powders, are usually contains multiple doses of non-potent medicaments, such as antacids, where the accuracy by which the patient measures the dose is not critical. o Divided powders, are individually packaged powders for each separate dose, these are for medications which accuracy of each dose is more required (i.e. potent). Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 30 minutes) DIVIDE students into small manageable groups ASK students to discuss on the following question • What are the procedures of compounding oral powders? ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below • Great care must be taken in the mixing of solids in order to obtain a uniform product, which shows an even composition throughout the whole preparation so as when any sample from any part of the mixture is taken, should contain the different components in the same proportions. • The powders are mixed by triturating in a mortar by geometric mixing/dilution, starting with the solid of the smallest quantity to which the other solids are added according to CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 99 increasing amount and at each addition an amount added should be approximately equal to that in the mortar. • General procedures of preparing mixtures of solids in solids. o The particle size of each solid should be reduced to fine powder by grinding them in a mortar with a pestle, and if necessary the powder may be sifted. o The amounts of each required ingredient are determined/calculated and accurately weighed. o After each addition trituration should be done for 3 to 5 minutes, followed by scrapping. o When the amount of active ingredient is very small, possible pores in the mortar are first closed by triturating a little amount of diluent in the mortar before starting with the medicament. This applies frequently in the preparation of divided powders for internal use. o For divided powders weigh each dose and pack in a suitable package likewise to bulk powders, label and the preparation is ready for dispensing. STEP 3: Preparation of mixtures of solids in solids (65 minutes) Activity: Demonstration (60 minutes) DIVIDE students in small manageable groups. PREPARE equipment and materials needed for demonstration POSITION students so that everyone can see and hear REVIEW steps of powder preparation with students REFER students to the general procedures of preparing ORAL REHYDRATION SALTS (ORS), recommended by WHO. (TPH) DEMONSTRATE the procedure of preparing ORS ALLOW one student from each group to do a return demonstration and let others comment on it CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below INFORM the students that “every student will practice in the skills laboratory under supervision until is competent” • The powders are mixed geometrically, the powders are packaged in a wrapped metal foil. • Normally Oral Bulk Powders are dispensed in glass or plastic jars with a screw caps, if not available, alternatively a paper/metal foil bag may be used. • Divided powders are individually enclosed in folder papers and dispensed in a suitable box or paper bag. CMT 04101 Dispensing NTA L 4 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 100 • For Hygroscopic or volatile substances should be wrapped first in metal foil or waxed on parchment papers. STEP 4: Key Points (5 minutes) • Procedures of preparing mixtures of solids in solids includes: o Reduction of particle size of solids. o Calculate the amount of each required ingredient and accurately weighed. o For divided powders weigh each dose and pack in a suitable package likewise to bulk powders, label and the preparation is ready for dispensing. STEP 5: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What are procedures for preparing mixtures of solids in solids? • What are bulk oral powders? •