Diagnostic Radiology Notes

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER ONE Discharge Of Patient CRT04102 · Patient Management START READING NOTES Study Discharge Of Patient using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Patient Management. Contents of This Topic Learning Tasks DISCHARGE OF PATIENT IN HEALTH FACILITY TYPES OF DISCHARGE PURPOSE OF DISCHARGE PROCEDURE FOR DISCHARGE PROCEDURE FOR DISCHARGE cont… DISCHARGE A PATIENT STEPS FOR DISCHARGING A PATIENT FROM THE HOSPITAL cont… SUMMARY EVALUATION REFERENCES: SESSION 2C: DISCHARGE OF PATIENT IN HEALTH FACILITY Learning Tasks At the end of this session each learner is expected to be able to: Define discharge Identify types of discharge Outline the purposes of discharge Explain procedure for discharge of a patient Discharge a patient DISCHARGE OF PATIENT IN HEALTH FACILITY Definition of term Discharge Discharge: Is an official permission granted to a patient to leave the health facility Is the point at which the patient leaves the hospital and either returns home or is transferred to another facility such as one for rehabilitation or to a nursing home TYPES OF DISCHARGE There are two types of discharge 1.Official discharge: Patient is evaluated by a physician and is discharged if he/she is medically ready to leave, the hospital 2.Discharged against medical advice (DAMA): Patient decide to leave hospital without physician's approval PURPOSE OF DISCHARGE Fulfil patients’ and relative’s request Facilitate a return of the patient to his family after recovery or for home based care Assist a patient to transfer positively from a dependent to a more independent role Help relatives to provide an environment that best meet the needs of the patient Obtain relative and community support of the client during convalescence at home PROCEDURE FOR DISCHARGE Assessment: Needed information about the physical, emotional and psychological needs of a client Disabilities and limitations that will extend after discharge Home plans if well understood Areas to be involved in teaching the client Family involvement in continuing support to the patient at home PROCEDURE FOR DISCHARGE cont… Preparation of the patient: Patient’s chart and discharge summary note Admission and discharge register Daily returns form (census sheet) Medication for home use Educational pamphlets as required Specific equipment needed upon discharge DISCHARGE A PATIENT Steps for discharging a patient from the hospital Start planning for discharge early while the patient is still in hospital Verify discharge orders from patient’s doctor Collaborate with appropriate heath team members Order any equipment or supplies patient will need to take home Coordinate with patient and family regarding time and day of discharge and mode of transportation Talk with patient about his future expectation regarding his health Encourage patient to verbalize his concern and be alert of nonverbal clues Discuss with family or significant others on how they can help the patient to maximize potential Teach on self-care at home where possible and supply written instructions Evaluate patient’s understanding of teaching STEPS FOR DISCHARGING A PATIENT FROM THE HOSPITAL cont… Assist patient to put together all his belongs and assist him in packing Collect required medication for home use from pharmacy. Repeat instructions for use to patient and relatives Give the discharge form (discharge summary) to patient and make sure the instructions regarding medication, diet, exercise and date for follow up appointment are clear Collect patient’s valuables and countercheck with him to make sure that everything is in order Assist client to dress his home clothes Instruct patient or relatives to settle the hospital bills Escort client to his transport and say ‘bye’ Strip the bed and put linen into the laundry bag Clean the bed thoroughly using disinfectant and re make it Empty the locker or bed side table and clean for the next client Wash hands and clear up equipments SUMMARY Discharge is an official permission granted to a patient to leave the health facility Plan for patient’s discharge should start early, and be incorporated in patient’s total care. It should not be left until the day of discharge EVALUATION What assessments will you make before discharging a patient? What are the preparations of a patient for discharge? REFERENCES: Bunker Rosdahl, C. (1999). Basic nursing (7th ed.). New York: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Kozier, B., Erb, G., Blais, K., & Wilkinson, J. M. (1995). Fundamental of nursing: Concepts, process and practice (5th ed.). Oakland, CA: Wesley.KMTC-VVOB. (2009). Skills lab project: Nursing procedure manual. Kenya.Lynn, P. (2011). Taylor’s clinical nursing skills: A nursing process approach (3rd ed.). New York: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. MOHSW. (2008). Basic nursing procedures: A manual for nursing practice in Tanzania (3rd ed.). NCP: KIUTA. Moshi, N., & Karungura, J. (2005). Basic nursing procedures. KCMC Nursing Profession Paulinus, S. (2004). Basic nursing care (2nd ed.). Tanzania: Ndanda-Peramiho: Benedictine Potter, P., & Perry, A. (2005). Fundamentals of nursing (6th ed.). USA: Mosby Rider Ellis, J. (1992). Basic nursing skills (5th ed.). New York: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Thomas, C. (1993). Taber’s cyclopedic medical dictionary. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis. Barbara K. Timby, Nancy E. Smith-Introductory Medical-Surgical Nursing, 10th Edition (Lippincott's Practical Nursing) – Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (2009).pdf. ← PREVIOUS TOPICNEXT TOPIC →VIEW ALL MODULE NOTESVIEW SEMESTER NOTESVIEW ALL LEVEL NOTESALL DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY NOTES Need These Notes as PDF? Need a clean, well-formatted PDF copy for offline study, revision or printing? Request the complete notes directly through WhatsApp. GET WELL-FORMATTED PDF NOTES

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER ONE Providing First Aid To Patients CRT04102 · Patient Management START READING NOTES Study Providing First Aid To Patients using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Patient Management. Contents of This Topic At the end of this session students should be able to: First aid procedure follow an abbreviation of DRABC R Response – is the casualty conscious? A Airway – clear the airway B Breathing – is the casualty breathing normally? C Circulation-check for any pulse Performing procedures in managing radiology emergencies a)Define Hemorrhagic shock. Shock Many organs can be damaged as a result of shock. 1.Hypovolemic shock Hypovolemic shock 2. Septic shock 3. Anaphylactic shock 4.Cardiogenic shock 5.Neurogenic shock. Hemorrhagic shock Severe burns Blue lips and fingernails Abdominal pain Do not remove embedded glass, knife, stick and arrow or any other object that stuck in the wound. Providing First Aid To Patients OSMOSIS HYPERTONIC IV FLUIDS Fluids to administer are: A burn is a tissue injury resulting from excessive exposure to thermal, chemical, electrical or radioactive agents. Dry burn Chemical burn Burns are usually classified as: Third degree Stop the burning process Cooling Covering/dressing Assessment of ABC Assessment of burns severity Analgesics Read on Management of patient with poisoning, musculoskeletal injuries, Fainting and collapse. Immobilization –stopping of something to move Alexander, M. F., Fawcett, J. N. & Runciman, P. J. (2002). Nursing Practice: (2nded). London, Churchill Livingstone. SESSION 4:APPLYING NURSING CARE CONCEPTS IN PROVIDING FIRST AID TO PATIENTS DURING RADIOLOGICAL PROCEDURES At the end of this session students should be able to: Describe first aid techniques and procedures Perform basic first aid procedures Performing procedures in managing radiology emergencies Perform immobilization and procedures in fractured and patients with possible spinal injuries Learning objectives First aid procedure follow an abbreviation of DRABC D Danger – ensure the area is safe and find out what has happened Make sure that it is safe for you to approach the casualty. Do not put yourself in any danger, because if you get injured you won’t be able to help the casualty. Remove any danger from the casualty, or if that is not possible, and it is safe to do so, try to move the casualty away from the danger area. Try to find out what happened, making sure that you are safe doing so. DO NOT PUT YOURSELF IN ANY DANGER. Basic first aid procedures R Response – is the casualty conscious? Try to get a response from the casualty. Gently shake their shoulders, shout and clap your hands in front of them, pinch their underarm or fingernail to get a pain response. If they do not respond, immediately shout for help A Airway – clear the airway Clear the airway by placing your fingertips under the casualty’s chin and lifting, so the front of the neck is extended. Simultaneously placing your other hand on their forehead to gently tilt the head back. B Breathing – is the casualty breathing normally? When their airway is cleared, check if they are breathing normally. You are looking for two breaths in ten seconds. Take no longer than this to assess their breathing, as every second counts. Check whether their chest and abdomen are rising and falling. Listen for breath (more than a sporadic gasp). Use the back of your hand (lick the back of your hand if that will help) or your cheek to feel for any breath from the casualty C Circulation-check for any pulse Also assess any bleeding to the patient. If any bleeding compress the site with pressure to stop bleeding. Performing procedures in managing radiology emergencies CARE OF PATIENT WITH SHOCK a)Define Hemorrhagic shock. Outline causes of bleeding. Identify signs of shock in a bleeding patient Provide measures to control bleeding. Administer Intravenous fluid to a patient in shock due to bleeding. Link a bleeding patient for further management. Learning Tasks Shock Is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body is not getting enough blood flow. Lack of blood flow means the cells and organs do not get enough oxygen and nutrients to function properly. Introduction Many organs can be damaged as a result of shock. Shock requires immediate treatment and can get worse very rapidly. 1.Hypovolemic shock Neurogenic shock Anaphylactic shock 4.Septic shock Carcinogenic shock Types of shock Hypovolemic shock Is the type of shock which occurs if there is significant loss of body fluids like water, blood and electrolytes. Or Hypovolemic shock is caused by severe blood and fluid loss, such as a blood and fluid loss from traumatic bodily injury, which makes the heart unable to pump enough blood to the body, or severe anemia where there is not enough blood to carry oxygen through the body. Causes Severe bleeding Severe persistence diarrhea Persistence vomiting 2. Septic shock Is the type of shock which results from bacteria multiplying in the blood and releasing toxins. Common causes are Pneumonia Urinary tract infections Skin infections (cellulitis) intra-abdominal infections (such as a ruptured appendix). Meningitis. 3. Anaphylactic shock Is a type of shock caused by severe hypersensitivity or allergic reaction of the body. Causes include allergy to insect stings medicines, or foods (nuts, berries, seafood) 4.Cardiogenic shock Happens when the heart is damaged and unable to supply sufficient blood to the body. This can be the end result of a heart attack or congestive heart failure. 5.Neurogenic shock. Occurs when blood vessels stop working properly and don’t push enough blood through the body. You don’t experience blood loss, but the blood does not circulate correctly. This shock is caused by spinal cord injury usually as a result of a traumatic accident or injury. Hemorrhagic shock Is a type of hypovolemic shock that’s caused by heavy blood loss, which can be caused by internal or external bleeding. Hemorrhagic shock is life threatening condition which needs to be treated as a medical emergency. Severe burns Deep cuts Gunshot wounds Trauma Amputations Surgical procedure Ante partum hemorrhage Post-partum hemorrhage

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER ONE Care of Patients with Choking CRT04102 · Patient Management START READING NOTES Study Care of Patients with Choking using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Patient Management. Contents of This Topic At the end of this presentation student should be able to Choking refers to impaired or Impeded breathing caused by an obstruction within the air-passages. OR Care of Patients with Choking Partial Obstruction: This is where the airway is not completely blocked. If severe enough, airway obstruction leads to oxygen deprivation and death if not rapidly and effectively addressed. If an adult is choking, you may observe the following behaviors:- Turning blue (Cyanosis), a blue coloring to the skin, can be seen earliest around the face, lips, and fingernail beds. Advanced age. Presence of tracheotomy and artificial airway (endotracheal tube). Choking is caused when a piece of food or other object gets stuck in the upper airway. When swallowing occurs, the trachea is covered by a flap called the epiglottis, which prevents food from entering the lungs. In adults, choking most often occurs when food is not chewed properly. CHOKING (INFANT 1 year) CHOKING CHILD CHOKING ADULT If still not breathing. Not eating whilst exercising. We can also increase public awareness of choking and confidence at initiating first aid. Suzzanne, C. Smeltzer, B. and Suddharth (1990).Medical Surgical Nursing, 8th edition. Lappincott. EMERGENCY CARE FOR PARTIENT WITH CHOKING At the end of this presentation student should be able to Define choking. Explain Types of choking. Describe the causes of choking. Explain the clinical manifestation of choking. Outline the risk factors of choking. Explain the emergency management of choking. Explain the Complications of choking. Describe the Prevention of choking. OBJECTIVES Choking refers to impaired or Impeded breathing caused by an obstruction within the air-passages. OR Choking is a life-threatening medicine emergency characterized by the blockage of air passage into the lungs secondary to the inhalation/ingestion of food or another object. Food or small objects can cause choking if they get caught in your throat and block the airway. This keeps oxygen from getting to the lungs and brain. INTRODUCTION Care of Patients with Choking Complete Obstruction: This is where there is no air going in and out and as a result the casualty is unable to breath and unable to cough. There may be very high pitched wheezing sounds. Because the casualty can not cough they will most likely not be able to expel the object without assistance. Categories of Choking Partial Obstruction: This is where the airway is not completely blocked. The casualty is able to cough strongly enough to expel the object on their own. Because they can get the object out on their own, first aiders should not do abdominal thrusts. Instead, just stay with the casualty and encourage them to keep coughing. Categories of Choking. If severe enough, airway obstruction leads to oxygen deprivation and death if not rapidly and effectively addressed. If there is partial obstruction of the airway, a sub-acute process may result in infection, inflammation, and lung injury distal to the lodged object Another mechanism of choking involves the impaction of foreign material in the esophagus, with resultant airway compression. Choking results from a complex interaction among the individual, the environment, and the object at hand Care of Patients with Choking Young children are at highest risk for choking owing to their incompletely developed dentition and oral skills, smaller airways, immature swallowing mechanisms, and lack of experience and cognition. Also, they tend to explore the world by bringing objects to their mouths. Children with developmental delay, hypertonia, dysphagia, or anatomic abnormalities retain this increased risk into their later years. If an adult is choking, you may observe the following behaviors:- Coughing or gagging Hand signals and panic (sometimes pointing to the throat) Sudden inability to talk. Clutching the throat: The natural response to choking is to grab the throat with one or both hands Inability or difficulty breathing. Labored breathing; including gasping or wheezing may be present. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION Turning blue (Cyanosis), a blue coloring to the skin, can be seen earliest around the face, lips, and fingernail beds. The person may become unconscious, if breathing is not restored. If an infant is choking, more attention must be paid to an infant's behavior.(Difficulty breathing, Weak cry, weak cough, or both) Clinical manifestation cont.. Advanced age. Anesthesia or medication administration. Delayed gastric emptying. Depressed cough or gag reflex. Drug or alcohol intoxication. Facial, oral, or neck surgery or trauma. Impaired (difficulty) swallowing. Unsafe eating behavior like eating and drinking very quickly. Presence of gastrointestinal tubes. RISK FACTORS Presence of tracheotomy and artificial airway (endotracheal tube). Reduced level of consciousness. Seizure activity. Situations hindering elevation of upper body. Tube feedings. And Wired jaws. Choking is caused when a piece of food or other object gets stuck in the upper airway. In the back of the mouth are two openings. One is the esophagus, which leads to the stomach; food goes down this pathway. The other is the trachea, which is the opening air must pass through to get to the lungs. CAUSES CHOKING When swallowing occurs, the trachea is covered by a flap called the epiglottis, which prevents food from entering the lungs. The trachea splits into the left and right main stem bronchae. These lead to the left and right lungs. They branch into increasingly smaller tubes as they spread throughout the lungs. In adults, choking most often occurs when food is not chewed properly. Talking or laughing while eating may cause a piece of food to "go down the wrong pipe.“ Normal swallowing mechanisms may be slowed if a person has been drinking alcohol or taking drugs, and if the person has certain illnesses such as Parkinson's disease. In older adults, risk factors for choking include advancing age, poor fitting dental work, and alcohol consumption. Care of Patients with Choking In children, choking is often caused by chewing food incompletely,

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER ONE First Aid CRT04102 · Patient Management START READING NOTES Study First Aid using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Patient Management. Contents of This Topic Learning Tasks Activity: Brainstorming Definition of terms Definition of terms Cont…. PURPOSE OF FIRST AID First aid Priorities First aid Priorities Cont… Components First Aid Kit Basic Materials for First Aid Kit Disposable gloves (non-latex) Sterile adhesive compresses (1 inch x 3 inches), individually packaged Two crepe rollers Adhesive tape Principles of First Aid Principles of First Aid Cont… Key points Session Evaluation References References Cont… SESSION 6.Appling nursing concepts in determining first aid tools for radiological procedure Learning Tasks By the end of this session, students are expected to be able to: Define the terms commonly used in first aid Outline the purpose of first aid Explain the first aid priorities Identify the components first aid kit Explain the principles of first aid READ or ASK participants to read the learning tasks Activity: Brainstorming What do you understanding by the term First aid? Definition of terms First aid Is the initial assistance or treatment given to someone who is injured or suddenly become ill Casualty: Is a person who is injured or killed in an accident Definition of terms Cont…. Mass casualty: Is any incident in which emergency medical services resources, such as personnel and equipment, are overwhelmed by the number and severity of casualties Definition of terms Cont… Emergency An urgent condition perceived by patient requiring immediate Medical or Surgical evaluation or surgical treatment First aider A person who is trained to give first aid to a sick or injured person Definition of terms Cont… First aid kit A small box containing a first aid equipment PURPOSE OF FIRST AID The purposes of first aid are to: Save life Prevent further injury Alleviate suffering and Promote recovery until professional medical care becomes available, or the casualty recovers First aid Priorities First aid priorities are: To assess the Situation Observe what has happened quickly and calmly To ensure the appropriate emergence service are alerted To keep the casualty alive (attention to airway, breathing and circulation is paramount) First aid Priorities Cont… To provide reassurance and comfort to the casualty Prevent cross infection between yourself and the casualty To ensure both the rescuer and casualty safety Give early treatment and treat the casualties with the most serious (life threatening) conditions first Components First Aid Kit Activity: Brainstorming What are the components of first aid kit? Activity: Brainstorming Ask students to brainstorm on the tools/equipment in first aid kit ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board Basic Materials for First Aid Kit Bandage tape Hot water bottle Cotton balls Protective gears like Mask, Gloves, etc Disposable facial tissues Disposable gloves (non-latex) Flashlight Gauze bandage (1 inch and 2 inch widths) Ice bags Disposable towels. Pocket mask/face shield for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) Sterile adhesive compresses (1 inch x 3 inches), individually packaged Sterile cotton tipped applicators, individually packaged Sterile gauze squares (2 inches x 2 inches; 3 inches x 3 inches), individually packaged Tongue blades Two crepe rollers Scissors Tweezers Cotton wool Non alcoholic wound cleaning wipes Adhesive tape Notepad, pencil and tags For outdoor activities blanket, survival bag, torch and whistle Thermometer Principles of First Aid First aid Priorities Assess the Situation Observe what has happened quickly and calmly Look for danger to yourself and casualty Never put yourself at risk Principles of First Aid Cont… Make the Area Safe Protect the casualty from danger Be aware of your limitation Triage the patient Asses all casualties and identify the priority of care using TRIAGE system as follows; Principles of First Aid Cont… Red Tag: Patient need Immediate care (Life Threatening injury), treat as you find Yellow Tag: Patient needs medical care or attention within 30 minutes Principles of First Aid Cont… Green Tag: no need of Treatment, Can kept be kept under reassurance of Health Care professional to alleviate anxiety and allow them to relax before discharge Black Tag: Deceased (No sign of Life) Principles of First Aid Cont… Primary Survey Airway: Asses the airway, if obstructed, open using the following techniques Head tilt – chin lift maneuver Jaw thrust maneuver NB: Keep neck in neutral position if cervical spine injury suspected Principles of First Aid Cont… Breathing: Look, listen, and feel for adequacy in breathing If inadequate breathing consider artificial ventilation by using Bag Valve Mask (BVM) Principles of First Aid Cont… Circulation: Check for pulse, capillary refill, signs of active bleeding Stop bleeding by applying pressure at the bleeding site Establish IV access, two large bore cannula is recommended (14G, 16G, or 18G) Administer IV fluid if available Principles of First Aid Cont… Disability: Assess level of consciousness using (AVPU) A – patient is Awake V – patient response to Verbal stimuli P – patient response to Painful stimuli U – Unresponsive Principles of First Aid Cont… Exposure Undress the patient to examine other parts of the body but maintain privacy, body temperature and Immobilization the neck and spine inline to avoid secondary injury Principles of First Aid Cont… Get Help Quickly ensure that any necessary specialist help has been summoned and is on its way NB: Reassessment of ABC's must be undertaken immediately if patient condition deteriorates Key points First aid is the initial assistance or treatment given to someone who is injured or suddenly taken ill Perform Triage to prioritize care by treating those with life threatening conditions first Purposes of first aid includes: Save life, Prevent further injury, Alleviate suffering and Promote recovery Session Evaluation What are the purpose of first aid? What are tools or equipment in the first aid kit? What are the first aid priorities? References Primary Trauma Care Foundation. (2010). Primary care trauma manual: A manual for trauma management in district and remote locations. Retrieved from http://www.primarytraumacare.org Bowden. D.F, Halliwell.D, McMahon.R.M (2007). Emergence care and first aid

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER ONE Concepts In Maintaining Aseptic Practice CRT04102 · Patient Management START READING NOTES Study Concepts In Maintaining Aseptic Practice using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Patient Management. Contents of This Topic At the end of this session students should be able to; Concepts In Maintaining Aseptic Practice These are evidence based approach preventing patients and health care workers from being harmed by avoidable infections Types of hand hygiene includes; Immediately on arrival at or and before leaving work Whenever there is chance of contamination such as Steps for routine hand washing To make your own, low cost hand rub, combine Kills or inhibits the growth of most transient and resident micro-organisms but does not remove micro-organisms or dirty. Decontamination is a process of making equipment, instruments and linens safer to be handled by a health care provider. Decontamination is done by using Choline 0.5%,soap and water, arranged in steps by buckets Dusting –removing dirt on the surface Sterilization Waste disposal in health facilities follows guidelines and standards, buckets are coded by colors as follows; Red Personal protective equipment are equipment worn by workers to minimize exposure to specific occupational hazards The commonly used PPE includes; Storry, J., et al.(2017).Core components for effective infection prevention and control programmes. SESSION 7. NURSING CARE CONCEPTS IN MAINTAINING ASEPTIC PRACTICE At the end of this session students should be able to; Describe aseptic procedures Perform infection prevention control procedures Perform procedures for simple sterile dressing trolley for radiological procedures Perform sharp and waste disposal procedures in the radiology department. Leaning objectives Concepts In Maintaining Aseptic Practice Aseptic procedures are set of practices aimed to protect patients from health care associated infections during procedures by minimizing contamination and preventing transmission of infection. Aseptic procedures These are evidence based approach preventing patients and health care workers from being harmed by avoidable infections Includes; Hand hygiene Cleaning and Disinfection Sterilization and Decontamination Waste disposal Personal protective equipments(PPE) Infection prevention and control procedures Concepts In Maintaining Aseptic Practice Hand hygiene is an action intended to prevent hand borne infections by removing dirt and debris and inhibiting or killing microorganisms on skin. It include care of hands, nails and skin or Hand washing is the process which mechanically removes dirty and debris from skin and reduces the number of transient micro-organism HAND HYGIENE Types of hand hygiene includes; Routine hand washing Alcohol hand rub Surgical hand scrub Types of hand hygiene Immediately on arrival at or and before leaving work Before and after using the toilet Before and after each patient contact Before and after putting on gloves Before and after any clinical procedure Points to Consider when to Perform Hand Hygiene Whenever there is chance of contamination such as Touching blood bodily fluids, secretions or, excretion and exudates from wound Contacts with items known or considered likely to contaminated with blood, body fluids, secretions, or excretions (e.g. bed bans, urinals, wound dressing) Points to Consider when to Perform Hand Hygiene cont… Steps for routine hand washing Turn on tap. Wet hands thoroughly under running water at least 4 inches above the wrist. Soap hands adequately. Vigorously rub together all surfaces of lathered hands. Rub hands vigorously back and front, in between fingers up to and including the wrist, followed by thorough rinsing under running water. This should be for 10 – 15 seconds Dry hands from tip of fingers to wrist with paper towel. If paper towels are not available, shake off excess water and allow hands to air-dry. Use the same paper towel to turn off tap if tap not elbow controlled. Routine hand washing with liquid soap and running water To make your own, low cost hand rub, combine 100 mls of 60-90%Ethly or isopropyl alcohol and 2 mls of grecyline Shake and then it is ready for use The technique involves Applying enough alcohol –based hand rub to cover the entire surface of hands and fingers Rubbing the solution vigorously over the hands (covering thumbs, palms and backs of the hands including between fingers, tips of fingers and under nails) until thorough dry Alcohol hand rub Kills or inhibits the growth of most transient and resident micro-organisms but does not remove micro-organisms or dirty. Can be used when hand washing with soap and running water is not possible, as long as hands are not visibly soiled with dirty, blood, or other organic material Alcohol hand rub cont… Concepts In Maintaining Aseptic Practice Surgical hand rub procedure involves hand washing with water and soap, and hand rubbing with alcohol-based hand rub and friction. The process mechanically removes dirty, debris and transient organisms reduces resident flora prior to performing any invasive surgical procedure for the duration of the procedure. The goal of surgical hand rub is to prevent: surgical area contamination by microorganisms from hands and palms of the surgeon and assistant. Surgical hand rub Concepts In Maintaining Aseptic Practice Cleaning is the removal of organic materials and debris (dust, dirty, blood or other bodily fluid) from used items by washing with soap and water and friction. Disinfectants are chemicals that kill or inhibit all microorganisms except bacteria endospores on inanimate objects. Cleaning and disinfection Decontamination is a process of making equipment, instruments and linens safer to be handled by a health care provider. Decontamination According to OSHA, is “the use of physical or chemical means to remove, inactivate, or destroy blood-borne pathogens on a surface or item to the point where they are no longer capable of transmitting infectious particles and the surface of an item is rendered safe for handling, use, or dispose. DECONTAMINATION AND STELIRIZATION Decontamination is done by using Choline 0.5%,soap and water, arranged in steps by buckets SOAP WATER CLEAN WATER CHROLINE WATER SOAP WATER CLEAN WATER Dusting –removing dirt on the surface Principals used in dusting or cleaning are; From clean to dirt. From top to bottom. From far to near. From inside to out. Sterilization Is

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER ONE Burn CRT04102 · Patient Management START READING NOTES Study Burn using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Patient Management. Contents of This Topic Outlines Introduction EPIDEMIOLOGY CAUSES CAUSES Cont… Pathophysiology of burn Pathophysiology of burn cont… Classification of burns cont… Superficial-thickness burn/1st DEGREE BURN Partial-thickness burn/2nd Degree burn (superficial & deep) Deep partial-thickness burn/ 3rd Degree burn Full-thickness burn/4th Degree burn Calculating % of burn The rule of nines Rule of nines cont… Rule of palm Rule of palm cont… Lund and browder method Severity of burn injuries Severity of burn cont… Body response to burn injuries Local response Systemic responses Systemic responses cont… Phases of management Phase I: Primary survey phase Phase II: Resuscitation phase Fluid replacement + Fluid maintenance Phase III :Secondary survey phase Phase IV: Supportive care phase Phase V: Definitive treatment phase (Wound care) General interventions General interventions cont… Early complications Late complications BURN INJURY Outlines Introduction Epidemiology Causes Classification Management General intervention Introduction Burn injury can be defined as bodily injury resulting from exposure to heat, cold, chemical, electricity or radiation. Human skin can tolerate temperature up to 42-44 centigrade Burn causes coagulation necrosis of the skin and underlying tissues Patients with extensive burns frequently die, and for those with less severe injuries, physical recovery is slow and painful Patients also may suffer emotional and psychological problem EPIDEMIOLOGY Affecting approximately 1% of the world population each year In the United States, approximately 2.4 million burn injuries are reported every year, 700,000 visits per year and 45,000 require hospitalization. In East African countries such as Uganda and Tanzania, studies have found that the age range mostly affected was 1-10 years (53% were female, 47% were male and scalding burns formed 65% of all burn injuries) Risks can be reduced by improving social circumstances, housing and industrial safety. CAUSES Thermal energies Scald – (injury with hot liquids, or steam) Flame Contact -direct contact to extremely hot objects or the contact was abnormally long, commonly seen in people with epilepsy or those who misuse alcohol or drugs CAUSES Cont… Chemical (acids like hydrochloric acid) Electrical energy Radiations Cold injuries Child abuse Adult carelessness, child’s exploring and curious nature, failure to supervise the child adequately all contribute to higher incidence of burn injuries in children Pathophysiology of burn Burns are caused by transfer of energy from the heat source to the body through conduction or radiation Heat energy → tissue destruction due to coagulation, protein denaturation or ionization of cellular contents The skin and the mucosa of the upper airways are the sites of tissue destruction. Pathophysiology of burn cont… The depth of the injury depends on the temperature of the burning agent and duration of contact with agent Disruption of the skin can lead to increased fluid loss infection hypothermia scarring Classification of burns Classification of burns cont… Burns are classified according to the depth of tissue destruction 1st degree burn (superficial-thickness) 2nd degree burn(partial-thickness burn) 3rd degree burns(deep partial-thickness burn) 4th degree burns(Full thickness burn) Superficial-thickness burn/1st DEGREE BURN The epidermis is destroyed or injured, but there is no destruction of tissue or nerve endings. The wound is painful, may appear red and dry, with blister The wound usually takes 3 to 7 days to heal without scarring There is prompt regeneration Superficial burn cont… Partial-thickness burn/2nd Degree burn (superficial & deep) Superficial 2nd degree burn Injury involves destruction of epidermis and upper half of dermis The wound is painful, sensitive to temperature change and air exposure Wound Appearance: Red to pink, Wet and weeping wounds, Thin-walled, fluid-filled blisters, Mild to moderate edema, Extremely painful Wound Healing: In 2 weeks (spontaneous) Minimal scarring; minor pigment discoloration may occur Regeneration of the skin usually occur from the remaining viable epithelial cells in the dermis Partial-thickness burn cont… Deep partial-thickness burn/ 3rd Degree burn Injury involves destruction of entire epidermis and dermis, and in some cases underlying tissue as well The color of the wound varies from white to red, brown or black Pain less severe than in superficial partial thickness burn Full-thickness burn/4th Degree burn Burns which cause the skin to be waxy white to a charred black and tend to be painless. Includes destruction of epidermis and the entire dermis as well as possible damage to the SQ tissues, muscle and bone Healing is very slow if at all, and may require skin grafting. Calculating % of burn injuries The extent of burned body surface area can be estimated or determined by the following ways; Rule of nine Palm method Lund and browder method The rule of nines Rule of nines is a quick way of calculating the extent of burns The system assigns percentages in multiples of nine to the body surfaces 9% for whole head 9% for left arm 9% for right arm Rule of nines cont… 9% for abdomen 9% for anterior thorax (chest) 9% for posterior thorax (upper back) 9% for posterior abdomen (lower back) 9% for anterior right leg 9% for anterior left leg 9% for posterior right leg 9% for posterior left leg 1% for genital area Rule of palm In patients with scattered burns, the useful method to estimate percentage of burn is the palm method This method assumes that the size of the patient’s palm is approximately 1% of the body surface area(BSA) Rule of palm cont… Rule of palm Patient’s palm equals 1% of his body surface area Lund and browder method Is the more precise method of estimating the extent of burn This method recognizes that the percentages of body surface area of various anatomic parts varies with growth The total BSA burned can be estimated by dividing the body into very small areas and assign percentage for each part. Lund and browder: for adults Severity of burn injuries Severity of burn injury based on the following; Depth Extent Location Cause Patient age Severity of burn cont… Burns severity is determined primarily by

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER ONE Communication Skills and First Contact with Patients CRT04102 · Patient Management START READING NOTES Study Communication Skills and First Contact with Patients using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Patient Management. Contents of This Topic Learning Tasks Patient Central position of a patient The First Radiographer Patient Contact The First Radiographer Patient Contact (2) Forms of interactions and communication techniques Forms of Interactions and Communication Techniques (2) Forms of interactions and communication techniques (3) Forms Of Interactions And Communication Techniques (4) Forms of Interactions and Communication Techniques (5) Forms of Interactions and Communication Techniques (6) Forms of interactions and communication techniques (7) Forms of Interactions and Communication Techniques (8) Forms of interactions and communication techniques(9) Methods of Effective Communication Methods of Effective Communication (2) Methods of Effective Communication (3) Methods of Effective Communication (4) THINGS TO CONSIDER DURING FIRST RADIOGRAPHER –PATIENT CONTACT THINGS TO CONSIDER DURING FIRST RADIOGRAPHER –PATIENT CONTACT (2) THINGS TO CONSIDER DURING FIRST RADIOGRAPHER –PATIENT CONTACT (3) After Care of The Patient After Care of The Patient (2) Evaluation: COMMUNICATION SKILLS AND RADIOGRAPHER PATIENT FIRST CONTACT Learning Tasks At the end of this session student should be able to: Define a patient Explain the first radiographer patient contact Outline forms of interactions and communication techniques Outline things to consider during first radiographer –patient contact Describe the after care of the patient Patient Patient is an individual who is searching health care. Health care refers to those services provided to assist the patient in maintaining or restoring optimum health. A comprehensive health care to the patient can not be given by a single person, but requires the effort of a medical team(health professions and workers),so the center of the team is the patient Central position of a patient PATIENT Accountant Nurse physician Radiographer Pharmacist Lab . technician psychiatrist Health attendant Psychotherapist Dentist Social worker Occupational therapist The First Radiographer Patient Contact This is the interaction between the radiographer and the patient and people around them (relative) It is important psychologically to present the patient with an image of an efficient department. This includes clean and tidy rooms and radiographers will look professional The feelings, comfort and kind treatment of the patient may be as significant as radiograph itself. The First Radiographer Patient Contact (2) The body posture and a smiling facial expression is important in giving a patient a feeling a welcome also addresses as; Mr., Mrs., Miss, Hon or Rev etc. and avoiding the temptation of using diminutives as they distract from the patient dignity and individuality. In improving relationships with patients that dramatic results in clinical situations. Forms of interactions and communication techniques The following forms of interactions and communication techniques have proved effectiveness. Verbal skills Is used in establishment an open relationship the health professional and the patient a basic to quality of the interaction, vocabulary, clarity of voice and even the organization of the sentences must be at an appropriate for the patient Forms of Interactions and Communication Techniques (2) Non- verbal communication Although verbal language as our primary means of communication, non verbal behavior reveal a great deal about how we feel. How non verbal communication is interpreted is largely based on cultural background. E.g. Refusal to look someone directly to the face is avoidance, refusal or rejection Forms of interactions and communication techniques (3) Crunched teeth or fits suggest angry under rigid control. Patient in pain may suggest tight or rigid posture Leaning forward while listening to another shows that a person is interested in the subject being discussed. What other non- verbal behavior do you see around? Forms Of Interactions And Communication Techniques (4) Eye contact Is considered as the positive behavior, when make direct eye contact with the person while speaking, it is usually perceived as an expression of interest, concern or honest Touching It is also a means of communication, an abrupt or tentative touching may demonstrate as distaste or reluctance to care for an individual. Forms of Interactions and Communication Techniques (5) A positive touch is firm but gentle reassures the patient that you are both capable and caring. People touch one another for variety of reasons; To provide reassurance, support or encouragement. To imply domination, anger, or frustration To form a positive connection, as in a handshake or shoulder pat To perform professional services, such as those provided by a doctor, hairdresser, or masse use Forms of Interactions and Communication Techniques (6) Appearance Patients tend to place their confidence in health care, workers to the degree that they feel their expectations, of a professional person are being met. Everyone we meet forms an impression of us from our away we communicate how we feel about our work and appearance, and whether we realize it or not, appearance is another, our patients. What does your appearance tell patients? Forms of interactions and communication techniques (7) Listening skills How do you feel when you are interrupted, or when the listener looks out the window while you attempt to make your point? Are you irritated when others, "put words into your mouth" or change the subject without responding to what you have just said? Forms of Interactions and Communication Techniques (8) Good communication is a two-way street, and a good listener does more than await his or her turn to speak. As a skill, listening involves the ability to give full attention to the speaker. When you focus on the speaker, you can respond to what has been said rather than making a quick switch to the next item on your mental list. Forms of interactions and communication techniques(9) In conversation, patients often give us clues about a physical problem that could be easily missed if we rush to get to the next question. This approach may seem impractical in a busy imaging department. but it can become automatic with practice. Methods of Effective Communication For effective care and communication to the patients, the following interactive

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER ONE First Aid Kit Tools and Their Uses CRT04102 · Patient Management START READING NOTES Study First Aid Kit Tools and Their Uses using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Patient Management. Contents of This Topic PRINCIPLES OF FIRST AID Learning Tasks Learning Tasks Cont.… Definition of First Aid Definition of First Aid Cont.… First Aid Kit First Aid Kit Cont.…. Principles of First Aid Cont.…. Key Points First Aid for Burns Causes of burn First Aid for burn victim First Aid for burn victim Cont.…. Evaluation References PRINCIPLES OF FIRST AID DATE; 2024 Learning Tasks By the end of this session, you are expected to be able to: Define First Aid Define a First Aid Kit List items in a First Aid Kit and their uses Outline the principles of First Aid Learning Tasks Cont.… Outline procedures for providing first aid to burn victim Prepare a first aid kit Definition of First Aid First Aid is defined as the immediate care of a person injured in an incident or suffering from sudden illness. Its purpose is to: Save life Prevent further injury Definition of First Aid Cont.… Alleviate suffering Promote recovery until professional medical care becomes available, or the casualty recovers. First Aid Kit It is a bag or case containing basic medical supplies that are designed to be used on someone who is injured or suddenly becomes ill First Aid Kit Cont.…. Items in the First Aid Kit The following are some of the basic First Aid kit items Bandage tape Hot water bottle Cotton balls First Aid Kit Cont.…. Protective gears like masks, gloves, etc. Disposable facial tissues Disposable gloves (non-latex) Flashlight Gauze bandage (1 inch and 2 inch widths) First Aid Kit Cont.…. Ice bags Disposable towels Pocket mask/face shield for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) Safety pins Sanitary, trauma or obstetrics and gynecology (OB) pads Soap (plain) First Aid Kit Cont.…. Sterile adhesive compresses (1 inch x 3 inches), individually packaged Sterile cotton tipped applicators, individually packaged. Sterile gauze squares (2 inches x 2 inches; 3 inches x 3 inches), individually packaged Tongue blades First Aid Kit Cont.…. Triangular bandages for slings Two crepe rollers Scissors Cotton wool Non-alcoholic wound cleaning wipes First Aid Kit Cont.…. Adhesive tape Notepad, pencil and tags Plastic face shield For outdoor activities blanket, survival bag, torch and whistle Thermometer Principles of First Aid A. First Aid priorities Assess the Situation Observe what has happened quickly and calmly Look for danger to yourself and casualty Never put yourself at risk Principles of First Aid Cont.…. B. Make the area safe Protect the casualty from danger Be aware of your limitation Assess all casualties and identify the priority needs of care using a TRIAGE system as follows: Principles of First Aid Cont.…. Red tag Need immediate care (life threatening), assist him to get immediate care. Yellow tag Need medical care within thirty minutes. Principles of First Aid Cont.…. Green tag No need of treatment. Can be kept under the reassurance of an health care professional to alleviate anxiety and allow them to relax before discharge Black Tag Deceased (No sign of Life). Principles of First Aid Cont.…. C. Primary Survey Airway Asses the airway. Can the patient talk and breathe freely? If obstructed, consider the following steps: Chin lift/Jaw thrust Principles of First Aid Cont.…. Suction if available Guedel airway/nasopharyngeal airway If possible, intubation should be done by an expert medical practitioner. NB: Keep neck in neutral position if cervical spine injury suspected Principles of First Aid Cont.…. Breathing Look, listen, and feel for adequacy in breathing. If inadequate consider; artificial ventilation, decompression and drainage of tension pneumothorax/haemothorax. Principles of First Aid Cont.…. Circulation check for pulse, stop haemorrhage, establish 2 large bore intravenous lines (14 or 16 G) if possible and administer fluids if available. Disability Assess level of consciousness using (AVPU) Principles of First Aid Cont.…. Awake Verbal response Painful response Unresponsive Principles of First Aid Cont.…. Exposure/Examination Undress the patient to examine the whole body but maintain body temperature and immobilization of the neck and spine inline to avoid secondary injury. Get Help Quickly ensure that any necessary specialist help has been summoned and is on it. Key Points First Aid Kit is a bag or case containing basic medical supplies that are designed to be used on someone who is injured or suddenly becomes ill. Common conditions requiring First Aid at our workplace includes: clothing on fire, hazardous material splashed in eye, minor cuts and puncture wounds, chemical and biological spills on the body First Aid for Burns A burn involves the destruction of skin cells, and sometimes the underlying structures of muscle, fascia and bone. It occurs when these structures absorb more heat than they can dissipate. Causes of burn Causes A. Burns Flames of fire Hot metals Electricity Lighting Strong acids and alkaline Causes of burn Exposure to sun Friction – touching a revolving wheel Gas Causes of Burn B. Scalds Boiling water Steam Tea Hot milk Oil First Aid for burn victim Stop the burning process. Remove the source of heat. if clothing catches fire, “stop, drop and roll” to smother the flames. Remove all burned clothing. Clothing may keep in the heat and cause a deeper injury. First Aid for burn victim Cont.…. Pour cool water over the burned area. Keep pouring the cool water for at least 3-5 minutes. Never put ice or cold water on a burn as it lowers body temperature and can make the burn worse. Remove all jewelry, belts, tight clothing, metal, etc. Remove from burned areas and around the victim’s neck – swelling of burned areas occurs immediately. First Aid for burn victim Cont.…. Do not apply ointments, creams or salves to wounds. These things may cause infection due to their oil base and can convert wounds to deeper injury; hold in heat and worsen the burn, and have to be washed off by a physician

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER ONE Patient Management CRT04102 · Patient Management START READING NOTES Study Patient Management using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Patient Management. Contents of This Topic Learning Tasks The hospital The hospital (2) The mission statement or “charter” Function of hospital Hospital set –up ;organization, Staffing and Administration. Hospital “set up- organization” (2) Hospital “set up- organization” (3) Hospital “set up- organization” (4) Hospital organization chart Staffing Staffing (2) Administration Administration (2) Administration (3) Administration (4) Administration (5) Hospital procedures Hospital procedures (2) Hazards of fire and fire fighting procedures Patient Management Learning Tasks At the end of this session students should be able to: Define hospital List the function of the hospital Explain the hospital set –up organization staffing and administration List the hospital procedures Explain the hazards of fire and fire fighting procedures The hospital Is the institution which provide medical and surgical care for the sick and injured people also client people coming for medical exams/checkup). Hospitals are a central part of one of the nations largest industries, the health care industry offering a broad range of services provided by increasing by expensive personnel, equipment and technology. Hospital is governed by the executive board that establish goals, policies and financial plans and hires the directors or administrators. The hospital (2) One of the responsibility of the board is to extend the privilege of staff membership to qualified health personnel and to organize staff to cooperate in making rules that govern the profession activities. The administration makes sure suitable facilities and equipment are provided, also they should make sure that a staff of well trained professional, technical, and support personnel is present. The mission statement or “charter” Is the and guiding force that outlines the organization that outlines the organization's reason for existence and defines what should be done and how. Function of hospital Cure of the sick and injured persons(diagnosis i.e medical treatment, nursing care etc. Controlling and prevention of disease Educational advancement to its staff Making research in order to improve medical standards. Hospital set –up ;organization, Staffing and Administration. Hospital “set-up; organization” Is a structural hospital, that defines how the hospital is made up. This is mainly described by the hospital organization chart. The organization chart of the hospital demands rates how the functions within the institution are carried out The hospitals departments and services are organized provide care and clinical support services. Hospital “set up- organization” (2) The hospital is composed of: medical departments i.e.medical,surgical,obstretic,paediatric,gynaecology,psychiatric,ear-nose-throat(ENT)etc. Radiological department Laboratory Pharmacy Hospital “set up- organization” (3) Nursing Maternity Accounts Dietary Physiotherapy Medical records Maternity & child heath (MCH) Hospital “set up- organization” (4) House keeping & maintenance Purchasing Central stride supplying department Teaching Mortuary etc. Hospital organization chart BOARD OF TRUSTEES HOSPITAL ADMINISTRATOR BUSSINESS SERVICES NURSING SERVICES DIAGNOSTIC DEPARTMENT THERAPY DEPARTMENT IMAGING SERVICES OTHER SUPPORT SERVICES Staffing Is a number of right people i.e. skills and trained medical personnel that employed to perform the hospital’s function. Staffing involves getting the right people to do the work and developing their abilities so they can do the work better. The tools used by administrators to carry out the staffing functions are job descriptions and specification structural interviews, performance appraisal, the budget, wage or salary scales, orientation programe. Staffing (2) The staffing includes: Doctors Nurses Radiographers Cooks Laboratory technicians Drug dispensers Cleaners Staffing (2) Carpenters Accountants Plumbers Teachers Engineers Mortuary attendants Administration Is a hospital governing body arranged in a manner that defines which/what is responsible to whom. It is a flow of power in ruling the hospitals mission. The primary functions include; planning Charts the course of action for the future that enables coordinated and consistent fulfilled of goals and objectives Administration (2) Organizing Is the development of a structure or framework that identifies how people do their work. The division of work is essential to efficacy because it defines responsibility and authority. Staffing Involves getting the right people to do the work and developing their abilities so they can do better. The accomplishment of work needs people, and quality of work is directly related to the quality of skills of the people involved. Administration (3) Directing Involves directly with influencing, guiding, supervising, and motivating staff for the achievement of organizational goals. Controlling Defines performance standards or guidelines used to measure progress towards the goals of the organization. The hospital needs administrators observe test measure and guide( to review) daily, monthly or annually the activities and resources. Administration (4) coordinating Is a process by which the manager achieves orderly group activities and unity of effort by workers who are fully aware of a common purpose. An administrator communicates with other areas to facilitates work information and flow. The administrators includes the following; medical officer incharge Matron Administration (5) chief engineer Pharmacist Principal of schools Laboratory in charge Nurse in charge Physiotherapist in charge Store keeper etc. Hospital procedures Hospital procedures are numerous, they include; Investigation and treatment of patients Admitting patients for further investigations and management Conducting operations Attending outpatient clinics Providing food for the patients Educating hospital staff Purchasing consumable and non- consumable items Hospital procedures (2) Educating academicians of various discipline Discharging patients who have recovered Referring patients to other hospitals that have capabilities of managing complicated cases Employing staff like cleaners, sweepers etc. Hazards of fire and fire fighting procedures Fire, if it occurs hazardous and highly detrimental. It can cause a lot of damage to either hospital and patients properties, building and even may cost the lives of the people. For this reason, all hospitals are supposed to posses fire-fighting equipment in most cases, fire extinguishers are installed. Hospital workers are also educated on care of all equipment that are likely to precipitate fire; for example all equipment using current should be switched off before leaving the hospital. Incases of fire eruption, communication through proper protocol is instituted so that the fire is put off immediately before it causes harm/damage. ←

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER ONE Patient preparation for radiology and imaging investigation CRT04102 · Patient Management START READING NOTES Study Patient preparation for radiology and imaging investigation using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Patient Management. Contents of This Topic Learning objective Patient preparation for radiology and imaging investigation Short term preparation Long term preparation Physical preparation Psychological preparation Physiological preparation Patient preparation for radiology and imaging investigation Learning objective Perform physical preparation of the patient for radiological examination Perform physiological preparation of the radiological examination Perform psychological preparation of patient for radiological procedures Patient preparation for radiology and imaging investigation Preparation of the patient for radiological examination is classified under the following approaches Short term preparation Long term preparation There are three type of patient preparation in radiographic investigation Physical Psychological physiological Short term preparation This involve preparing the patients in a short period of time before performing radiological examination Example removing radiopaque objects around the area being examined and rehesal of the patient in taking a deep breath and out before cxr examination. Long term preparation This involve preparing a patient for long period of time before performing an examination Example fasting a patient for un hours, days or giving drugs for abdominal preparations Physical preparation This is in most cases a short term preparation by removing radiopaque objects around the area to be examined Psychological preparation This involves a patient to be mentally prepared for examination by reassuring the patient to cope with the examination I.e. telling the patient about the procedure, time taken , painful injection during procedure Physiological preparation This involves preparing a patient by giving drugs prior to the examination Eg .giving drugs like ducolax to get rid of fecal matters in the abdominal Restriction of certain food 8n some examination ← PREVIOUS TOPICNEXT TOPIC →VIEW ALL MODULE NOTESVIEW SEMESTER NOTESVIEW ALL LEVEL NOTESALL DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY NOTES Need These Notes as PDF? Need a clean, well-formatted PDF copy for offline study, revision or printing? Request the complete notes directly through WhatsApp. GET WELL-FORMATTED PDF NOTES