PST NTA Level 6

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Aspergillosis, Campylobacteriosis and Amoebiasis in Dogs Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 34 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 34: Pharmacotherapy of Aspergillosis, Campylobacteriosis, and Amoebiasis in Dogs Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define aspergillosis , campylobacteriosis and amebiasis in dogs List signs and symptoms of aspergillosis , campylobacteriosis and amebiasis in dogs Describe pharmacological treatment of aspergillosis , campylobacteriosis and amebiasis in dogs Describe control and prevention of aspergillosis , campylobacteriosis andamebiasis in dogs Activity: Buzzing What is Aspergillosis in Dog? Definition of Aspergillosis in Dogs Aspergillosis is caused by a number of Aspergillus spp , especially A . fumigatus . It is primarily a respiratory infection that may become generalized. Nasal and paranasal tissues of dogs are most commonly infected Sign And Symptoms Of Aspergillosis In Dogs Lethargy Nasal pain Ulceration of the nares, sneezing, unilateral or bilateral sanguinopurulent nasal discharge, frontal sinus osteomyelitis, and epistaxis Lesions may involve the eyes A layer of gray-black necrotic material and fungal growth may cover the mucosa of the nasal and paranasal sinuses Pharmacological Treatment of Aspergillosis in Dog Griseofulvin 15-20 mg/kg, PO with fatty food, q 24 h for 7-14 days, or Ketoconazole 15 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h for dogs and 10 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h to cats for 6-8 wk Activity: Brainstorming What are the prevention and control measures for Aspergillosis in Dog? Prevention and Control of Aspergillosis in Dog General good health will help ensure a strong healthy immune system to ward off this opportunistic disease Keeping dogs indoors may be helpful, as it will limit access to grass clippings, hay, straw, and other substances where the Aspergillus fungus can be found Dogs with the nasal version should be monitored for reduced nasal discharge, while those with disseminated disease need to be monitored with urine analysis and via X-ray every one to two months Key Points Aspergillosis is an infection, growth, or allergic response caused by the Aspergillus fungus This fungus grows on dead leaves, stored grain, compost piles, or other decaying vegetation Treatment varies depending on whether the disease is nasal or disseminated Evaluation What is Aspergillosis in Dog? What are the common signs and symptoms of Aspergillosis in Dog? What is the pharmacological treatment of Aspergillosis in Dog? What are the control measures against Aspergillosis in Dog? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Cryptococcosis in Dogs Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 35 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 35: Pharmacotherapy of Cryptococcosis in Dog Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define cryptococcosis in dog List signs and symptoms of cryptococcosis in dog Describe pharmacological treatment of cryptococcosis in dog Describe control and prevention of cryptococcosis in dog Activity: Buzzing What is Cryptococcosis in dog? Definition of Cryptococcosis in Dog Cryptococcosis is a fungal disease of dogs and cats caused by Cryptococcus neoformans It may be systemic affecting the respiratory tract, central nervous system (CNS), eyes, and skin particularly the face and neck of cats) Transmission occurs by inhalation or wound contamination from the environment Signs and Symptoms of Cryptococcosis in Dog Symptoms vary and depend greatly on the organ systems affected by the fungus More severe is disseminated disease and most have CNS or ocular involvement. Clinical signs are usually related to meningoencephalitis , optic neuritis, and granulomatous chorioretinitis . About 50% of dogs have lesions in the respiratory tract, usually the lungs, and most have granulomas throughout the body. Structures often involved in order of decreasing frequency are kidneys, lymph nodes, spleen, liver, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, bone, GI tract, muscle, myocardium, prostate, heart valves, and tonsils . Pharmacological Treatment of Cryptococcosis in Dog Amphotericin B 0.25-0.5 mg/kg , IV with 5-20ml of 5% dextrose solution 3 times a week until a cumulative dose of 4-10 mg/kg is reached, or Ketoconazole 10-20, mg/kg, q 24 h, PO has been used to successfully treat cats for a week, or Itraconazole 11-27 mg/kg, q 24 h, PO for a week Activity: Brainstorming • What are the prevention and control measures for Cryptococcosis in dog? Prevention and Control of Cryptococcosis in Dog Proper sanitation including keeping dogs away from areas with large volumes of pigeon droppings Key Points Cryptococcosis is a localized or systemic fungal infection caused by Cryptococcus neoformans Transmission occurs by inhalation or wound contamination from the environment Clinical signs are usually related to meningoencephalitis, optic neuritis, and granulomatous chorioretinitis Fluconazole or itraconazole are considered the treatments of choice for this disease Evaluation What is Cryptococcosis in dog? What are the common signs and symptoms of Cryptococcosis in dog? What is the pharmacological treatment of Cryptococcosis in dog? What are the control measures against Cryptococcosis in dog? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Tracheobronchitis in Dogs Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 36 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 36: Pharmacotherapy of Tracheobronchitis in Dogs Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define tracheobronchitis in dogs List signs and symptoms of tracheobronchitis in dogs Describe pharmacological treatment of tracheobronchitis in dogs Describe control and prevention of tracheobronchitis in dogs Activity: Buzzing What is Tracheobronchitis in dogs? Definition of Tracheobronchitis in Dogs Infectious tracheobronchitis (Kernel cough) is a self-limiting mild disease of dogs that results from inflammation of the upper airways The disease may progress to fatal bronchopneumonia in puppies or to chronic bronchitis in debilitated adult or aged dogs The illness spreads rapidly among susceptible dogs housed in close confinement Infections involved include Canine parainfluenza virus, canine adenovirus 2 (CAV-2), or canine distemper virus, can be the primary or sole pathogen involved Definition of Tracheobronchitis in Dogs Cont.… Secondary infection may be caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica especially in dogs of less than 6 months old Other bacteria such as Pseudomonas sp , Escherichia coli , and Klebsiella pneumoniae may also cause secondary infections after viral injury to the respiratory tract Stress and extremes of ventilation, temperature, and humidity apparently increase susceptibility to, and severity of, the disease Signs and Symptoms of Tracheobronchitis in Dogs Paroxysms of a harsh dry and easily induced cough, followed by retching and gagging to more severe signs such as fever, purulent nasal discharge, depression, anorexia, and a productive cough, especially in puppies indicates a complicating systemic infection such as distemper or bronchopneumonia. Disease relapses after stress, particularly due to adverse environmental conditions and improper nutrition Severity diminishes during the first 5 days, but the disease persists for 10-20 days Pharmacological Treatment of Tracheobronchitis in Dogs Codeine phosphate 0.25 mg/kg, q 6-12 h, PO to control persistent nonproductive coughing In severe chronic cases: Tetracycline 10-22 mg/kg, PO, q 8 h for 5 days, or Sulfamethazine -Trimethoprim (200:40mg) 5- 30 mg/kg, IM, q 24 h, for 3-5days, or Chloramphenicol, 30-50 mg/kg, IM, IV or PO q 8 hr for 3-5 days In more severe cases: Gentamicin sulfate (50 mg) diluted in 3 mL of saline may be administered by aerosolization q 12 h for 3 days, plus Phenylbutazone 20gm in 100ml, 1ml/15kg IM, q 24 h for 1-4 days Activity: Brainstorming • What are the preventive and control measures for Tracheobronchitis in Dogs? Prevention and Control of Tracheobronchitis in Dogs Immunization with modified live virus vaccines against distempe Key Points Infectious tracheobronchitis is a self-limiting mild disease of dogs that results from inflammation of the upper airways Symptoms and signs include paroxysms of a harsh dry and easily induced cough, followed by retching and gagging Evaluation What is Tracheobronchitis in dogs? What are the common signs and symptoms of Tracheobronchitis in dogs? What is the pharmacological treatment of Tracheobronchitis in dogs? What are the control measures against Tracheobronchitis in dogs? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Feline Respiratory Complex Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 37 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 37: Pharmacotherapy of Feline Respiratory Complex Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define feline respiratory complex List signs and symptoms of feline respiratory complex Describe pharmacological treatment of feline respiratory complex Describe control and prevention of feline respiratory complex Activity: Buzzing What is Feline Respiratory Disease Complex? Definition of Feline Respiratory Complex Feline respiratory disease complex is characterized by rhinitis, conjunctivitis, lacrimation, salivation, and oral ulcerations The principal diseases, feline viral rhinotracheitis (FVR) and feline calicivirus infections (FCV), affect exotic as well as domestic species Transmission occurs via aerosol droplets and fomites; convalescent cats may continue to harbor virus for many months Calicivirus is shed continuously, while infectious FVR virus is released intermittently. Stress may precipitate a secondary course of illness Signs and Symptoms of Feline Respiratory Complex Feline Rhinotracheitis Fever (40.5°C) Frequent sneezing Conjunctivitis Rhinitis Serous to mucoupurulent nasal discharge and often salivation which may be induced by excitement or movement Severely debilitated cats may develop ulcerative stomatitis, and ulcerative keratitis Signs may persist for 5-10 days in milder cases and up to 6 wk in severe cases Signs and Symptoms of Feline Respiratory Complex Cont … Calicivirus An acute febrile response, inappetence , and depression are common signs. Serous rhinitis and conjunctivitis also can occur Chlamydia psittaci infections characteristically produce conjunctivitis and cats sneeze occasionally Fever, serous lacrimal discharge to mucopurulent conjunctivitis, lymphoid infiltration, and epithelial hyperplasia may occur Convalescent cats may undergo relapses Activity: Brainstorming • What are the treatment and preventive measures for Feline Respiratory Complex? Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Feline Respiratory Complex Chloramphenicol 40mg, q 8 h, PO for 3-5days, or Tetracycline 1% eye drops, 5 to 6 times daily against C. psittaci , plus Nebulization or saline nose drops to remove tenacious secretions, plus Vasoconstrictor ( eg , two drops of ephedrine sulfate [0.25% solution] in each nostril, q 12h, plus Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Feline Respiratory Complex Cont.…. Lysine 250 mg, PO, q 12 h to q 8 h interferes with herpetic viral replication and may help reduce the severity of FVR infection, plus Oxygen supply (if dyspnea is severe). Fluids may be indicated to correct dehydration, and force-feeding may be necessary. Esophagostomy may be indicated in severe cases, Plus Antihistamines eg , chlorpheniramine maleate, 8 mg for adults,4 mg for kittens, PO, q 12 h, early in the course of the disease may be used Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Feline Respiratory Complex Cont.…. Prevention Vaccination against calicivirus (FCV) and feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) Key Points Feline respiratory disease complex is characterized by rhinitis, conjunctivitis, lacrimation, salivation, and oral ulcerations Transmission occurs via aerosol droplets and fomites; convalescent cats may continue to harbor virus for many months Prevention is through vaccination Evaluation What is Feline Respiratory Complex? What are the common signs and symptoms of Feline Respiratory Complex? What is the pharmacological treatment of Feline Respiratory Complex? What are the control measures against Feline Respiratory Complex? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Pneumonia in Dogs and Cats Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 38 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 38: Pharmacotherapy of Pneumonia in Dog and Cat Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Pneumonia in dog and cat List signs and symptoms of pneumonia in dog and cat Describe pharmacological treatment of pneumonia in dog and cat Describe control and prevention of pneumonia in dog and cat Activity: Buzzing What is Pneumonia in Dog and Cat? Definition of Pneumonia in Dog and Cat Pneumonia is an acute or chronic inflammation of the lungs and bronchi characterized by disturbance in respiration and hypoxemia and complicated by the systemic effects of associated toxins The primary aetiologic agents include canine distemper virus, adenovirus types 1 and 2, parainfluenza virus, and feline calicivirus that predispose to secondary bacterial invasion of the lungs Others are parasites such as Filaroides , Aelurostrongylus , or Paragonimus spp., protozoa e.g. Toxoplasma gondii , tuberculosis or mycotic pneumonia Signs and Symptoms of Pneumonia in Dog and Cat Lethargy and anorexia are common with deep cough Progressive dyspnea and cyanosis may be evident, especially on exercise Body temperature is increased moderately, and there may be leukocytosis Auscultation usually reveals consolidation, which may be patchy but more commonly is diffuse In the later stages of pneumonia, the increased lung density and peribronchial consolidation caused by the inflammatory process can be visualized radiographically Complications such as pleuritis , mediastinitis , or invasion by opportunistic organisms may occur Activity: Brainstorming •What are the pharmacological treatment and preventive measures for Bacterial Pneumonia in Dog and Cat? Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Pneumonia in Dog and Cat For Bacterial Pneumonia Benzathine Benzylpenicillin or Procaine Benzylpenicillin , by Intramuscular Injection, 1 ml/10 kg bodyweight, repeat after 3–4 days if required, or Amoxicillin with clavulanic acid by mouth, 10–20 mg/kg twice daily, or by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, 7 mg/kg once daily, or Combination of; Ampicillin and a fluoroquinolone Ampicillin and an aminoglycoside Clindamycin and a third generation cephalosporin Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Pneumonia in Dog and Cat Prevention Provide well-ventilated facilities. Keep dogs dry and well-bedded. Provide good nutrition Key Points Pneumonia is an acute or chronic inflammation of the lungs and bronchi characterized by disturbance in respiration and hypoxemia and complicated by the systemic effects of associated toxins Symptoms of bacterial pneumonia include cough, fever, difficulty breathing, lack of appetite and consequent weight loss, sluggishness, nasal discharge, dehydration, and rapid breathing Medication is necessary in cases of bacterial pneumonia; the proper antimicrobial can be selected based on results of bacterial cultures taken Evaluation What is Pneumonia in Dog and Cat? What are the common signs and symptoms of Pneumonia in Dog and Cat? What is the pharmacological treatment of Pneumonia in Dog and Cat? What are the control measures against Pneumonia in Dog and Cat? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater Fish Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 39 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 39: Pharmacotherapy of Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater fish Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define monogenean trematodes in freshwater fish List signs and symptoms of monogenean trematodes in freshwater fish Describe pharmacological treatment of monogenean trematodes in freshwater fish Describe control and prevention of monogenean trematodes in freshwater fish Activity: Buzzing What is Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater fish? Definition of Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater Fish Monogenean trematodes , also called flatworms or flukes, commonly invade the gills, skin, and fins of fish They have a direct life cycle and are host and site-specific Gyrodactylus and Dactylogyrus are the two most common genera of monogeneans that infect freshwater fish Signs and Symptoms of Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater fish Freshwater fish infested with skin-inhabiting flukes become lethargic, swim near the surface, seek the sides of the pool or pond, and their appetite dwindles Areas of attachment show scale loss and may ooze a pinkish fluid, swollen and pale gills, Respiration rate may be increased, and fish will be less tolerant of low oxygen conditions with piping and gulping air at the water surface High mortality may occur if large numbers (>10 organisms per low power field) of monogeneans infest the skin or gills Secondary infection by bacteria and fungus is common on tissue with monogenean damage Activity: Brainstorming •What are the pharmacological treatment and preventive measures for Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater fish? Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater fish Bath or dip of organophosphorus compounds like ‘Dipterex’, ‘Trichlorofon’ are used In permanent bath 0.25 – 0.5 ppm (0.1 ppm in cold-water ponds) Dip 1%, 2- 3 minutes For Gyrodactylus Benzalkonium chloride, 2 ppm for an hour, q 24 h for 3 days Use 0.5 ppm at temperatures over 270C (rapid breakdown in warm water ) Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater fish Alternative Formalin Potassium permanganate Prevention Proper sanitation A control method include emptying , drying, and disinfecting tanks or ponds before restocking the fishes Key Points There are four types of drug receptors Prolonged use of drugs can result into up or down regulation of receptors Drug receptor- interaction exhibit specific properties Evaluation What is Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater fish? What are the common signs and symptoms of Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater fish? What is the pharmacological treatment of Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater fish? What are the control measures against Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater fish References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 40 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 40: Pharmacotherapy of Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define enteric septicaemia of catfish List signs and symptoms of enteric septicaemia of catfish Describe pharmacological treatment of enteric septicaemia of catfish Describe control and prevention of enteric septicaemia of catfish Activity: Buzzing What is Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish? ? Definition of Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish It is caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri primarily Channel Catfish but has also been seen in carp, bass and others The bacteria enter via the gut or snares The bacteria can survive for long periods outside the host but is commonly found within the gut of apparently normal fish It is highly contagious and pathogenic and causes losses of up to 50% Signs and Symptoms of Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish Usually the condition has the appearance of typical hemorrhagic septicemia However, acutely affected fish can be seen standing vertically in the water and spinning Chronically affected fish may suffer from the open lesion on the head that earned the name “hole in the head disease” Activity: Brainstorming • What are the treatment and preventive measures for Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish? Pharmacological Treatment of Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish Trimethoprim / Sulfonamide , 30 mg/kg fish/day in feed, or Oxytetracycline , 100 mg/kg fish Pharmacological Treatment of Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish Cont.…. Prevention The disease is prevented by; Routine hygiene precautions are very important to control the disease. Managing water quality, Practicing biosecurity in the hatchery, Using proper nutrition and feeding practices, Administering drugs and chemicals appropriately Vaccination with immersion vaccines Key Points Enteric septicaemia of catfish, or Hole-in-the-Head disease, is caused by the bacterium Edwardsiella ictaluri , which belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae Infected fish often show lethargic swimming, abnormal behaviouralternating listlessness and chaotic swimming, disorientation and swimming in spirals Antibiotics should be administered under the guidance of a fish health professional or veterinarian Evaluation What is Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish? What are the common signs and symptoms of Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish? What is the pharmacological treatment of Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish? What are the control measures against Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Saprolegnia Infection of Fish Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 41 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 41: Pharmacotherapy of Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Saprolegnia infection of fishes List signs and symptoms of saprolegnia infection of fishes Describe pharmacological treatment of saprolegnia infection of fishes Describe control and prevention of saprolegnia infection of fishes Activity: Buzzing • What is Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes ? Definition of Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes It is a myocotic disease known to potentially may affect all fish species in fresh water like Tilapia, Clarias , Mugil and rainbow trout etc It is also infective to eggs The fungi of the genus saprolegnia are considered as secondary invaders of fish skin already damaged by abrasions and scale loss due to handling, netting, transfer and also skin lesions caused by ectoparasites notably by argulids Infections frequently occur on incubated eggs and newborn fry of rainbow trout in hatcheries Signs and Symptoms of Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes The fungal mycelium will also penetrate into the muscle beneath the dermis resulting in; Extensive necrosis of invaded tissues Oedema Extensive haemmorrhages Activity: Brainstorming • What are the treatment and preventive measures for Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes? Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes Malachite green oxalate (Zinc-free), Dip, bath or flowing, applied to ponds at 0.15 ppm at holding tanks at a dose of 0.10 – 0.20 ppm for 1 h Bath treatment, 0.1 ppm ‘Permanent’ Local (swab), 1% Precautions: Highly toxic to juveniles of some fish species and some eggs very sensitive, especially at early stage Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes Cont.…. Prevention measures include; Removing dead infected fish from the ponds Proper sanitation of the ponds Do not feed pets with raw fish Key Points The Saprolegnia fungus infects fish (or its eggs), affecting its internal organs and deeper tissues Symptoms include light gray , cottony growths on the skin, fins, gills, and eyes The Saprolegnia fungal infection is caused by having an unclean environment containing dead and decaying organic matter Treatment of the Saprolegnia infection is accomplished by medicating the water with potassium permanganate, after removing skin pathogens Evaluation What is Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes? What are the common signs and symptoms of Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes? What is the pharmacological treatment of Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes? What are the control measures against Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes ? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Cyanide Poisoning in Cattle and Goat Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 42 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 42: Pharmacotherapy of Cyanide Poisoning in Cow and Goat Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define cyanide poisoning in cow and goat List signs and symptoms of cyanide poisoning in cow and goat Describe pharmacological treatment of cyanide poisoning in cow and goat Describe control and prevention of cyanide poisoning in cow and goat Activity: Buzzing • What is Aspergillosis in Dog? Definition of cyanide Poisoning in Cow and Goat Cyanogenic glycosides accumulate in some plants (e.g. Johnson grass, Sudan grass, Sorghum etc.,) whenever their cycle of vegetation is interrupted which happen when they wither after a sudden removal of water, after application of herbicides or under special climatic influences Cyanide interferes with oxygen transport to tissues Signs and Symptoms of Cyanide Poisoning in Cow and Goat Excitement Staggering Dyspnoea with tachycardia Cattle stand with their mouths wide open Salivation and frothy foam Nystagmus Lacrimation Muscle tremors and finally tonic- clonic convulsions and vomiting and death Activity: Brainstorming • What are the Treatment and Preventive measures for Cyanide Poisoning in Cow and Goat?? Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Cyanide Poisoning in Cow and Goat Initial Dose Sodium nitrite 10% (in distilled water or saline), 20 mg/kg, IV Maintenance Sodium thiosulfate 20%, ≥500 mg/kg, IV Sodium nitrite therapy may be carefully repeated at 10 mg/kg, q2-4 h or as needed, or Sodium thiosulfate ≥500 mg/kg, IV plus 30 g/cow, PO, to detoxify any remaining HCN in the rumen Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Cyanide Poisoning in Cow and Goat Prevention The best preventive step is to test suspect feed and/or pastures before allowing consumption Pasture and forage sorghums ( eg , Sudan grass and sorghum-Sudan grass hybrids) should not be grazed until they are >60 cm tall or have been proved by testing to have acceptable cyanide levels, to reduce danger from prussic acid poisoning Key Points In acute cyanide poisoning, cyanide ions (CN–) bind to, and inhibit, the ferric (Fe 3+) heme moeity form of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase This blocks the fourth step in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (reduction of oxygen to water), resulting in the arrest of aerobic metabolism and death from histotoxic anoxia The goal of treatment is to break the cyanide-cytochrome c oxidase bond and reestablish the mitochondrial electron transport chain Evaluation What is cyanide poisoning in Cow and Goat? What are the common signs and symptoms of cyanide poisoning in Cow and Goat? What is the pharmacological treatment of cyanide poisoning in Cow and Goat? What are the control measures against cyanide poisoning in Cow and Goat? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Introduction to Vaccination in Veterinary Medicines Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 43 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 43: Introduction to Vaccination in Veterinary Medicines Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define common terms in veterinary vaccination Describe types of vaterinary vaccines Describe route of vaccination Describe vaccination schemes Describe contraindications veterinary vaccines Activity: Buzzing • What is veterinary Vaccines? Definition of Common Terms in Veterinary Vaccination Veterinary vaccines These are preparations containing antigenic substances which are administered for the purpose of inducing a specific and active immunity against disease provoked by bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms, by parasites, or antigenic fractions or substances produced by these organisms and rendered harmless whilst retaining all or part of their antigenic properties Definition of Common Terms in Veterinary Vaccination Cont.…. Vaccination It is the introduction of a vaccine into the body to produce immunity to a specific disease The vaccine may be administered by subcutaneous, intradermal, or intramuscular injection, by mouth, by inhalation or by scarification Activity: Brainstorming • What are the types of Veterinary Vaccines? Types of veterinary vaccines Killed vaccines Killed vaccines are produced by inactivating the infectious agent (so that it can not replicate in the host) without altering the immunogenicity of the protective protein(s) They induce predominantly humoral type of immunity, i.e. antibody mediated Generally they require two doses with an appropriate interval These vaccines contain adjuvants that enhance the immune reaction Booster doses of inactivated vaccines are often administered annually e.g. black leg, pasteurellosis Types of veterinary vaccines Cont.… Live vaccines This type of vaccine could be prepared either by using less virulent or by attenuating highly virulent strain/type of an infectious organism Attenuation is usually made by growing of an infectious organism under abnormal culture condition These types of vaccines induce complete type of immune response (both humoral and cellular) and confer higher level and longer period of protection than killed vaccines Live vaccine especially attenuated ones may revert to full virulence after inoculation into an animal and elicit disease e.g PPR, rinder pest, lumpy skin disease Types of veterinary vaccines Cont.… Toxoid Vaccines They are vaccines prepared from toxins obtained from microorganisms and has been treated by heat or chemical agents to destroy its deleterious properties without destroying its abilities to stimulate the formation of antibody e.g. tetanus vaccine Types of veterinary vaccines Cont.… Autogenous Vaccine It is a vaccine prepared from cultures of material derived from a disease lesion of the animal to be vaccinated e.g bovine papiloma Serovaccine It is a combination of antisera with a vaccine to produce passive and active immunity e.g. rabies Routes Of Vaccination Subcutaneous injection (S/C) Subcutaneous injection is particularly convenient in small companion animals where the loose skin at the back of the neck is a commonly used route Potential disadvantages are slower uptake of antigen as compared to a more vascular site such as muscle Lower antibody response has been obtained with the S/C route as compared to intramuscular injection Routes Of Vaccination Cont.…. Intramuscular injection (I/M) This route delivers vaccine into location of high vascularity and provides efficient exposure of antigen to the immune system. Attention must be paid to the anatomical choice of vaccination site to ensure adequate delivery and exposure to responsive cells Intradermal injection (I/D) Intradermal injection is very efficient immunizing route due to antigen capture and lymphatic drainage to regional lymph nodes Smaller doses of antigen are required to achieve responses equivalent to I/M injection Routes Of Vaccination Cont.…. Oral route This route offers a convenient, powerful route for stimulating local immunity Mass oral vaccination via drinking water has been used primarily in poultry Intranasal vaccination Intranasal inoculation is an alternate mucosal route and has been advocated as a means of avoiding interference from maternal antibody. Routes Of Vaccination Cont.…. Intraperitoneal vaccination (I/P) Intraperitoneal vaccination represents a serosa delivery and a method intermediate between mucosal and intramuscular/subcutaneous vaccination. In ovo vaccination Chickens develop immunological responsiveness well before hatching, and early protection against infection, such as Marek’s disease, Infectious bronchitis, Infectious bursal and Newcastle disease has been demonstrated Aquatic immersion Mass vaccination of small fish could be accomplished by immersion in vaccine baths Activity: Brainstorming •What are vaccination Schemes ? Vaccination Schemes Primary and Secondary Immune Response Initial immunization with a specific antigen induces ‘primary immune response’ with low levels of both Ig M and Ig G production evident by 7 days When antigen is given again after 2 or more weeks, a more rapid and higher ‘secondary immune response’ is generated, with a rising Ig G antibody beginning 2-3 days Vaccination Schemes Cont.…. Booster vaccination Booster vaccination needs to be given at intervals to ensure immunological memory for a rapid immune response to pathogens The time may vary, depending on whether the vaccine is inactivated or living Therefore for most killed vaccines yearly revaccination is recommended There are some exceptions including some diseases which have seasonal incidence whereby vaccination should be planned for a time prior to the expected disease outbreak Vaccination Schemes Cont.…. Group vaccination Vaccinating a high percentage of a population is desirable whether dealing with the control of disease in individual animal or herds or flocks Curative and/or preventive vaccination Vaccination is primarily given pre-exposure; however, post- exposure vaccine is also administered for diseases with very long incubation period e.g. Rabies Precautions and Contraindications of Vaccines Sick animals should not be vaccinated Animals under immunosuppressive drug treatment should not be vaccinated within three to four weeks Care should be taken in the use of antibiotics when a vaccine containing live bacteria is administered During mass vaccination of multi-age group with live vaccines, the transmission of infection due to the organisms in the vaccine to susceptible young animals should be considered Precautions and