Introduction to Vaccination in Veterinary Medicines

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 43: Introduction to Vaccination in Veterinary Medicines

Learning Tasks

By

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define common terms in veterinary vaccination

Describe types of

vaterinary

vaccines

Describe route of vaccination

Describe vaccination schemes

Describe contraindications veterinary vaccines

Activity: Buzzing

is veterinary Vaccines?

Definition of Common Terms in Veterinary Vaccination

Veterinary vaccines

These are preparations containing antigenic substances which are administered for the purpose of inducing a specific and active immunity against disease provoked by bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms, by parasites, or antigenic fractions or substances produced by these organisms and rendered harmless whilst retaining all or part of their antigenic properties

Definition of Common Terms in Veterinary Vaccination

Cont.….

Vaccination

It is the introduction of a vaccine into the body to produce immunity to a specific disease

The vaccine may be administered by subcutaneous, intradermal, or intramuscular injection, by mouth, by inhalation or by scarification

Activity:

Brainstorming

are the types of Veterinary Vaccines?

Types of veterinary

vaccines

Killed

vaccines

Killed vaccines are produced by inactivating the infectious agent (so that it can not replicate in the host) without altering the immunogenicity of the protective protein(s)

They induce predominantly humoral type of immunity, i.e.

antibody mediated

Generally they require two doses with an appropriate interval

These vaccines contain adjuvants that enhance the immune reaction

Booster doses of inactivated vaccines are often administered annually e.g. black leg, pasteurellosis

Types of veterinary

vaccines Cont.…

Live vaccines

This type of vaccine could be prepared either by using less virulent or by attenuating highly virulent strain/type of an infectious organism

Attenuation is usually made by growing of an infectious organism under abnormal culture condition

These types of vaccines induce complete type of immune response (both

humoral

and cellular) and confer higher level and longer period of protection than killed vaccines

Live vaccine especially attenuated ones may revert to full virulence after inoculation into an animal and elicit disease

e.g

PPR,

rinder

pest, lumpy skin disease

Types of veterinary vaccines Cont.…

Toxoid Vaccines

They are vaccines prepared from toxins obtained from microorganisms and has been treated by heat or chemical agents to destroy its deleterious properties without destroying its abilities to stimulate the formation of antibody e.g. tetanus vaccine

Types of veterinary vaccines Cont.…

Autogenous Vaccine

It is a vaccine prepared from cultures of material derived from a disease lesion of the animal to be vaccinated

e.g

bovine

papiloma

Serovaccine

It is a combination of antisera with a vaccine to produce passive and active immunity e.g. rabies

Routes Of Vaccination

Subcutaneous

injection (S/C)

Subcutaneous injection is particularly convenient in small companion animals where the loose skin at the back of the neck is a commonly used route

Potential disadvantages are slower uptake of antigen as compared to a more vascular site such as muscle

Lower antibody response has been obtained with the S/C route as compared to intramuscular injection

Routes Of

Vaccination Cont.….

Intramuscular injection (I/M)

This route delivers vaccine into location of high vascularity and provides efficient exposure of antigen to the immune system.

Attention must be paid to the anatomical choice of vaccination site to ensure adequate delivery and exposure to responsive cells

Intradermal injection (I/D)

Intradermal injection is very efficient immunizing route due to antigen capture and lymphatic drainage to regional lymph nodes

Smaller doses of antigen are required to achieve responses equivalent to I/M injection

Routes Of Vaccination Cont.….

Oral route

This route offers a convenient, powerful route for stimulating local immunity

Mass oral vaccination via drinking water has been used primarily in poultry

Intranasal vaccination

Intranasal inoculation is an alternate mucosal route and has been advocated as a means of avoiding interference from maternal antibody.

Routes Of Vaccination Cont.….

Intraperitoneal vaccination (I/P)

Intraperitoneal vaccination represents a

serosa

delivery and a method intermediate between mucosal and intramuscular/subcutaneous vaccination.

In

ovo

vaccination

Chickens develop immunological responsiveness well before hatching, and early protection against infection, such as Marek’s disease, Infectious bronchitis, Infectious bursal and Newcastle disease has been

demonstrated

Aquatic immersion

Mass vaccination of small fish could be accomplished by immersion in vaccine baths

Activity:

Brainstorming

•What are vaccination

Schemes

?

Vaccination Schemes

Primary

and Secondary Immune Response

Initial immunization with a specific antigen induces ‘primary immune response’ with low levels of both

Ig

M and

Ig

G production evident by 7 days

When antigen is given again after 2 or more weeks, a more rapid and higher ‘secondary immune response’ is generated, with a rising Ig G antibody beginning 2-3

days

Vaccination

Schemes Cont.….

Booster vaccination

Booster vaccination needs to be given at intervals to ensure immunological memory for a rapid immune response to pathogens

The time may vary, depending on whether the vaccine is inactivated or living

Therefore for most killed vaccines yearly revaccination is recommended

There are some exceptions including some diseases which have seasonal incidence whereby vaccination should be planned for a time prior to the expected disease outbreak

Vaccination Schemes Cont.….

Group vaccination

Vaccinating a high percentage of a population is desirable whether dealing with the control of disease in individual animal or herds or

flocks

Curative and/or preventive vaccination

Vaccination is

primarily

given pre-exposure; however,

post- exposure

vaccine is also administered for diseases with very long incubation period e.g. Rabies

Precautions and

Contraindications of

Vaccines

Sick

animals should not be vaccinated

Animals under immunosuppressive drug treatment should not be vaccinated within three to four weeks

Care should be taken in the use of antibiotics when a vaccine containing live bacteria is administered

During mass vaccination of multi-age group with live vaccines, the transmission of infection due to the organisms in the vaccine to susceptible young animals should be considered

Precautions and

Contraindications of

Vaccines Cont.…

The full vaccination course as recommended by manufacturer should always be administered

Stressing of animals to be vaccinated should be avoided

Don’t vaccinate through dirty, wet skin

Repeated use of needles and syringes within herd/flock is undesirable.

Containers that have held live vaccines can be potentially hazardous and should be kept/disposed safe

Precautions and

Contraindications of Vaccines Cont.…

Injectable vaccines should be stored and reconstituted as recommended by the manufacturer

Liquid preparations should always be adequately shaken before use to ensure uniformity of the material to be injected

Accidental self-injection with oil-based vaccines can cause intense vascular spasm, which may result in loss of limbs

Key

Points

Vaccines

are available for managing several livestock

Potential benefits of vaccines include improved animal welfare and public health.

There are different types of vaccines: live vaccines give long immunity after a single dose, while; inactivated vaccines need booster doses to maintain immunity

Evaluation

What

is veterinary Vaccine?

What are the types of veterinary vaccination?

What are the routes of veterinary vaccination?

What are contraindications of vaccines in veterinary medicine?

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

(9

th

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

(1

st

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

nd

ed

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

(2

nd

ed

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

ed

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

ed

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

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