NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology – Complete Full Notes

Complete educational source text in one page

Completeness safeguard: this page keeps the complete educational module/source wording in one place so learning material is not lost when browsing topic by topic. Presenter/tutor metadata is intentionally excluded.

PST 06107

Basic

Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 1: Introduction to Veterinary Pharmacology

Learning Tasks

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define terminologies used in veterinary pharmacology

Outline the therapeutic classes of veterinary medicines

Describe principles and concepts applied in veterinary pharmacology

Explain the sources veterinary medicines

Outline the basic concepts in veterinary toxicology

Explain the importance of veterinary pharmacology in the management of common animal diseases

General Principles and Concepts of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology

Veterinary Pharmacology is the study of substances that interact with living systems through chemical processes, especially by binding to regulatory molecules and activating or inhibiting normal body processes in

animals

Veterinary

pharmacology is concerned with the use of drugs for diseases and health problems unique to

animals

The

sources of

veterinary

medicines are also similar to the sources of human medicines namely plants, animals, minerals and synthetic sources

General Principles and Concepts of Veterinary Pharmacology and

Toxicology

Cont

…

The therapeutic classes of veterinary medicines include antibiotics, antifungal,

antiviral,

anti-inflammatory drugs, growth promoters,

ant parasitic

drugs, insecticides and

tranquilizers

The

principles and concepts of veterinary pharmacology are similar to human

pharmacology

They

involve Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

General Principles and Concepts of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology

Cont

…

Pharmacodynamics is the study of cell/tissue responses and selective receptor effects.

The

significant difference in veterinary pharmacology is the species variations that need to be

considered

These

variations have significant influence on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of veterinary medicines

Toxicology is the study of poison and their effects on normal physiologic mechanisms

General Principles and Concepts of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology

Cont

…

is important to understand the more commonly encountered toxins and to treat affected animals

accordingly

When treating an intoxicated animal, the general rule to remember is that, “

treat the animal not the poison

”

Toxicity is the quality of being poisonous (dose of poison that elicits a

response)

Toxicosis is the clinical syndrome associated

with

exposure to a poison e.g. acetaminophen

toxicosis

General Principles and Concepts of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology

Cont

…

Toxins

that affect the more commonly domestic species are extremely diverse

The types of toxins often encountered include;

Metals,

mycotoxins

, feed-related intoxications, pharmaceutical agents, pesticides (insecticides, herbicides),

biotoxins

(plants,

poisononous

animals and insects, bacterial toxins)

For

toxicosis

to occur,

there

must be a dose-related response, the greater the dose the more likely that

toxicosis

will occur

General Principles and Concepts of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology

Cont

…

Some toxins exhibit a steep dose-response relationship and are considered highly toxic

To cause intoxication, a substance must be absorbed and delivered to the site of action at a concentration high enough to elicit a physiologic response e.g. presence of a poisonous plant in a pasture is not enough; there must be evidence of consumption of these plants

Different animals in a herd may consume different plants or forage

There are individual and species variations in susceptibility to toxins

The clinical signs observed must correlate with the suspect plant

General Principles and Concepts of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology

Cont

…

Toxicokinetics

This is the study of the metabolic processes that occur after exposure to a toxin (absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and elimination)

It involves the mathematical description of

the movement

of a toxin into the body (absorption), to the target organs (distribution) and out of the body (elimination)

Concentration of a toxin at the site of action depends on;

Dose, physicochemical properties of the toxin or drug, absorption, distribution, specific tissue affinity, rate of metabolism, rate of

elimination

General Principles and Concepts of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology

Cont

…

The fate after exposure to toxins is influenced by;

Toxins or drug factors

Host factors or physiologic factors

There are animal factors including age, organ perfusion, organ function (hepatic, renal), membrane permeability, pH of tissue or compartment, species and gastrointestinal anatomy and physiology

Activity: Small Group Discussion

What

is pharmacokinetics?

General Principles and Concepts of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology

Cont

…

Pharmacokinetics is the study of drug absorption, distribution, biotransformation (metabolism), and

excretion

Pharmacokinetic

processes affect the route of administration, doses, dose intervals, and toxicities of drugs given to animals

The

following are the importance's of Veterinary Pharmacology

Helps

in understanding the mechanism of action of veterinary medicines

Helps in the determination of correct indication and dosage of veterinary medicines

Helps to identify and respond to drug interactions, contraindications and adverse drug reactions related to veterinary medicines accordingly

Helps in understanding of the disposition processes in the body including absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of veterinary medicines

These will help students learning veterinary pharmacology to dispense right drug to the right animal, at right dose, by right route and at right time

Key Points

Veterinary

pharmacology is the study of medicines which are used in animals, poultry and fish

Principles and Concepts of Veterinary Pharmacology includes pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics

Veterinary Pharmacology is important in the pharmacological treatment of veterinary diseases

Toxicology is the study of poison and their effects on normal

physiologyic

mechanisms

Evaluation

What

is veterinary pharmacology?

What are principles and concepts of veterinary pharmacology?

What is importance of veterinary pharmacology?

What is toxicology?

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

(9th Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

(1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2nd

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

(2nd

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

) (2008

). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 2: Variation of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Veterinary Medicines in Animals

Learning Tasks

By the end of this session students are expected to be able

to:

Outline

species of Interest in Veterinary

Medicine

Describe Drug Administration in Different Animal Species

Describe Drug Absorption in Different Animal Species

Describe Drug Metabolism of veterinary medicines in animals

Describe Dosage regimes of in Different Animal Species

Describe Pharmacodynamics of Drugs in Different Animal Species

Activity: Buzzing

What is the uniqueness of veterinary pharmacology compared to human pharmacology?

Species of Interest in Veterinary Medicine

Veterinary medicine is unique in that many types of animals, that is, livestock, companion animals, working animals, sports animals, laboratory animals, and some invertebrates such as honeybees

Most are domesticated species, but exotic animal species are also kept as pets (reptiles, amphibians, birds) and may therefore require treatment

In veterinary medicine, the critical step is to determine a rational dosing regimen (involving dose rate, inter-dosing interval, duration of treatment and mode of administration) for a selected drug

Species of Interest in Veterinary Medicine

Cont

…

The dosage regimen for a drug in a given species depends on its anatomy, biochemistry, physiology, and behaviour, as well as on the nature and causes of the condition requiring treatment. Hence, major biological differences impacting on dosage exist between animal

species

addition, within some species there may be considerable differences within and between breeds in pharmacokinetic (PK) and

pharmacodynamic

(PD)

profiles

Species of Interest in Veterinary Medicine

Cont

…

Also to be considered is veterinary pharmacogenetics, which is a new branch of veterinary science which identifies genetic variations (polymorphisms) as the origin of differences in the drug response of individuals within a given

species

These between

and

within species

differences in drug response are largely explained by variations in drug PK and PD, the magnitude of which varies from drug to drug.

Drug

Administration in Different Animal Species

Differences

in the modalities of drug administration across species result from anatomical, physiological, and/or behavioural

differences

Modality

of administration also depends on animal and management husbandry procedures, as in the case for food-producing animals, for which treatments are often collective

Drug

Administration in Different Animal

Species

Cont

…

Intramammary infusion

cattle, the udder has a single large teat canal for each quarter leading to a single large teat cistern and this enables the entire mammary quarter to be treated conveniently by

intramammary

infusion.

In dogs, the nipples have several fine openings (7–16) preventing local drug administration.

Drug

Administration in Different Animal

Species

Cont

…

Intramuscular administration

Intramuscular administration is a popular modality of drug administration in veterinary medicine and apparently no major differences exist across species in their skeletal muscular systems, so that no major differences are expected between species for the bioavailability of intramuscularly injected

drugs

poultry, however, the site of administration should be carefully selected (generally the pectoral muscle is chosen), because the bioavailability of a drug injected into the leg can be low or even null due to a first-pass effect in the

kidney

This

is because the kidney in birds is of a reptilian type with a renal portal system draining the lower regions of the body

Drug

Administration in Different Animal

Species

Cont

…

Subcutaneous route

For subcutaneous administration, it is reasonable to assume considerable similarity between species regarding the local tolerance of

formulations

However

, cats are specifically prone to the development of localised

fibro granulomatous

reactions to injectable vaccine products, producing vaccine-induced sarcomas as a result of malignant transformation of the fibroblastic cells associated with the prolonged inflammatory reaction

Drug Administration in Different Animal Species

Cont

…

The oral route

Oral administration is the most natural route of drug administration and there are many examples of interspecies differences in the modalities of oral administration that are linked to some aspects of feeding

behaviour

The

oral route is chosen because it enables large numbers of animals (sometime several thousands) to be treated conveniently and cheaply at the same time

Drug Administration in Different Animal Species

Cont

…

The oral

route……

For

antibiotic use in livestock, the objective is commonly to limit the progression of contagious disease in the overall population, rather than to treat a single subject as for companion

animals

Thus, the oral administration of drugs in drinking water (e.g. in poultry) or as medicated feed (e.g. for pigs) ensures that all animals are treated with minimum of

labour

The oral route is advantageous due to absence of stress that may occur with individual treatments that require first catching and then restraining and injecting animals individually

Drug Absorption in Different Animal Species

After

a drug administered by the oral route has been swallowed, it passes to the stomach from the esophagus

Esophageal transit normally takes a few seconds but the esophagus shows large interspecies histological differences with practical consequences for therapeutics

Esophageal muscle is striated in fish but smooth in birds, whilst mammals show considerable species variation in the presence of these two types of muscle

Drug

Absorption in Different Animal

Species

Cont

….

Both layers of muscle are striated throughout the length of the esophagus in dogs, sheep and cattle, whereas in cats the esophagus contains smooth muscle over approximately the terminal 8% of its length and 16% for its

circular muscle

This

is why cats are prone to retain foreign bodies in the distal part of the esophagus, including

tablets

This

may be problematic if highly acidic medications are retained that may cause severe irritation

Drug Absorption in Different Animal Species

Cont

….

In ruminants, the

reticulo

-rumen (RR) has a profound influence on the fate of all drugs due to its large capacity (225L in adult cattle), which leads to dilution and affects the residence time of orally administered

drugs

addition, the

microflora

of the rumen can inactivate drugs by metabolic or chemical reactions

Drug Absorption in Different Animal Species

Cont

….

The horse and rabbit are hindgut fermenters and the caecum and colon are major sites of microbial digestion of feed for these species

This makes horses and rabbits particularly prone to antimicrobial drug-induced

enterocolitis

, secondary to disruption of their normal microflora leading to an overgrowth of pathogenic microorganisms like Clostridium ssp.

the rabbit, C.

spiriforme

has been implicated as the primary causative agent producing iota toxin and causing enterotoxaemia and death

Drug Absorption in Different Animal Species

Cont

….

It should be stressed that the delay between the end of antibiotic administration and these catastrophic events may be up to 10 days, making it sometimes difficult to identify the origin of an enterotoxaemia

For this reason, antibiotics administered by the oral route and having a poor bioavailability and also extensively excreted in the bile (such as

oxytetracycline

) or by enterocyte efflux (doxycycline) after parenteral administration should not be used or should be used with caution in horses and rabbits

Drug Metabolism in Different Animals Species

Biotransformation

is a major factor accounting for species differences in the disposition of drug

The group of P

450

cytochromes (CYP

450

) represents a large superfamily of

oxygenases

involved in drug biotransformation

The CYP

450

enzymes are considered to be the most important metabolising enzymes for

xenobiotic

in veterinary medicine

Drug Metabolism in Different Animals Species

Cont

…

In veterinary medicine, inter-species quantitative differences in Phase I and qualitative differences in Phase II metabolism have been known for several decades

Examples are the poor capacity of the cat to carry out some

glucuronidations

, the deficiency of dogs for acetylation reactions and the low level of sulphate conjugation in pigs

A common assertion in veterinary pharmacology is that in general drugs have lower clearance in carnivores than in herbivores with omnivores having an intermediary position

Drug Metabolism in Different Animals Species

Cont

…

Herbivores are well-endowed with oxidative enzyme systems such as the cytochrome P

450

group, which provide rapid drug clearance by hepatic metabolism

Therefore differences in the rate of elimination for drugs that are metabolized by the liver usually accounts for most of the differences in the T

1/2

values between species.

Drug Metabolism in Different Animals Species

Cont

…

It is for phase II metabolism that the main qualitative interspecies differences have been reported and explained by genetic factors, namely deficiencies in

glucuronidation

felidae

and acetylation in

canidae

Glucuronidation

represents one of the major phase II reactions in the metabolism of drugs

Among food-producing animals, rabbits, pigs, and horses show the maximal

glucuronidating

capacity towards phenolic substrates, while broilers and cattle display a relatively low conjugation rate

Drug Metabolism in Different Animals Species

Cont

…

It is also important to be careful about comparing duration of action between different species of birds

There is significant variation between t

1/2

values of chickens, turkeys, and different wild birds which is again related to differences in metabolism

Although there are different types of cholinesterase in the tissues and blood, the overall levels in ruminants are lower than in horses and humans

Drug Metabolism in Different Animals Species

Cont

…

This means that sheep, goats, calves, and cattle, are more sensitive to

organophosphorous

compounds than horses and humans

Sheep have been suggested as possible “sentinel” animals for the detection of toxic anticholinesterase (organophosphate nerve gases) because of their sensitivity

Interspecies variability in acetylation has been known for many years. N-acetyltransferases are widely distributed among animal species and are active in metabolising

sulfonamides

Drug Metabolism in Different Animals Species

Cont

…

Two

families of N-acetyl-transferases (NAT) have been recognised and called

NAT-1

and NAT-2

Rabbits and pigs have high acetylating capacity, while chickens and horses are poor

acetylators

Dogs and other

canids

fail to express functional NAT-1 and NAT-2, which are essential for the excretion of

sulfonamides

while in cats, only NAT-1 is expressed

In man and rabbit, NAT activity is subjected to genetic polymorphism resulting in “low” and “high”

acetylator

phenotypes

Drug Metabolism in Different Animals Species

Cont

…

In clinical practise, fatal intoxication may occur in horses exposed to

monensin

, an

ionophoric

coccidiostat

used in poultry

One likely reason for their high susceptibility in horses is their relative inability to

demethylate

compounds that are not CYP2D substrates

Comparative investigations with

microsomes

from various animal species, including horses, pigs, broiler chickens, cattle and rats, showed that the horse had the lowest catalytic ability to

demethylate

(and hence detoxify)

monensin

Dosage

Regimens in Different Animals Species

For

each drug in each species an efficacious and safe dosage regimen (dose level, interval of administration, and dosing duration) should be determined

Dosage regimens may vary markedly between species, even when doses are expressed

Kilogram

(kg) of body weight

For

xylazine

, an alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, the effective dose is tenfold lower in cattle than in horses, despite similar PK profiles

Dosage Regimens in Different Animals

Species

Cont

…

For

morphine, the effective dose is ten-fold lower in cats than in dogs

For aspirin, dosage is approximately 40 times higher in cattle than in cats,

For

suxamethonium

(succinylcholine), a depolarising neuromuscular blocker, the dose in cattle is some 40 times lower than in cats

From these examples, it seems that no generalisation can be established between interspecies variability and certain physiological traits, such as herbivorous Vs. carnivorous species or

monogastric

species vs. ruminants

Dosage Regimens in Different Animals Species

Cont

…

Coprophagia is another individual and social behaviour phenomenon specific to veterinary medicine

It comprises the consumption of faeces by animals.

Many domestic species such as horses, pigs, rabbits and dogs either regularly or occasionally practise

coprophagia

Coprophagy may lead to drug transfer between animals (

allocoprophagy

) or drug recycling when an animal re-ingests its own faeces (

autocoprophagy

) or its own

manure

Dosage Regimens in Different Animals Species

Cont

…

The faeces of treated foals may contain extremely high concentrations of antibiotics especially for drugs with poor oral bioavailability

If such contaminated faeces are ingested by an adult horse, ingested concentrations of antimicrobial drugs may suffice to disrupt the normal adult colonic microflora, which are exquisitely sensitive to some antibiotics

Pharmacodynamics of Drugs in Different Animal Species

Species

differences in drug action and effect, i.e. of PD, reflect differences in target functions (anatomy, physiology, pathology) and/or target receptors including those of parasites and bacteria

In contrast with interspecies differences in Pharmacokinetics,

Pharmacodynamics

interspecies differences are less numerous

Example of

mydriatic

drugs with the

parasympatholytic

agent atropine being

mydriatic

in mammals but not in birds

In birds, the iris and ciliary muscles are composed mainly of striated muscle fibres with an associated nicotinic cholinergic neuromuscular

Pharmacodynamics of Drugs in Different Animal

Species Cont..

These

striated muscle fibres facilitate a rapid pupillary and accommodation response and this is likely to be an adaptation to the visual requirement of flight. In birds, atropine, a muscarinic receptor antagonist has no

mydriatic

effect, whereas neuromuscular blockers such as d-

tubocurarine

dilate pupils

Pharmacodynamics of Drugs in Different Animal Species

Cont..

In mammals, the iris is composed of smooth muscle, and muscarinic agonists act on receptors of the M-3 subtype to cause pupil dilatation

Example of

Xylazine

This is an alpha2-adrenergic agonist, which is used widely in several species as a sedative, is also a reliable emetic, particularly in cats, in which it stimulates the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) in the medulla oblongata, while it does not induce emesis in species such as ruminants and horses lacking the vomiting reflex

Key

Points

Metabolism

of drugs is affected by various factors

Metabolism of drugs mainly takes pale in the liver through Phase I and Phase II reactions

In veterinary medicines, no generalisations are possible; rather, each drug must be specific to the species to guarantee the effective and safe use of veterinary drugs

Proper use of veterinary medicines will ensure the wellbeing of animals and safeguarding also the environment and human consumption of animal products

Evaluation

What

is the influence of species differences on disposition of veterinary medicines?

What is the influence of species differences on metabolism of veterinary drugs?

What is the influence of species differences on absorption of veterinary drugs?

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

Ed) Iowa,

Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison. J. (

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 3: Pharmacotherapy of Actinobacillosis and

Actinomycosis

in Cattle and Goat

Learning Tasks

By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define Actinobacillosis and Actinomycosis in Cattle and Goat

List signs and symptoms of Actinobacillosis and Actinomycosis in Cattle and Goat

Describe pharmacological treatment of Actinobacillosis and Actinomycosis in Cattle and Goat

Describe dose, dosage and course of drugs used to treat Actinobacillosis and Actinomycosis in Cattle and Goat

List contraindications of drugs used in treatment of Actinobacillosis and Actinomycosis in Cattle and Goat

List common side effects and adverse effects of drugs used in treatment of Actinobacillosis and Actinomycosis Cattle and Goat

Describe Control and Prevention of Actinobacillosis and Actinomycosis in Cattle and Goat

Activity: Buzzing

What is Actinobacillosis?

Definition of Actinobacillosis and

Actinomycosis

in Cattle and Goat

Actinobacillosis

Actinobacillosis also known as wooden tongue is a sporadic disease of cattle and sheep commonly caused by the bacteria,

A.

lignieresii

It is characterized by nodular abscission of soft tissues

Definition of Actinobacillosis and

Actinomycosis

in Cattle and Goat Cont..

Signs and Symptoms of Actinobacillosis in Cattle and Goat

Actinobacillosis

The tongue shows hard tumorous abscess, and similar lesions are found in the stomach and other soft tissues of the head, neck, and limbs, and occasionally in the lungs, pleura, udder, and subcutaneous tissue

Abscesses forming nodules may ulcerate and discharge viscous, white faintly green exudates that may contain small

grayish

white granules

Signs and Symptoms of Actinobacillosis in Cattle and Goat

Overview of Actinobacillosis in the tongue of the cow

Pharmacological treatment of Actinobacillosis in Cattle and Goat

First line

Streptomycin or

dihydrostreptomycin

sulfate

5.5 mg/kg, IM, q 24 h for 5 days

Alternative

Sulfadimidine

sodium 107 mg/kg, IV or PO q 24 h

Surgical debridement and flushing with iodine

Administration of potassium iodide orally (6 to 10 g a day for 10 days) or intravenous injection of sodium iodide at 10 % (8g for 100kg) are effective to stop the acute signs of the disease within two days

Pharmacological treatment of Actinobacillosis in Cattle and Goat Cont..

Contraindications

Streptomycin or dihydrostreptomycin sulphate is contraindicated to myasthenia gravis

Sulfadimidine

sodium is contraindicated in pregnant and lactating animals

Common Side Effects and Adverse Drug Reactions of Drugs Used in Treatment of Actinobacillosis

Streptomycin or dihydrostreptomycin

sulfate

Nephrotoxicity

Ototoxicity

Neuromuscular blockage

At higher dosage calves may develop

diarrhea

Sulfadimidine

sodium

Crystallization in urinary tract,

Cutaneous eruption

Activity:

Brainstorming

What are the preventive measures for Actinobacillosis in Cattle?

Prevention and control of Actinobacillosis in cattle and goat

No vaccines are available.

Control of Actinobacillosis is best achieved by early recognition and prompt treatment of cases

Isolation

Disposal of animals with disease is recommended.

Key Points

Actinobacillosis refers to a group of diseases caused by gram-negative coccobacilli in the genus

Actinobacillus

Streptomycin is considered the treatment of choice;

tetracylcines

and

tilmicosin

are also effective.

Treatment may also involves administration of antibiotics and potassium iodide orally or intravenously

There in no vaccine against

A.

lignieresii

disease

Evaluation

What is Actinobacillosis?

What are the signs and symptoms of Actinobacillosis?

What is the pharmacological treatment of Actinobacillosis?

For pharmacotherapy of

actinomycosis

in Cattle and Goat, REFER Students to Handout 3.1: Pharmacotherapy of

Actinomycosis

in Cattle and Goat.

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

),New York, Forgotten Books Press

Maddison. J. (

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 4: Pharmacotherapy of Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat

Learning Tasks

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat

List signs and symptoms of Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat

Describe pharmacological treatment of Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat

Describe dose, dosage and course of drugs used to treat Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat

List contraindications of drugs used to treat Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat

List common side effects and adverse effects of drugs used to treat Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat

Describe Control and Prevention of Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat

Activity: Buzzing

What

is Anthrax? ?

Definition of Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat

Anthrax

is an acute, febrile (42

C),

septicemia

, fatal bacterial disease of food animals caused by

Bacillus

anthracis

Anthrax

outbreak occurs irregularly and is commonly associated with neutral or alkaline, calcareous soils where the spores revert to the vegetative form and multiply to infectious levels if

environmental conditions of soil, moisture, temperature, and nutrition are

optimal

Signs

and Symptoms of Anthrax in Cattle and

Goat

The

following are the signs and symptoms of Anthrax

Acute illness is characterized by abrupt onset of;

F

ever

S

igns

of abdominal pain,

T

rembling

H

ematuria

, and blood-tinged diarrhea

Signs and Symptoms of Anthrax in Cattle and

Goat

Pregnant animals may abort

Milk production in lactating animals often decline or is tinged with blood.

Ventral subcutaneous edema may be present followed by death.

Chronic infection is rare in cattle and is manifested by localized edematous swelling on the ventral neck, thorax, and shoulders.

Areas most frequently involved are the ventral neck, thorax, and shoulders

Pharmacological Treatment of Anthrax in Cattle and

Goat

Indicated

drugs

Penicillin 22,000 IU/kg, IM, q 12 h for 2 days, then daily for 3 days

Benzathine

q 48-72 h; or

Oxytetracycline 6-11 mg/kg, IM or IV, q 12-24 h or

Amoxicillin 5-10 mg/kg q 24 h for 3-5 days or

Pharmacological Treatment of Anthrax in Cattle and

Goat

Cont

…

Ciprofloxacin 2.8 mg/kg, IV or PO, q 8 h for 4 days or

Doxycycline, 20 mg/kg, IV

Note: among the

tetracyclines

, doxycycline is highly lipophilic thus penetrates tissue with ease, is more completely absorbed & slowly excreted, or

Erythromycin 12.5 mg/kg (adult), IM, IV or SC; 15-30 mg/kg (calves), IM, IV, or SC, or

Dihydrostreptomycin or streptomycin, 10 mg/kg, q 12h IM, SC;

Pharmacological

Treatment of Anthrax in Cattle and Goat

Cont

…

Contraindications

Penicillins

;

In animals with hypersensitivity reactions to

penicillins

Oxytetracyclines

animals with Renal impairment,

Pregnant animals and up to 4 weeks of age in neonates.

Erythromycin base in animals with impaired liver function

Streptomycin or

dihydrostreptomycin

sulphate is contraindicated to myasthenia gravis

Common Side Effects and Adverse Drug Reactions of Drugs Used in Treatment of Anthrax in Cattle and

Goat

Oxytetracycline

Gastrointestinal symptoms are more severe

with oxytetracycline

among the

tetracycline

Discoloration of the teeth when used during pregnancy

Streptomycin or dihydrostreptomycin

sulfate

Nephrotoxicity

Ototoxicity

Neuromuscular blockage

At higher dosage calves may develop

diarrheal

Common Side Effects and Adverse Drug Reactions of Drugs Used in Treatment of Anthrax in Cattle and

Goat

Cont

….

Ciprofloxacin

Lameness and severe pain in some immature animals due to damage to weight-bearing joints when used at therapeutic doses in some immature animals.

Activity:

Brainstorming

What are the prevention and control measures for Anthrax?

Prevention and Control of Anthrax in Cattle and Goat

Cut

off infection source

Moving other animals away from the affected area is an important early action.

Vaccination

Animals should not be vaccinated within 2 months of anticipated slaughter

Antibiotics should not be administered within 1

of vaccination

Animals that have died of anthrax should be burned in a closed incinerator

Public health significance

Anthrax is highly pathogenic to humans; thus care should be taken during handling of suspected cases

For

pharmacotherapy of Aspergillosis, REFER Students to Handout 4.1: Pharmacotherapy of Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat

Key Points

Anthrax

is an acute infectious disease caused by bacteria called Bacillus

anthracis

The anthrax bacterium produces spores (small resistant cells) which are capable of surviving for many years in the environment

Anthrax may present as cutaneous, inhalational or intestinal anthrax

Treatment with antibiotics is essential, particularly for inhalational anthrax

Control of anthrax in livestock herds is essential for prevention of its spread to humans

Evaluation

What

is anthrax?

What are the common signs and symptoms of anthrax in cattle and goat?

What is the pharmacological treatment of anthrax in cattle and goat?

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

Ed) Iowa,

Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 5: Pharmacotherapy of Botulism and

Calfdiptheria

in Cattle

Learning Tasks

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define Botulism and Calfdiptheria in Cattle

List signs and symptoms of Botulism and Calfdiptheria in Cattle

Describe pharmacological treatment of Botulism and Calfdiptheria in Cattle

List contraindications of drugs used to treat Botulism and Calfdiptheria in Cattle

List common side effects and adverse effects of drugs used to treat Botulism and Calfdiptheria in Cattle

Describe control and prevention of Botulism and Calfdiptheria in Cattle

Definition of Botulism and

Calfdiptheria

in Cattle

This rapidly fatal motor paralysis is caused by ingestion of preformed toxin of

Clostridium botulinum

from decaying carcasses or vegetable materials such as decaying grass, hay,

grain, or spoiled silage.

Activity: Buzzing

What

is Botulism? ?

The following are the signs and symptoms of

Botulism

Decreased

tongue tone that protrudes out

Problems associated with deglutition and

prehension

of food,

Progressive muscular weakness until animals become recumbent in a parturient paresis-like posture,

Ataxia

and stumbling gait affecting the hind legs are commonly observed

paralysis of the muscles of the face, jaw and tongue

The following are the signs and symptoms of

Botulism Cont.….

U

nable

to eat or drink

T

ongue

hanging out of mouth and unable to control or withdraw the tongue

D

rooling

Paralysis of the eye lids or drooping eyelids, animals otherwise alert

Shallow and abdominal breathing

Sudden death with a high fatality rate in

unvaccined

cattle population.

Pharmacological treatment of Botulism in Cattle

Ruminal

lavage, followed by 50-80 ml lactic acid in 5-10 L of water per stomach tube in adult cattle

Polyvalent anti-C and anti-D antisera

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity reactions

Common Side effects

Local lesions at the site of injection

Activity:

Brainstorming

What

are the prevention and control measures for

Botulism?

Prevention and Control of Botulism in Cattle

Correction

dietary

deficiencies

Botulism vaccination

Proper disposal of carcass.

Removal of decaying grass or spoiled silage from cattle feed

REFER Students to

Handout 5.1:

For pharmacotherapy of

Calfidiphtheria

Pharmacotherapy of

Calfdiptheria

in Cattle and Goat.

Key Points

Botulism

is a rapid onset, usually fatal disease caused by the botulinum toxin produced by the bacterium

Clostridium botulinum

Typical signs include

hindlimb

weakness progressing to paralysis, collapse and death

Common sources of toxin include animal carcasses, rotting organic material and poorly prepared silage

Treatment is rarely attempted but vaccines are available for disease prevention in cattle

Evaluation

What

is botulism

diasease

What are the common signs and symptoms of botulism?

What is the pharmacological treatment of botulism disease?

What are the control measures against anthrax disease?

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 6: Pharmacotherapy of Coccidiosis in Cattle, Goat and Pig

Learning

Tasks

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define Coccidiosis disease in Cattle, Goat and Pig

List signs and symptoms of Coccidiosis in Cattle, Goat and Pig

Describe pharmacological treatment of Coccidiosis in Cattle, Goat and Pig

Describe dose, dosage and course of drugs used to treat Coccidiosis in Cattle, Goat and Pigs

List contraindications of drugs used to treat Coccidiosis in Cattle. Goat and Pig

List common side effects and adverse effects of drugs used to treat Coccidiosis in Cattle, Goat and Pigs

Describe Control and Prevention of Coccidiosis in Cattle, Goat and Pigs

Activity: Buzzing

What

Coccidiosis

Definition

of Coccidiosis in Cattle

Cocciodiosis

, a protozoan parasite of cattle, is caused by the genus Eimeria

The most common species affecting cattle include

E.

bovis

E

zuernii

, and

E

auburnensis

The disease is common in young cattle up to two years old.

Signs and symptoms of Coccidiosis in cattle

Watery

feces, with little or no blood and shreds of epithelium and mucus

Animals may die from secondary bacterial complications or concurrent infections (e.g. corona virus infection) that develop ;

Fever

become

anorectic

Signs and symptoms of Coccidiosis in

cattle

Cont

…

depressed

dehydrated

loss of weight

Eimeria

zuernii

is highly pathogenic causing bloody diarrhea

Coccidiosis in cattle

Pharmacological Treatment of Coccidiosis in

Cattle

Amprolium

10 mg/kg, q 24 h, PO for 5 days, or

Sulfamethazine 50-110 mg/kg, q 24 h, PO for 4 days, or

Decoquinate 167g/10kg of feed for 28 days, or

Monensin 100-360 mg/head/day PO for 7 days

Do not mix with drugs having similar action

Avoid direct contact with skin and wash thoroughly after handling the product

Supportive therapy

The most effective treatment for the already sick animal is fluids

Contraindications in Treatment of Coccidiosis in Cattle

Sulfamethazine

Allergy and hypersensitivity

Decoquinate

Do not use in cases of hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients

Monensin

Hypersensitivity to

Monensin

Common

Side Effects and Adverse Drug Reactions of Drugs Used in Treatment of Coccidiosis in Cattle

Monensin

high dose may result in reduced weight gain,

Reduced voluntary feed intake

Reduced milk fat percentage

Increased incidence and treatment of cystic ovaries and metritis

Reduced conception rates

Activity:

Brainstorming

What

are the prevention and control measures for Coccidiosis in Cattle?

Prevention and Control of Coccidiosis in Cattle

Prophylaxis

Amprolium 5-10 mg/kg q 24 h for 21 days, PO

Monensin 1 mg/kg in feed for 30 days

Control

Housing and ventilation deficiencies should be corrected

Do not mix different age groups of calves, avoid fecal contamination of feed.

Isolation of the affected animal(s) to prevent increased contamination of the premises

Key Points

Coccidiosis

is caused by protozoan parasites of

Eimeria

species

The most effective treatment for the already

sickcattle

is supportive therapy (fluids) and antibiotics to ward off secondary infections

Prevention focuses on preventing

fecal

contamination of the cattle’s environment, feed and water

Evaluation

What

is Coccidiosis?

What are the common signs and symptoms of Coccidiosis?

What is the pharmacological treatment of Coccidiosis?

What are the control measures against Coccidiosis?

REFER

Students to Handout 6.1 For pharmacotherapy of Coccidiosis in Goats,: Pharmacotherapy of Coccidiosis in

Goats

REFER

Students to Handout 6.2: For pharmacotherapy of Coccidiosis in Pigs, Pharmacotherapy of Coccidiosis in Pigs

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 7: Pharmacotherapy of Candidiasis and

Dermatophytosis

in Cattle

Learning

Tasks

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define Candidiasis and Dermatophytosis in Cattle

List signs and symptoms of Candidiasis and Dermatophytosis in Cattle

Describe pharmacological treatment of Candidiasis and Dermatophytosis in Cattle

Describe dose, dosage and course of drugs used in the treatment of Candidiasis and Dermatophytosis diseases in Cattle

List contraindications in the treatment of Candidiasis and Dermatophytosis in Cattle

List common side effects and adverse effects of drugs in the treatment of Candidiasis and Dermatophytosis Diseases in Cattle

Describe Control and Prevention of Candidiasis and Dermatophytosis in Cattle

Activity: Buzzing

What

is Candidiasis? ?

Definition of Candidiasis and

Dermatophytosis

in Cattle

Candidiasis

Candida

species particularly

C.

albicans

is normally present on the mucous membranes, especially the alimentary tract.

is an opportunistic pathogen resulting in systemic or local

candida

infections in cattle and calves secondary to prolonged antibiotic or corticosteroid therapy.

Mastitis

and abortion also occur in cattle.

The following are the signs and symptoms of Candidiasis

Calves

with fore-stomach candidiasis have;

Watery diarrhea

Anorexia

Dehydration, with gradual progression to prostration and death.

Gross lesions of the skin and mucosae are generally single or multiple, raised, circular, white masses covered with scabs.

The organism can penetrate keratinized epithelium and cause marked keratinous thickening of the mucosae of the tongue, esophagus, and rumen

Gastrointestinal Candidiasis in Cow

Activity:

Brainstorming

How is Candiasis treated in Cattle?

Pharmacological Treatment

Nystatin

10% ointment or topical application of 1% iodine solution may be useful in the treatment of oral or cutaneous candidiasis, or

Ketoconazole 40 mg/kg q 8 h for two

weeks

Contraindications to Ketoconazole

Hepatic impairment

Pregnant and lactating animals

Common Side Effects and Adverse Drug Reactions in Treatment of Candidiasis In Cattle

Ketoconazole

Hepatotoxicity,

GI disturbances anorexia, nausea, vomiting

Pruritus

Alopecia

Gynecomastia

Sexual impotence and

infertility

Key Points

Candidiasis

is a localized mucocutaneous disease caused by species of the yeast-like fungus Candida, most commonly C

albicans

Candidiasis affects the oral,

esophageal

, and gastric mucosa, with

diarrhea

and emaciation the most consistent signs.

Nystatin ointment may be useful in the treatment of oral or cutaneous candidiasis

Evaluation

What

is Candidiasis?

What are the common signs and symptoms of Candidiasis?

What is the pharmacological treatment of Candidiasis?

What are the common side effects of ketoconazole?

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 8: Pharmacotherapy of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle, Goat, Pig, Dog and Cat

Learning

Tasks

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle, Goat, Pigs, Dogs and Cats

List signs and symptoms of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle, Goat, Pigs, Dogs and Cats

Describe pharmacological treatment of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle, Goat, Pigs, Dogs and Cats

Learning

Tasks

Cont

…

Describe dose, dosage and course of drugs used in treatment of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle, Goat, Pigs, Dogs and Cats

List contraindications in the treatment of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle, Goat, Pigs, Dogs and Cats

List common side effects and adverse effects of drugs used in the treatment of Coccidiosis in Cattle, Goat and Pigs

Describe Control and Prevention of Coccidiosis in Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle, Goat, Pigs, Dogs and Cats

Activity: Buzzing

What

is Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle?

Definition of Gastrointestinal Parasitism

These

are infestations of the gastrointestinal tract with nematodes,

cestodes

and

trematodes

The

common stomach worms of cattle are

Haemonchus

placei

, Ostertagia

ostertagi

and

Trichostrongylus

axeii

Life cycle of a worm in cattle

Signs and Symptoms of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle

The

following are the signs and symptoms of Gastrointestinal Parasitism

Ostertagia

and

Trichostronglyus

infections are characterized by profuse, watery diarrhea that

is usually persistent

Anemia

, hypoproteinemia and edema, particularly the lower jaw and sometimes along the ventral abdomen

Stomach lining of a calf infected with O.

ostertagi

(right) compared to that of an uninfected animal (left)

Pharmacological

Treatment of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle

Common Side Effects and Adverse Drug Reactions of Drugs Used in Treatment of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in

Cattle

Tetramisole

Side effects

Frothing, salivation,

tremor, transient head shaking

licks of lip,

urination, defecation,

vomiting,

ataxia,

collapse

Common Side Effects and Adverse Drug Reactions of Drugs Used in Treatment of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in

Cattle Cont.…

Ivermectin

Side Effects

Ataxia, depression,

tremors,

mydriasis

oedema

of the face or

extremeties

Itching and popular rash

Common Side Effects and Adverse Drug Reactions of Drugs Used in Treatment of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle Cont.…

Praziquantel

Side Effects:

Occasional vomiting and transient pain at injection site.

In cattle don’t exceed dose 4.5gm per

animal

Piperazine

Occasional emesis and diarrhea

Activity:

Brainstorming

What are the preventive and control measures for Gastrointestinal Parasitism?

Prevention

and Control of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle

Knowing

the types of worm that occur on your farm and the seasons of highest risk

Monitoring the worm status of livestock regularly, especially higher risk stock during high risk seasons

Preventing the introduction of new or resistant worms onto the property by quarantining all incoming stock and treating them with a quarantine drench

Prevention

and Control of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle

Cont

…

Requesting an animal health statement when purchasing stock so you are aware of the disease status level of assurance that is being provided by the stock vendor

Improving nutrition

Grazing management to provide young animals that are most vulnerable to worms with pastures with lowest contamination

REFER Students to Handout 8.1: For Pharmacotherapy of gastrointestinal parasitism in goats, Pharmacotherapy of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Goat

REFER Students to Handout 8.2: For Pharmacotherapy of gastrointestinal parasitism in pigs, Pharmacotherapy of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Pig

REFER Students to Handout 8.3: For Pharmacotherapy of gastrointestinal parasitism in cats, Pharmacotherapy of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Dog and Cats

Key Points

The

common stomach worms of cattle are

Haemonchus

placei

(barber’s pole worm, large stomach worm, wire worm),

Ostertagia

ostertagi

(medium or brown stomach worm), and

Trichostrongylus

axei

(small stomach worm)

Stertagia

and

Trichostrongylus

infections are characterized by profuse, watery

diarrhea

that usually is persistent

haemonchosis

and

Mecistocirrus

infection, there may be little or no

diarrhea

but possibly intermittent periods of constipation

Benzimidazoles

(such as

fenbendazole

oxfendazole

, and

albendazole

) and the

probenzimidazoles

(

thiophanate

febantel

, and

netobimin

) are among the drugs used for treatment of Gastrointestinal parasitism in cattle

Evaluation

What

is Gastrointestinal Parasitism?

What are the common signs and symptoms of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in cattle?

What is the pharmacological treatment of Gastrointestinal Parasitism?

What are the control measures against Gastrointestinal Parasitism?

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 9: Pharmacotherapy of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle, Goat and Pig

11/14/2020

Learning Tasks

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle, Goat and Pig

List signs and symptoms of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle, Goat and Pig

Describe pharmacological treatment of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle, Goat and Pig

Describe Control and Prevention of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle, Goat and Pig

11/14/2020

Activity: Buzzing

What is Foot and Mouth Disease?

Definition of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle and Goat

Foot-and-mouth disease (commonly referred to as

FMD

) is a highly communicable viral infection of cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, buffalo, and artiodactyl wildlife species characterized by

fever

vesicles in the

mouth, on the muzzle, gums, pharynx, teats, and

interdigital

cleft

It is caused by an

Aphthovirus

that is transmitted by contact and through milk.

Recovered animals remain carriers for up to 2.5 year

Pharmacotherapy of Foot and Mouth Disease is similar both in Goat and Cattle

11/14/2020

Signs

and Symptoms of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle and Goat

Drooling

and vesicles on the nares, in the

buccal

cavity, and between the claws

Dullness

Inappetance

Fever

, and shivering followed by smacking of the lips, drooling saliva, and shaking or kicking of the feet are primary

signs

Pregnant

animals may abort

11/14/2020

Foot Disease in Cattle

11/14/2020

Mouth Disease in

Cattle

11/14/2020

Activity:

Brainstorming

What is the pharmacological treatment of Foot and Mouth

Disease

Pharmacological

Treatment of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle and Goat

specific treatment

Supportive treatments against secondary bacterial infection are necessary

11/14/2020

Control

and Prevention of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle and Goat

Export

restrictions are often imposed on countries with known outbreaks.

FMD outbreaks are usually controlled by quarantines and movement restrictions, euthanasia of affected and in-contact animals, and cleansing and disinfection of affected premises, equipment and vehicles

Infected carcasses must be disposed of safely by incineration, rendering, burial or other techniques

Milk from infected cows can be inactivated by heating to 100°C (212°F) for more than 20 minutes

11/14/2020

Control

and Prevention of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle and Goat

Cont.….

Rodents and other vectors may be killed to prevent them from mechanically disseminating the virus

Good biosecurity measures should be practiced on uninfected farms to prevent entry of the virus

11/14/2020

Control and Prevention of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle and Goat Cont.….

Vaccination

Vaccination can be used to reduce the spread of FMD or protect specific animals.

Vaccines are also used in endemic regions to protect animals from clinical disease. FMDV vaccines must closely match the serotype and strain of the infecting strain.

Vaccination with one serotype does not protect the animal against other serotypes, and may not protect the animal completely or at all from other strains of the same serotype

Currently, there is no universal FMD vaccine

11/14/2020

Key Points

Foot-and-mouth

disease (FMD) is a highly communicable viral disease caused by an

Aphthovirus

of the family

Picornaviridae

Clinical signs in cattle include pyrexia of ~104° F, followed by vesicular development on the tongue, hard palate, dental pad, lips, gums, muzzle, coronary band, interdigital cleft, and teats in lactating cows

There is no specific treatment for FMD, but supportive care is allowed

11/14/2020

Evaluation

What

is Foot and Mouth

diasease

What are the common signs and symptoms of Foot and Mouth Disease?

What is the pharmacological treatment of Foot and Mouth Disease?

What are the common prevention and control measures against Foot and Mouth Disease?

11/14/2020

REFER

Students to Handout 9.1: For

Pharmacotherapty

of FMD in pigs, Pharmacotherapy of Foot and Mouth in Pig

11/14/2020

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

BASIC VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY

Pharmacotherapy of Common Poultry Diseases

Complete learning session

1 / 20

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Learning outcomes

• Define Pharmacotherapy of Common Poultry Diseases.

• Explain its main principles and classifications.

• Apply the concept safely in pharmaceutical practice.

• Recognise common errors and appropriate corrective action.

2 / 20

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Why this topic matters

• Treatment begins with history, flock examination and likely diagnosis.

• Biosecurity, sanitation, ventilation and vaccination reduce medicine dependence.

• Correct understanding supports safe, effective and accountable practice.

3 / 20

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Core definition

• Pharmacotherapy of Common Poultry Diseases is studied as a structured concept within Basic Veterinary Pharmacology.

• Treatment begins with history, flock examination and likely diagnosis.

• Use precise terms before attempting application or calculation.

4 / 20

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Foundational principles

• Biosecurity, sanitation, ventilation and vaccination reduce medicine dependence.

• Antimicrobials should be used only for susceptible bacterial disease under veterinary direction.

• Each principle should be linked to a practical decision.

5 / 20

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Key components

• Treatment begins with history, flock examination and likely diagnosis.

• Antimicrobials should be used only for susceptible bacterial disease under veterinary direction.

• Dose calculations consider body weight, water intake and product concentration.

6 / 20

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Classification and organisation

• Group the subject by function, structure, source, risk or stage as appropriate.

• Use one classification system consistently.

• State the feature that separates one category from another.

7 / 20

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

How the process works

• Biosecurity, sanitation, ventilation and vaccination reduce medicine dependence.

• Antimicrobials should be used only for susceptible bacterial disease under veterinary direction.

• Follow the sequence from input or cause to outcome.

8 / 20

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Professional terminology

• Distinguish related terms that are often confused.

• Use names, units and abbreviations consistently.

• Define technical words before using them in explanations.

9 / 20

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Practical application

• Dose calculations consider body weight, water intake and product concentration.

• Prepare the required materials, information or records before starting.

• Complete each step in order and document important observations.

10 / 20

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Quality requirements

• Withdrawal periods protect consumers from medicine residues.

• Check identity, accuracy, completeness and fitness for purpose.

• Record deviations and take corrective action promptly.

11 / 20

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Safety and risk control

• Identify hazards before beginning the task.

• Use appropriate protective, ethical and legal safeguards.

• Stop and refer when the situation exceeds competence or available resources.

12 / 20

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Common errors

• Using an incorrect definition, unit, category or sequence.

• Skipping verification, documentation or a final reasonableness check.

• Applying a general rule without considering the patient, material or research context.

13 / 20

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Preventing avoidable mistakes

• Use a written procedure or checklist.

• Independently verify high-risk calculations and decisions.

• Communicate unclear or abnormal findings before proceeding.

14 / 20

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Worked application

• Start with a clearly stated problem related to Pharmacotherapy of Common Poultry Diseases.

• Select the correct principle from the earlier slides.

• Show the decision or calculation step by step.

• Confirm that the final answer is reasonable and professionally usable.

15 / 20

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Practice scenario

• A routine situation requires the learner to apply Pharmacotherapy of Common Poultry Diseases.

• Identify the information that must be collected first.

• Explain the safest action and the record that should be completed.

16 / 20

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Decision points

• What finding confirms that the chosen approach is suitable?

• What warning sign requires correction, referral or further investigation?

• What evidence must be documented to support the decision?

17 / 20

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Connection to patient care

• Accurate practice reduces preventable harm.

• Clear communication helps patients and colleagues use information correctly.

• Monitoring outcomes shows whether the intended benefit was achieved.

18 / 20

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session summary

• Treatment begins with history, flock examination and likely diagnosis.

• Biosecurity, sanitation, ventilation and vaccination reduce medicine dependence.

• Antimicrobials should be used only for susceptible bacterial disease under veterinary direction.

• Dose calculations consider body weight, water intake and product concentration.

• Withdrawal periods protect consumers from medicine residues.

19 / 20

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Self-check questions

• Define Pharmacotherapy of Common Poultry Diseases in your own words.

• List three important principles or components.

• Describe one practical application and one common error.

• Explain one quality or safety control.

20 / 20

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 11: Pharmacotherapy of Rabies in Dog and Cat

Learning

Tasks

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define Rabies in Dog and Cat

List signs and symptoms of Rabies in Dog and Cat

Describe pharmacological treatment of Rabies in Dog and Cat

Describe Control and Prevention of Rabies in Dog and Cat

Activity: Buzzing

What

is Rabies in Dog? ?

Definition of Rabies in Dogs and Cats

Rabies is an acute viral encephalomyelitis caused by

Rhabdoviridae

that principally affects carnivores and insectivorous bats, although it can affect any mammal

It is almost invariably fatal once clinical signs appear

Rabies occurs throughout the world

Transmission is almost always by introduction of virus-laden saliva i

nto

the tissues, usually by the bite of a rabid

animal

Contact with fresh wound or even intact mucous membrane may also transmit the disease. Virus may be present in the saliva and transmitted by an infected animal several days before onset of clinical signs (usually 3-5 days in domestic dogs and cats)

Signs and Symptoms of Rabies in Dog and Cat

Clinical

signs of rabies are rarely definitive

The most reliable signs are behavioral changes and unexplained paralysis

Behavioral changes may include anorexia, signs of apprehension or nervousness, irritability, and

hyperexcitability

The animal may seek solitude, ataxia, altered phonation, and changes in temperament are apparent

A normally docile animal may suddenly become vicious and the vice

versa

Signs and Symptoms of Rabies in Dog and Cat

Cont

….

Clinical phases

Prodromal Form

Lasts 1-3 days; animals show only vague CNS signs, which intensify rapidly

Signs and Symptoms of Rabies in Dog and Cat

Cont

….

Furious Form

This is the classical “

mad-dog syndrome

,” the animal becomes irrational and, with the slightest provocation, may viciously and aggressively use its teeth, claws, the posture and expression is one of alertness and anxiety, with pupils dilated

Noise invites attack

Such animals lose all caution and fear of natural enemies.

Carnivores with this form of rabies frequently roam extensively, attacking other animals and people

Signs and Symptoms of Rabies in Dog and Cat

Cont

….

Rabid dogs chew the wire and frame of their cages, breaking their teeth, and will follow a hand moved in front of the cage, attempting to bite

Puppies usually become vicious in a few hours

Rabid domestic cats and bobcats attack suddenly, biting and scratching viciously

As the disease progresses, muscular incoordination and seizures are common

Signs and Symptoms of Rabies in Dog and Cat

Cont

….

Paralytic Form

Paralysis of the throat and masseter muscles, often with profuse salivation and inability to swallow

Dropping of the lower jaw is common in dogs

These animals are not vicious and rarely attempt to bite

The paralysis progresses rapidly to all parts of the body, and coma and death follow in a few hour

Activity:

Brainstorming

How is rabies prevented in

dogs ?

Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Rabies in Dogs and

Gats

Pharmacological

Treatment

There is no treatment for

rabies

Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Rabies in

Dogs

and

Gats

Cont

…

Comprehensive

guidelines for control in dogs have been prepared by the World Health Organization and include the following

Notification of suspected cases, and destruction of dogs with clinical signs other and dogs bitten by a suspected rabid animal

Reduction of contact rates between susceptible dogs by leash laws, dog movement control, and quarantine

Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Rabies in Dogs and Gats

Cont

…

Mass immunization of dogs by campaigns and by continuing vaccination of young dogs

Stray dog control and destruction of unvaccinated dogs with low levels of dependency on, or restriction by man

Dog registration

Vaccination of dogs and cats with modified live virus and inactivated types

If an exposed animal is currently vaccinated, it should be revaccinated immediately and closely observed for 45 days

Key

Points

Rabies is a virus that may affect the brain and spinal cord of all mammals, including dogs, cats and humans

Initially

, a dog that’s become infected may show extreme

behavioral

changes such as restlessness or apprehension, both of which may be compounded by aggression

There is no treatment or cure for rabies once symptoms appear

Since rabies presents a serious public health threat, dogs that are suspected of having the virus are most often euthanized

Vaccination against

Rabbies

is available

Evaluation

What

Rabbies

What are the common signs and symptoms of

Rabbies

What is the pharmacological treatment of

Rabbies

What are the control measures against

Rabbies

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 12: Pharmacotherapy of Tetanus and Rift Valley Fever in Cattle and Goat

Learning

Tasks

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define Tetanus and Rift Valley Fever in Cattle and Goat

List signs and symptoms of Tetanus and Rift Valley Fever in Cattle and Goat

Describe pharmacological treatment of Tetanus and Rift Valley Fever in Cattle and Goat

Describe Control and Prevention of Tetanus and Rift Valley Fever in Cattle and Goat

Activity: Buzzing

What

is Tetanus in Cattle? ?

Definition of Tetanus in Cattle and Goat

Tetanus toxemia is caused by a specific neurotoxin produced by

Clostridium

tetani

growing in necrotic tissue.

Almost all mammals are susceptible to this disease.

Signs

and Symptoms of Tetanus in Cattle and Goat

The

signs progress from stiff gait,

prolapse

of the third eyelid, and trismus (lockjaw) extending to the head, neck and all four

extremities,

and the tail.

Other signs include;

Exaggerated response external stimuli,

Erection of the ears

Drooling of saliva

As the disease progresses, titanic convulsions accompanied by

opisthotonos

occur following external stimuli

Pharmacological Treatment of Tetanus in Cattle and Goat

signs are detected very early and the disease is not too severe, treatment can be successful

Cattle with early tetanus respond to treatment better than most other livestock

Antitoxin is of very little use unless given in the very early states of infection

In some cases sedatives and relaxants aid recovery.

It is not worth treating cattle with fully developed tetanus

Activity:

Brainstorming

What are the preventive measures for Tetanus in Cattle and Goat?

Prevention and Control of Tetanus in Cattle and Goat

Vaccines

are available to protect against tetanus (can last as long as three years if given in correct doses at the correct times)

Good hygiene is needed especially during and following operations such as castrations and calving.

The spread of the disease can be reduced by ensuring that all surgical equipment are

sterilized

and the operation is undertaken in a clean area

Barbed wire which has rusted should be replaced as these can also act as a source of infection and any open wounds cleaned

immediately

REFER

Students to Handout 12.1: For pharmacotherapy of Rift Valley Fever in Cattle and Goat Pharmacotherapy of rift Valley Fever in Cattle and Goat

Key Points

Tetanus

is a fairly common disease occurring in all types of livestock

Tetanus is caused by toxins produced by the bacterium Clostridium

tetani

Stiffness and reluctance to move are normally the first signs

Cattle with early tetanus probably respond to treatment better than most other livestock.

Antitoxin is of very little use unless given in the very early states of infection.

Undertaking surgical procedures (such as castration) properly, in a clean environment, with disinfected instruments and surgical area, significantly reduces the risk of tetanus

Evaluation

What

is Tetanus?

What are the common signs and symptoms of Tetanus in Cattle?

What is the pharmacological treatment for tetanus in Cattle?

What are the control measures against Tetanus in Cattle?

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 13: Pharmacotherapy of Tuberculosis in Cattle and Goat

Learning Tasks

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define Tuberculosis in Cattle and Goat

List signs and symptoms of Tuberculosis in Cattle and Goat

Describe pharmacological treatment of Tuberculosis in Cattle and Goat

Describe control and prevention of Tuberculosis in Cattle and Goat

Activity: Buzzing

What

is Tuberculosis in Cattle? ?

Definition of Tuberculosis in Cattle and Goat

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious, granulomatous disease of animals and man caused by acid-fast bacilli of the genus

Mycobacterium

The main tubercle bacillus in cattle is

Mycobacterium

bovis

, though

M. tuberculosis

and

M.

avium

are also involved

Mycobacterium

bovis

can cause progressive disease in most warm-blooded vertebrates, including man

The clinical signs, treatment methods and public health significance for goats are similar to that of cattle

Signs and Symptoms of Tuberculosis in Cattle and Goat

Tuberculosis

has two clinical forms; pulmonary and

extra pulmonary

Pulmonary Tuberculosis

In this respiratory form of the disease there are chronic, intermittent, moist cough with

later signs of dyspnea and tachypnea

Extra pulmonary

tuberculosis

In the

extra pulmonary

form, generalized signs including progressive emaciation, lethargy, weakness, anorexia, and a low-grade, fluctuating fever are observed

Pharmacological

Treatment of Tuberculosis in Cattle and Goat

Treatment

of bovine tuberculosis is not recommended because it is not economical

However, in valuable animals

Isonicotinic

acid hydrazine/isoniazid (INH), 20 mg/kg, PO q 24 h for 8 weeks, maximum is 12g for bulls and 10g/day for cows

Activity:

Brainstorming

What

are the prevention and control measures for Tuberculosis in Cattle and Goat??

Prevention and Control of Tuberculosis in Cattle and Goat

Control

can be done through whole herd skin testing, slaughter surveillance and monitoring the movement of animals between herds

Vaccinating cattle for the control of bovine TB is not currently used within any international control program

This is because vaccines based on the TB, BCG vaccine, all interfere with the action of the tuberculin skin test which is used for the diagnosis of TB in cattle

If the BCG vaccine is used then it is impossible to differentiate between cattle that have TB and cattle that have been vaccinated

Key Points

Bovine

tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic disease of animals caused by a bacteria called

Mycobacterium

bovis

(

M.

bovis

) which is closely related to the bacteria that cause human and avian tuberculosis

TB usually has a prolonged course, and symptoms take months or years to appear.

Treatment of infected animals is rarely attempted because of the high cost, lengthy time and the larger goal of eliminating the disease

Disease eradication programs consisting of post mortem meat inspection, intensive surveillance including on-farm visits, systematic individual testing of cattle and removal of infected and

incontact

animals as well as movement controls have been very successful in reducing or eliminating the disease

Evaluation

What

is Tuberculosis?

What are the common signs and symptoms of Tuberculosis in Cattle?

What is the pharmacological treatment of Tuberculosis in Cattle?

What are the preventive measures for Tuberculosis in Cattle?

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 14: Pharmacotherapy of Trypanosomiasis in Cattle

11/14/2020

Learning Tasks

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define Trypanosomiasis in Cattle

List signs and symptoms of Trypanosomiasis in Cattle

Describe pharmacological treatment of Trypanosomiasis in Cattle

Describe Control and Prevention of Trypanosomiasis in Cattle

11/14/2020

Activity: Buzzing

What

is Trypanosomiasis in Cattle?

Definition of Trypanosomiasis in Cattle

Trypanosomosis

is a chronic disease of cattle caused by protozoal species of the genus

Trypanosoma

Depending

on the species of parasite, the organisms are transmitted cyclically by

Tsetse flies

of the genus

Glossina

or mechanically by tsetse or other biting flies.

The

disease is the most economically damaging and widely distributed in dry areas

11/14/2020

Signs and Symptoms of Trypanosomiasis in Cattle

Intermittent

fever

Anemia,

Weight loss

High mortality, especially if there is poor nutrition or other stress factors

11/14/2020

Pharmacological treatment of Trypanosomiasis in Cattle

11/14/2020

Activity:

Brainstorming

What

are the prevention measures for Trypanosomiasis in Cattle??

Prevention and Control of

Trypanosomiasis

in Cattle

Detection

and treatment of infected animals

Prophylactic treatment with Quinapyramine of susceptible animals and protection from biting flies

Control of tsetse flies includes

Frequent spraying and dipping of animals (mobile targets).

Spraying insecticides on fly-breeding areas.

Bush clearing and other methods.

Insecticides-impregnated screens (fixed targets).

Spray mobile target (

. Pour-on on cattle).

11/14/2020

Key Points

African

trypanosomiasis in cattle represents a major constraint to agricultural and socio-economic development in vast areas of Africa.

The disease is caused principally by three species of trypanosome (

Trypanosoma

congolense

T. vivax

and

T.

brucei

) which are transmitted by several species of tsetse flies (

Glossina

Trypanosomiasis in cattle results in poor productivity and mortality

Infected animals suffer from a severe

anemia

and there is widespread tissue damage affecting organs such as the heart, skeletal muscles, endocrine system and reproductive tract.

There is no vaccine available for bovine trypanosomiasis, and the methods currently employed for control include chemotherapeutic and

chemoprophylactic

drugs, tsetse eradication or control and the use of

trypanotolerant

11/14/2020

Evaluation

What

is Trypanosomiasis in Cattle?

What are the common signs and symptoms of Trypanosomiasis in Cattle?

What is the pharmacological treatment of Trypanosomiasis in Cattle?

What are the control measures against Trypanosomiasis in Cattle?

11/14/2020

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 15:

Pharmacotherapy of Aspiration Pneumonia and Pneumonia in Cattle and Goat

Learning Tasks

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define Aspiration Pneumonia and Pneumonia in Cattle and Goat

List signs and symptoms of Aspiration Pneumonia and Pneumonia in Cattle and Goat

Explain the pharmacological treatment of Aspiration Pneumonia and Pneumonia in Cattle and Goat

Explain the control and prevention of Aspiration Pneumonia and Pneumonia in Cattle and Goat

Activity: Buzzing

What

is Pneumonia in

Cattle

Definition of Pneumonia in Cattle and Goat

Pneumomnia

is an inflammation of the pulmonary parenchyma usually accompanied by inflammation of the bronchioles and often by pleurisy

Important pathogens that cause pneumonia in cattle are;

Mannheimia

haemolytica

serotype A

Haemophilus

somnus

P.

multocida

Mycobacterium

bovis

Mycoplasma

mycoides

subspecies

mycoides

small colony type,

Parainfluenza

virus 3,

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus,

Bovine

herpes virus 1

Signs and Symptoms of Aspiration Pneumonia in Cattle and Goat

is manifested clinically by an increase in respiratory rate, cough, abnormal breath sounds on auscultation and, in most bacterial pneumonias, by evidence of toxemia.

Bronchopnemonia

is usually accompanied by a moist, painful cough; interstitial pneumonia is characterized by frequent, hacking coughs, often in paroxysms.

The presence of nasal discharge depends on accompanying inflammation of the upper respiratory tract.

Pharmacological

treatment of Pneumonia in Cattle and Goat

Sulfamethazine

:

initial

220 mg/kg;

maintenance

110 mg/kg q 24 h, PO for 5-7 days, or

Procaine penicillin G, 22,000 IU/kg, aqueous suspension, IM or SC q 24 h for 3 to 5 days, or

Ampicillin

trihydrate

22 mg/kg, IM, SC, q 24 h for 3-6 days, or

Amoxicillin

trihydrate

11 mg/kg, IM, SC, q 24 h for 3-7 days, or

Oxytetracycline

hydrochloride 11 mg/kg, SC, q 24 h or long acting formulation, 20 mg/kg, IM, q 48 h for 3-5 days, or

Tylosin

44 mg/kg, IM, q 24 h for 3-5 days.

Activity:

Brainstorming

What are the prevention measures for Pneumonia in Cattle?

Prevention

and Control of Pneumonia in Cattle and Goat

Given

the multi-factorial nature of the disease, good calf pneumonia control programmes rely on implementing an appropriate vaccine strategy, alongside improvements to management practices to reduce the risk of disease

Provide appropriate calf housing with good ventilation; plenty of air, no draughts and

a well

bedded dry lying area

Prevent scour and manage outbreak properly if they occur

Prevention

and Control of Pneumonia in Cattle and Goat

Cont

…

Prevent BVD in the herd through culling and testing practices

Outdoor reared calves are generally at lower risk of pneumonia

Implement vaccination program.

Vaccines are available that will enhance protection against the common viral and some of the bacterial causes of pneumonia

Calves can be vaccinated from two weeks of age (i.e. IBR vaccine).

The vaccination program is two shots, four weeks apart

A booster dose should be given before the next risk period

Key Points

Several

species of bacteria have been isolated in Cattle, but the most commonly found species are

Mannheimia

haemolytica

. (Formerly known as

Pasteurella

haemolytica

P.

multocida

Histophilus

(Haemophilus)

somnus

and

Mycoplasma

spp.

M.

haemolytica

(P.

haemolytica

)

and

P.

multocida

are the most important bacteria involved in Cattle Pneumonia

Early recognition by trained personnel skilled at detecting the early clinical signs of disease followed by treatment with antibiotics is essential for successful therapy

Evaluation

What

is aspiration pneumonia?

What are the common signs and symptoms of pneumonia in cattle?

What is the pharmacological treatment of pneumonia in Cattle?

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 16: Pharmacotherapy of Aspergillosis in Poultry

Learning Tasks

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define Aspergillosis in Poultry

List signs and symptoms of Aspergillosis in Poultry

Describe pharmacological treatment of Aspergillosis in Poultry

Describe Control and Prevention of Aspergillosis in Poultry

Activity: Buzzing

What

is Aspergillosis in Poultry? ?

Definition of Aspergillosis in Poultry

Aspergillosis

is a

mycotic

disease caused by the fungus

Aspergillus

fumigatus

that affects all species of birds

The

organism is found in litter, and

feed

Infection

occurs predominantly by inhalation

The

agent may also penetrates eggs and infects embryos

Signs and Symptoms of Aspergillosis in

Poultry

Acute

Aspergillosis occurs in young birds

is manifested by respiratory distress and reduced feed

intake

The

chronic form, which occurs in mature birds, is manifested by reduced feed intake

The

most frequent clinical signs are dyspnea, gasping,

hyperpnea

, cyanosis and usually without rales

Signs and Symptoms of Aspergillosis in

Poultry

cont.….

Other signs include diarrhea, anorexia, somnolence, progressive

emaciation

Increased

thirst and few animals show nervous

signs

Pulmonary

lesions are cream-colored plaques a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter; which may occur in the larynx, air sacs, liver, intestines, and occasionally the brain and

mediastinal

canthus of the eye

Activity:

Brainstorming

What is the treatment for Poultry

Aspergillosis

Pharmacological

Treatment, Prevention and Control of Aspergillosis in Poultry

Treatment

of affected birds is considered useless

Control and Prevention

Strict adherence to sanitation procedures in the hatchery and fumigate contaminated hatchers with formaldehyde or T

hiabendazole

(120-360 g/m3)

Avoid

moldy

litter or ranges; contaminated feed could be sprayed with N

ystatin

Key Points

Aspergillosis

is a disease, usually of the respiratory system, of chickens and turkeys

Aspergillus

fumigatus

is a common cause of the disease

Dyspnea

hyperpnea

, somnolence and other signs of nervous system involvement,

inappetence

, emaciation, and increased thirst may be seen in chicks or

poults

Treatment of affected birds is generally ineffective

Spontaneous recovery from pulmonary

aspergillosis

can occur if

reexposure

to the

mold

is prevented

Strict adherence to sanitation procedures in the hatchery minimizes early outbreaks

Evaluation

What

aspergillosis

What are the common signs and symptoms of Aspergillosis in poultry?

What is the pharmacological treatment of Aspergillosis in poultry?

What are the control measures against Aspergillosis in poultry?

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 17: Pharmacotherapy of Chlamydiosis and Avian Campylobacteriosis in

Poultry

Learning Tasks

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define Avian

Campylobacterisosis

and Chlamydiosis in Poultry

List signs and symptoms of Avian Campylobacteriosis and Chlamydiosis in Poultry

Describe pharmacological treatment of Avian Campylobacteriosis and Chlamydiosis in Poultry

Describe Control and Prevention of Avian Campylobacteriosis and Chlamydiosis in Poultry

Activity: Buzzing

What is Chlamydiosis in Poultry

Definition of Chlamydiosis in Poultry

Chlamydiosis is subclinical, acute, subacute, or chronic disease of wild and domestic birds characterized by systemic, respiratory or digestive signs and lesions.

It is caused by

Chlamydia psittaci

, an obligate intracellular bacterium.

Respiratory discharges or feces are infective air borne particles and dusts may harbor the organism.

The organism is excreted via secretions or excretions and transmitted through inhalation.

Recovered birds remain carriers

Signs

and Symptoms of Chlamydiosis in Poultry

Nasal

and ocular discharges, conjunctivitis, sinusitis, green to yellow-green droppings, inactivity, ruffled feathers, weakness,

inappetence

, and reduced feed consumption & weight loss can be seen in clinically affected birds

Air

sacculitis

, pericarditis,

periohepatitis

, and peritonitis with

serofibrinous

exudates

and hepatosplenomegaly

are common in acute cases

In chronic cases enlarged spleen or an enlarged, discolored liver, or both occur

Enlarged spleen and enlarged,

discolored

liver in Chlamydiosis

Pharmacological treatment of Chlamydiosis in Poultry

First

line

Chlortetracycline, 20-30 mg/kg or 400-750 g/ton for a minimum of 2 weeks in feed, or

Doxycycline, 2.5 to 10 mg/kg, PO in drinking water, daily for 3-5 days.

Alternative

Flumequine

diluted 1:1500-2000 in drinking water for 3-5 days

Note: Extended treatment for 2-6 weeks if

needed

Activity:

Brainstorming

What are the prevention and control measures for Chlamydiosis?

Prevention

and Control of Chlamydiosis in Poultry

effective vaccine for use in birds is available

Appropriate biosecurity practices are necessary to control the introduction and spread of

chlamydiae

in an avian population which include;

Quarantine and examination of all new birds

Prevention of exposure to wild birds

traffic control to minimize cross-contamination,

isolation and treatment of affected and contact birds,

thorough cleaning and disinfection of premises and equipment (preferably with small units managed on an all-in/all-out basis),

provision of uncontaminated feed,

maintenance of records on all bird movements,

Continual monitoring for presence of chlamydial infection.

Key Points

Avian

chlamydiosis

can be an

inapparent

subclinical infection or acute, subacute, or chronic disease of wild and domestic birds characterized by respiratory, digestive, or systemic infection caused by

Chlamydia

psittaci

Treatment prevents mortality and shedding but cannot be relied on to eliminate latent infection; shedding may recur.

Tetracyclines

(chlortetracycline,

oxytetracycline

, doxycycline) are the antibiotics of choice

Evaluation

What

is Chlamydiosis?

What are the common signs and symptoms Chlamydiosis?

What is the pharmacological treatment of Chlamydiosis?

What are the control measures against Chlamydiosis?

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 18: Pharmacotherapy of Chronic Respiratory Disease in Poultry

Learning Tasks

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define Chronic Respiratory Disease in Poultry

List signs and symptoms of Chronic Respiratory Disease in Poultry

Describe pharmacological treatment of Chronic Respiratory Disease in Poultry

Describe Control and Prevention of Chronic Respiratory Disease in Poultry

Activity: Buzzing

What

is Chronic Respiratory Disease in

Poultry?

Definition of Chronic Respiratory Disease in Poultry

Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) also called

air sacculitis

is an infection of chicken and turkeys caused by

Mycoplasma

gallisepticum

The disease is transmitted in eggs or by indirect contact

The disease is characterized by respiratory signs and lesions.

Once started it follows a prolonged course in a flock.

Concurrent

infections such as infectious bronchitis virus, Newcastle disease virus,

Escherichia coli

Pasteurella

multocida

and

Haemophilus

paragallinarum

or increased level of dust in the environment predispose to CRD.

Signs

and Symptoms of Chronic Respiratory Disease in Poultry

Signs

of CRD in a flock develop slowly and are usually manifested by drop in egg and meat production.

They show varying degrees of respiratory distress, with slight to marked

rales

, difficulty in breathing, coughing, and/or sneezing.

The lesions include

airsacculitis

fibrinous

perihepatitis

and adhesive pericarditis

Chickens Infected with MG Have Nasal and Eye Discharges

Pharmacological

treatment of Chronic Respiratory Disease in Poultry

Tetracycline

2.5 to 10 mg/kg, PO in drinking water q 24 h for 3-5days, or

Tiamulin 10%, 1:300-600 diluted in drinking water for 5 days, or

Erythromycin 1: 10000 liters of drinking water for 3 days, or

Tylosin, 0.5% in drinking water, or

Enrofloxacin 15 mg/kg, IM, q12h or other fluoroquinolones can be given in the feed or water for 5-7 days; however, relapses are common

Activity:

Brainstorming

What

are the prevention measures for Chronic Respiratory Disease??

Prevention

and Control of Chronic Respiratory Disease in Poultry

Control

and Prophylaxis

Improve the management, husbandry or nutrition

reduce dust in the house

remove

accumulated litter

I

mprove

ventilation

Evaluation

What

is Chronic Respiratory Disease?

What are the common signs and symptoms Chronic Respiratory Disease?

What is the pharmacological treatment of Chronic Respiratory Disease?

What are the control measures against Chronic Respiratory Disease

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 19: Pharmacotherapy of Coccidiosis and Fowl Cholera in

Poultry

Learning Tasks

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define Coccidiosis and Fowl Cholera in Poultry

List signs and symptoms of Coccidiosis and Fowl Cholera in Poultry

Describe pharmacological treatment of Coccidiosis and Fowl Cholera in Poultry

Describe Control and Prevention of Coccidiosis and Fowl Cholera in Poultry

Activity: Buzzing

What

is Fowl

Cholera

Definition of Chronic Respiratory Disease in Poultry

Fowl

cholera, (

Avian

Pasteurellosis

avian hemorrhagic septicemia)

is a contagious bacterial disease of poultry

characterized by

septicemia,

sudden onset with high morbidity

and mortality

Chronic and asymptomatic infections may also occur.

It is caused by

Pasteurella

multocida

Transmission occurs by secretions from carrier birds, infected droppings, cannibalism of dead birds, and contaminated water, feed, equipment, or clothing.

The organism is primarily excreted from mouth, nose, and conjunctiva of diseased birds that contaminate their environment

Signs and Symptoms of Fowl Cholera

acute disease

There is, fever, depression, anorexia,

mucoid

discharge from the mouth, ruffled feathers, diarrhea, bluish discoloration of the head, increased respiratory rate and sudden death in the flock may occur

In chronic disease

Swelling of the joints, footpad, wattles, or tendon sheaths over the caudal portion of the hock joint could be observed.

Pharmacological Treatment of

Fowl Cholera

Sulphonamides

: 0.5-1% (500mg-1gm/kg) in feed or 0.1% (100mg/liter) in drinking water

First line treatment

sulphonamides

include

Sulphadimethoxazole

Sulphaquinoxalene

Sulphamethazine

and

sulphaquinonxalene

Sulphamerazine

143 mg/kg PO (0.5% in feed) or 0.4% in drinking water

Sulfaquinoxaline

sodium, or

T

rimethoprimsulfadiazine

1:5, 15 mg/kg for 5 days in feed or water

Pharmacological Treatment of Fowl Cholera

Cont.….

Chlortetracycline 10%, 20-60 mg/kg, daily in feed for 5 to 7 days or should be continued until signs of the disease are no longer apparent.

Amoxicillin

T

rihydrate

water-soluble crystal, 20 mg/kg in drinking water, once per day for 3-5 days.

Activity:

Brainstorming

What

are the preventive measures for Fowl

Cholera ?

Prevention and Control of Fowl Cholera

Good

Sanitation

Rodent and predator control

Proper disposal of dead birds

Vaccination with adjuvant bacteriocins

Prevention and Control of Fowl

Cholera Cont.…

Adjuvant

bacteriocions

are widely used and generally effective;

Autogenous

bacterions

are recommended when polyvalent

bacterins

are found to be ineffective

Thus, it is important to know the most prevalent serotypes within an area to choose the right

bacterins

Attenuated live vaccines are available for administration in drinking water to turkeys and by wing-web inoculation to chickens.

These live vaccines can effectively induce immunity against different serotypes of

P

multocida

They are recommended for use in healthy flocks only

Key Points

Fowl

cholera is an infectious disease in domestic fowl, waterfowl and other avian species.

It is manifested either in acute

septicaemic

form with a high morbidity and death rates or as chronic local forms (independently or secondary to acute ones)

Commonly observed signs are anorexia, ruffled feathers, oral and nasal mucus discharge, cyanosis and white or greenish watery mucoid diarrhoea

Key

Points

Cont

…

Sulfonamides and antibiotics are commonly used and early treatment with adequate dosages are important

Good management practices, including a high level of biosecurity, are essential to prevention

Rodents, wild birds, pets, and other animals that may be carriers of P

multocida

must be excluded from poultry houses

Evaluation

What

is Fowl Cholera?

What are the common signs and symptoms Fowl Cholera?

What is the pharmacological treatment of Fowl Cholera?

What are the control measures against Fowl Cholera?

REFER Students to Handout 19.1: For pharmacotherapy of coccidiosis in poultry, Pharmacotherapy of Coccidiosis in Poultry

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary

Pharmacology

Session 20: Pharmacotherapy of

Fowlpox

in Poultry

Learning Tasks

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define

Fowlpox

in Poultry

Lescribe

signs and symptoms of

Fowlpox

in Poultry

Describe pharmacological treatment of

Fowlpox

in Poultry

Describe Control and Prevention of

Fowlpox

in Poultry

Activity: Buzzing

What

Fowlpox

Definition of

Fowlpox

in Poultry

Fowlpox

is a slow-spreading viral infection of chickens and other poultry characterized by proliferative skin

lesions

The

disease is transmitted by direct contact between infected and susceptible birds or by

mosquitoes

Fowlpox

is common in commercial and backyard

chicken

Signs and Symptoms of

Fowlpox

Fowl

pox is manifested in two forms

The dry form (cutaneous form) characterized by proliferative nodular lesions

on Un feathered

areas

Cutaneous lesions on the eyelids may cause complete closure of one or both eyes

The wet form (diphtheritic form), where lesions exist in the mouth, pharynx, larynx, and trachea and causing respiratory distress.

Fowlpox

chicken

Activity:

Brainstorming

• What

are the prevention and control measures for

Fowlpox

Treatment

, Prevention and Control of

Fowlpox

There

is no specific treatment

available

Vaccinate

the remaining flocks with an attenuated

fowlpox

virus of high immunogenicity and low pathogenicity

Control mosquitoes

Key

Points

Fowlpox

(FP) is a viral disease in hens, turkeys and many other birds, characterized by cutaneous lesions on the feather-less skin and/or diphtheritic lesions of mucous coats of the upper alimentary and respiratory tract.

The cutaneous form of

fowlpox

is characterized by nodular lesions on various parts of the

unfeathered

skin of chickens and on the head and upper neck of turkeys

Where

fowlpox

is prevalent, chickens and turkeys should be vaccinated with a live-embryo or cell-culture-propagated virus vaccine.

Evaluation

What

Fowlpox

What are the common signs and symptoms

Fowlpox

What are the control measures against

Fowlpox

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 21: Pharmacotherapy of

Fowltyphoid

and

Fowlparathyroid

Learning

Tasks

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define Fowltyphoid and

Fowlparathyroid

List signs and symptoms of Fowltyphoid and

Fowlparathyroid

in Poultry

Describe pharmacological treatment of Fowltyphoid and

Fowlparathyroid

Describe Control and Prevention of Fowltyphoid and

Fowlparathyroid

Activity: Buzzing

What

Fowltyphoid

? ?

Definition of

Fowltyphoid

and

Fowlparathyroid

in Poultry

Fowl typhoid is an infection of fowl caused by host-adapted salmonella serotype,

Salmonella

gallinarum

is an egg-transmitted infection of particularly growing or mature flocks or

transmittted

by ingestion

Mortality

at all ages is high

Signs and Symptoms of

Fowltyphoid

Dehydration

Swollen, friable, and often bile-stained liver, with or without necrotic foci

Enlarged spleen and kidneys

Anemia

Enteritis

Pharmacological Treatment of Fowltyphoid

Sulfaquinoxalene

0.1% in feed for 2-3 days and 0.05% for an additional 2 days, or

Furazolidone

0.011% in feed for 2 weeks followed by 0.0055% in feed

Activity:

Brainstorming

• What

are the prevention and control measures

for

Fowltyphoid

Prevention and Control of Fowltyphoid

Poults

should be obtained from free stock and place them in a clean house

Protect poultry house from birds, rodents, insects etc.

Disinfection of humans entering the house

Vaccination with a rough strain of

S.

Gallinarum

(9R) at 9-10 weeks of age.

Key Points

The

causal agent for

fowltyphoid

Salmonella

Gallinarum

Infected birds may be pale, dehydrated, and have

diarrhea

Lesions in infected birds may include a swollen, friable and often bile-stained liver, with or without necrotic foci; enlarged spleen and kidneys;

anemia

; and enteritis

Control is based on routine serologic testing of breeding stock to assure freedom from infection

Evaluation

What

Fowltyphoid

What are the common signs and symptoms

Fowltyphoid

What is the pharmacological treatment of

Fowltyphoid

What are the control measures against

Fowltyphoid

REFER Students to

Handout 21.1:

For pharmacotherapy of

fowtyphoid

Pharmacotherapy of

Fowlparathyroid

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 22: Pharmacotherapy of Gastrointestinal parasitism and Histomoniasis in Poultry

Learning Tasks

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define Gastrointestinal parasitism and Histomoniasis in Poultry

List signs and symptoms of Gastrointestinal parasitism and Histomoniasis in Poultry

Describe pharmacological treatment of Gastrointestinal parasitism and Histomoniasis in Poultry

Describe Control and Prevention of Gastrointestinal parasitism and Histomoniasis in Poultry

Activity: Buzzing

What

is gastrointestinal parasitism in Poultry?

Definition of Gastrointestinal parasitism and Histomoniasis in Poultry

Poultry could be infected with nematode and

cestode

parasites

Among the round worms,

Heterakis

gallinarum

and

Syngamus

trachea

Ascarids

and

Capillarids

are economically important

Raillietina

spp

Davainea

proglottina

are important

cestodes

species of poultry.

The worm

Syngamus

trachea

inhabits the trachea and lungs of many domestic and various wild birds

Signs and Symptoms of Gastrointestinal parasitism in Poultry

Loss

of weight

Anorexia

Reduced growth

Reduced egg production

Reduced fertility

Diarrheal

Blood

loss

Pharmacological

Treatment of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Poultry

Piperazine

, 50-100 mg/bird q 24 h, or 0.2-0.4% in the feed or at 0.1-0.2% in the drinking water for two consecutive feeds or drinking water for two days and deworm chicken at 4-6 weeks of age; repeat when necessary or after 2-4 weeks,

plus

Phenothiazine (for

cecal

worms in chickens) 0.5 g/bird individual treatment or in dry or wet mash feed, once month to control

ascaris

, or

Phenothiazine 0.5

/head or combined with

piperazine

(o.5-0.51%& 0.11% in drinking water) as a 1-day treatment, removes both

heterakids

and

ascarids

, or

Coumaphos

, 0.004% in feed for 10-14 days for replacements, or 0.003% in feed for 14 days for layers, is used against

capillarids

Activity:

Brainstorming

What

are the preventive and control measures against gastrointestinal parasitism in Poultry?

Prevention

and Control of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Poultry

Proper

and timely deworming

programmed

of the local and exotic through

appropriate deworming and treatment of infected

birds which should be carried out regularly

In addition, proper and adequate nutrition would also minimize the incidence rate of

helminthosis

of domestic birds

Key Points

Parasitic

diseases are problems wherever poultry are raised, and economic losses caused by parasites on poultry can be significant

There is a need for effective control measures which can interrupt the lifecycle of parasite

Species and as such, increase the meat and egg production

Evaluation

What

is gastrointestinal parasitism in Poultry?

What are the common signs and symptoms of gastrointestinal parasitism in Poultry?

What is the pharmacological treatment of gastrointestinal parasitism in Poultry?

What are the control measures against gastrointestinal parasitism in Poultry?

REFER Students to

Handout 22.1:

For Pharmacotherapy of Histomoniasis in Poultry,

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 23: Pharmacotherapy of Infectious Bursal (

Gumboro

) Disease in Poultry

Learning Tasks

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define Infectious Bursal (

Gumboro

) Disease in Poultry

List signs and symptoms of Infectious Bursal (

Gumboro

) Disease in Poultry

Describe pharmacological treatment of Infectious Bursal (

Gumboro

) Disease in Poultry

Describe Control and Prevention of Infectious Bursal (

Gumboro

) Disease in Poultry

Activity: Buzzing

What

is Infectious Bursal (

Gumboro

) Disease? ?

Definition

of Infectious Bursal (

Gumboro

) Disease in Poultry

Infectious bursal disease also known as Gumboro disease, is an acute, contagious, viral disease of young chickens characterized by;

Diarrhea

Vent pecking

Trembling

Incoordination followed by atrophy of the Bursa of

Fabricius

and by a variable degree of immune suppression

Definition of Infectious Bursal (

Gumboro

) Disease in

Poultry Cont.….

The virus, belongs to the

Birnaviridae

family and is resistant to most disinfectants and environmental factors and persists for months in contaminated house, for weeks in water, feed and droppings

The virus is shed in the feces and transferred by fomites (direct and indirect contact)

Chickens at 3-6 weeks age are most susceptible and show clinical disease.

The diseases is subclinical at younger age

Signs

and Symptoms of Infectious Bursal (

Gumboro

) Disease in Poultry

The

clinical signs include blood stained feces and straining

Initially necropsy, the bursa may be twice as large as the normal size then it becomes atrophied and reddened

haemorrhages

may occur in thigh and pectoral muscles

Loss of appetite and rapid sudden onset of water consumption may also occurs

Watery droppings and ruffled feather may be observed

Pharmacological Treatment of Infectious Bursal (

Gumboro

) Disease in Poultry

specific treatment available

Drug & to protect from secondary

bactiriae

invasion may be given such as Chlortetracycline, 3-4 kg/tone of feed, i.e. 20-60 mg/kg 5-7 days

Activity:

Brainstorming

• What

are the prevention and control measures

for

Infectious

Bursal (

Gumboro

) Disease

Prevention and Control of Infectious Bursal (

Gumboro

) Disease in Poultry

Depopulation

and rigorous disinfection of contaminated farms

Live vaccines of chick-embryo or cell-culture origin and of varying virulence can be administered by eye drop, drinking water, or SC routes at 1-21 days of age

Vaccination of breeding flocks one or more times during the growing period, first with a live vaccine and again just before egg production with an oil-

adjuvanted

, inactivated vaccine

Key Points

Infectious

bursal disease (IBD) is seen in domestic chickens worldwide

IBD is caused by a

birnavirus

(infectious bursal disease virus; IBDV) that is most readily isolated from the bursa of

Fabricius

but may be isolated from other organs

Chickens are most susceptible to clinical disease at 3–6

of age when immature B cells populate the bursa and maternal immunity has waned

There is no treatment. Rigorous disinfection of contaminated farms after depopulation has achieved limited success.

Evaluation

What

is Infectious Bursal (

Gumboro

) Disease?

What are the common signs and symptoms Infectious Bursal (

Gumboro

) Disease?

What is the pharmacological treatment of Infectious Bursal (

Gumboro

) Disease?

What are the control measures against Infectious Bursal (

Gumboro

) Disease?

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

PST 06107

Basic

Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 24: Pharmacotherapy of Infectious Coryza and Infectious Laryngotracheitis in

Poultry

Learning Tasks

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define

Infectious

Coryza and Infectious Laryngotracheitis in Poultry

List signs and symptoms of Infectious Coryza and Infectious Laryngotracheitis in Poultry

Describe pharmacological treatment of Infectious Coryza and Infectious Laryngotracheitis in Poultry

Describe Control and Prevention of Infectious Coryza and Infectious Laryngotracheitis in Poultry

Activity: Buzzing

What is Infectious

Coryza in Poultry

Definition of Infectious Coryza and Infectious Laryngotracheitis in Poultry

Infectious

coryza

is an acute respiratory disease of chickens caused by the bacterium

Haemophilus

paragallinarum

(

gallinarum

)

Chronically ill or healthy carrier birds are the reservoir of infection

Transmission is by direct contact, airborne droplets, and by contamination of drinking water

The disease may be complicated with

Mycoplasma

gallisepticum

concurrent infection

Signs and Symptoms of Infectious Coryza in Poultry

The

symptoms include

oculonasal

discharge, sneezing, conjunctivitis with some adherence of the eyelids, and swelling of the face under the eyes extending to the

intermandibular

space and wattles.

Catarrhal inflammation of the nasal passages and sinuses and nasal discharge are observed at necropsy

Pharmacological treatment of Infectious

Coryza in

Poultry

Oxytetracycline

(20%), 200g/100 liters of drinking water for 3-5 days, or

Enrofloxacin

, one liter suspension /1500-4000 liters of water for 3-5 days, or

Sulfamethazine

-trimethoprim, 1000 mg/L in

drinkingwater

or 2000g/ton for 3 days

Sulphonamides

are contraindicated in layers

Activity:

Brainstorming

• What

are the prevention and control measures against Infectious Coryza in Poultry?

Prevention and

control of

Infectious Coryza in

Poultry

Depopulate

and clean infected house before repopulating

Medication combined with vaccination program in which starter pullets are to be reared or housed on

infected premises

Key Points

Infectious

coryza

is an acute respiratory disease of chickens characterized by nasal discharge, sneezing, and swelling of the face under the eyes

The causative bacterium is

Avibacterium

paragallinarum

, a gram-negative, pleomorphic,

nonmotile

, catalase-negative

Prevention is the only sound method of control. “All-in/all-out” farm programs with sound management and isolation methods are the best way to avoid infectious

coryza

Evaluation

What

is Infectious Coryza in Poultry?

What are the common signs and symptoms of Infectious Coryza in Poultry?

What is the pharmacological treatment of Infectious Coryza in Poultry?

What are the control measures against Infectious Coryza

in Poultry?

REFER

Students to

Handout 24.1:

For Pharmacotherapy of Laryngotracheitis in Poultry,

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 25: Pharmacotherapy of Newcastle Disease and Influenza in Poultry

Learning Tasks

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define Newcastle Disease and Influenza in Poultry

List signs and symptoms of Newcastle Disease and Influenza in Poultry

Describe pharmacological treatment of Newcastle Disease and Influenza in Poultry

Describe Control and Prevention of Newcastle Disease and Influenza in Poultry

Activity: Buzzing

What is Newcastle Disease in Poultry

Definition of Newcastle Disease and Influenza in Poultry

Newcastle disease (NCD) is a contagious viral disease of poultry caused by a

Paramyxovirus

Three strains exist which are:

Velogenic strain

which are highly pathogenic and easily transmitted

Mesogenic

strain, which show intermediate pathogenicity

Lentogenic

strain, which show low pathogenicity in chickens

Signs and Symptoms of Newcastle Disease in Poultry

The

clinical symptoms of NCD may be;

Neurotropic consisting of drooping wings, dragging legs, twisting of the head and neck, circling, depression,

in appetence,

and complete paralysis, OR

Viscerotropic

consisting of respiratory signs gasping, coughing, sneezing and

rales

with

peracute

disease watery-greenish diarrhea, and swelling of the tissues of the head and neck

Onset is rapid, young chickens are more susceptible and show signs sooner than older ones

Laying flocks may have partial or complete cessation of production and not recover.

Newcastle disease in broiler

Activity:

Brainstorming

• What

are the prevention and control

measures of Newcastle

Disease in Poultry

Treatment

, Prevention and Control of Newcastle Disease in Poultry

There is no specific treatment

The disease is prevented by;

Vaccination by Newcastle Vaccine

Note: Control mycoplasma and other bacteria that may aggravate the vaccine reaction after spray administration

Key

Points

Newcastle

disease is an infection of domestic poultry and other bird species with virulent Newcastle disease virus

Onset is rapid, and signs appear throughout the flock within 2–12 days (average 5) after aerosol exposure

Live

lentogenic

vaccines, chiefly B1 and

LaSota

strains, are widely used and typically administered to poultry by mass application in drinking water or by spray

Evaluation

What

is Newcastle Disease in Poultry?

What are the common signs and symptoms of Newcastle Disease in Poultry?

What is the pharmacological treatment of Newcastle Disease in Poultry?

What are the control measures against Newcastle Disease in Poultry?

REFER

Students to Handout 25.1: For pharmacotherapy of Influenza in

Poultry

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 26: Pharmacotherapy of Mycoplasma

Synoviae

Infection and

Staphylococcosis

in Poultry

Learning Tasks

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define Mycoplasma

Synoviae

Infection and

Staphylococcosis

in Poultry

List signs and symptoms of Mycoplasma

Synoviae

Infection and

Staphylococcosis

in Poultry

Describe pharmacological treatment of Mycoplasma

Synoviae

Infection and

Staphylococcosis

in Poultry

Describe Control and Prevention of Mycoplasma

Synoviae

Infection and

Staphylococcosis

in Poultry

Activity: Buzzing

What

is Mycoplasma

Synoviae

Infection in Poultry?

Definition of Mycoplasma

Synoviae

Infection and

Staphylococcosis

in Poultry

Infectious synovitis is an acute or chronic mycoplasmosis of chicken and turkeys caused by

Mycoplasma synoviae

, which is characterized by inflammation of synovial membranes, and usually, by exudates in the joints and tendon sheaths.

Most outbreaks occur in young broiler chicken, though adults are also infected.

Transovarian

transmission is the most important route of infection

Infection also spreads via the respiratory tract

Signs

and Symptoms of Mycoplasma

Synoviae

Infection in Poultry

Lethargy

whereby the affected birds lie on the floor

Head parts are swollen

the hocks or food pads are swollen

At post mortem, the joints contain sticky, viscid, gray to yellow, characteristic exudates.

Parenchymatous

organs become swollen and diarrhea may occur

Pharmacological

treatment of Mycoplasma

Synoviae

Infection in Poultry

Several

drugs are used; but the most effective are the following

Tylosin

100 g per 200

litres

(0.05%) of drinking water for the first 3 days of life; repeated for 1 to 7 days every 5 weeks depending on the severity of the infection, or

Erythromycin, 500mg/gallon of water, for 7 days, or

Chlortetracycline, 20-60 mg/kg or 300-400 mg/

tonne

of feed, for 5 days

Activity:

Brainstorming

•What

are the prevention and control measures against Mycoplasma

Synoviae

Infection in Poultry?

Prevention and Control of Mycoplasma

Synoviae

Infection in Poultry

Maintain

seronegative stock, because the organism is transmitted via eggs.

Eradication of this infection is also possible by purchase of uninfected chicks, all-in/all-out production, and biosecurity.

In valuable breeding stock, treat eggs with

tylosin

or heat

Key Points

Infectious

synovitis is an acute or chronic

mycoplasmosis

of chicken and turkeys caused by

Mycoplasma

synoviae

The first signs of infectious synovitis include pale-bluish head parts and lameness in many birds with a tendency to sit

The more severely affected birds are depressed and found resting around feeders and waterers

Eradication of this infection is also possible by

purshasing

uninfected chicks, all-in/all-out production, and biosecurity

Evaluation

What

is Mycoplasma

Synoviae

Infection in Poultry?

What are the common signs and symptoms of Mycoplasma

Synoviae

Infection in Poultry?

What is the pharmacological treatment of Mycoplasma

Synoviae

Infection in Poultry?

What are the control measures against Mycoplasma

Synoviae

Infection in Poultry?

REFER

Students to

Handout 26.1

:

For pharmacotherapy of

Staphylococcosis

in poultry,

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 27: Pharmacotherapy of Pullorum (Bacillary white

diarrheal)

Disease and Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry

Learning Tasks

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define Pullorum Disease and Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry

List signs and symptoms of Pullorum Disease and Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry

Describe pharmacological treatment of Pullorum Disease and Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry

Describe Control and Prevention of Pullorum Disease and Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry

Activity: Buzzing

What

is Pullorum Disease in Poultry?

Definition of Pullorum and Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry

Pollorum

(Bacillary white diarrhea) is a bacterial disease caused by

S.

pullorum

that usually cause high mortality in young chickens

Infection is transmitted via egg or in the hatchery usually results in Death occurs during the first few days of life and up to 2-3 weeks of age.

Signs and Symptoms of Pullorum in Poultry

Affected

birds huddle near a source of heat

Do not eat

Appear sleepy

show whitish fecal matters

Lesions in young birds usually include unabsorbed yolk sacs; focal necrosis of the liver and spleen; and grayish nodules in

thelungs

, heart, and gizzard

Firm, cheesy material in the ceca and raised plaques in the mucosa of the lower intestine are sometimes seen

Occasionally,

synovitis

is prominent

Adult carriers usually have pericarditis, peritonitis, or distorted ovarian follicles with coagulated contents

Activity:

Brainstorming

• What

are the preventive and control measures against Pullorum

Disease

in Poultry?

Treatment, Prevention and Control of Pullorum in Poultry

Treatment

Antibacterial treatment helps to reduce mortality and treated chicken remain carriers

Furazolidone

0.022% in feed is

effective

Treatment, Prevention and Control of Pullorum in Poultry

Cont.….

Breeding stock should be free from infection

Control is based on routine serologic testing of breeding stock to assure freedom from infection

In addition, management and biosecurity measures should be taken to reduce the introduction of

S Pullorum

from feed, water, wild birds, rodents, insects, or people

Birds should be purchased from sources free of S

Pullorum

Treatment, Prevention and Control of Pullorum in Poultry

Cont.….

Incubator and all associated equipment prior to use should be disinfected

Exposure to environments contaminated by rodent or wild bird

feces

should be minimised

Good insect control is essential

Dead animal carcasses should be properly disposed and birds should not be allowed to come into contact with dead or decaying animals

Key Points

Infections

with Salmonella Pullorum usually cause very high mortality (potentially approaching 100%) in young chickens and turkeys within the first 2–3

of age

Affected birds huddle near a heat source, are anorectic, appear weak, and have whitish

fecal

pasting around the vent (

diarrhea

)

Control is based on routine serologic testing of breeding stock to assure freedom from infection

Evaluation

What

is Pullorum Disease in Poultry?

What are the common signs and symptoms of Pullorum in Poultry?

What is the pharmacological treatment of Pullorum in Poultry?

What are the control measures against Pullorum in Poultry?

REFER Students to

Handout 27.1:

For pharmacotherapy of Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry,

Pharmacotherapy of Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 28: Pharmacotherapy of Aflatoxicosis in Poultry

Learning Tasks

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define

Aflatoxicosis

in Poultry

List signs and symptoms of

Aflatoxicosis

in Poultry

Describe pharmacological treatment

Aflatoxicosis

in Poultry

Describe Control and Prevention of

Aflatoxicosis

in Poultry

Activity: Buzzing

What

is Aflatoxicosis in

Poultry

Definition of Aflatoxicosis in Poultry

Aflatoxins

are highly toxic, carcinogenic fungal metabolites produced by

Aspergillus

flavus

, A.

parasiticus

, and others

Aflatoxicosis in poultry primarily affects the liver, but immunologic, digestive, and hematopoietic functions may be involved

Weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion efficiency, pigmentation, processing yield, egg production, male and female fertility, and hatchability may be affected

Some effects are a direct result of intoxication, while others are related indirectly to factors such as reduced feed intake

Susceptibility varies, but in general, chickens, ducklings, turkeys, and pheasants are susceptible

Signs and Symptoms of Aflatoxicosis in Poultry

Unthriftiness

to high morbidity and mortality

The liver may be acutely reddened due to necrosis and congestion or yellow

discolouration

due to lipid accumulation; it may have hemorrhages of various sizes and patterns

In chronic

aflatoxicosis

, the liver may be discolored yellow to gray and atrophied.

Although the

aflatoxins

are carcinogenic, tumor formation is rare with the natural disease, probably because the birds do not live long enough for this to occur.

A

more typical gross finding is the yellowish to yellow-earth colour of the liver, the multiple haemorrhages and a characteristic reticular appearance of the capsular surface in

Aflatoxicosis

Activity:

Brainstorming

What

are the

prevention and control measures against Aflatoxicosis in

Poultry ?

Treatment, Prevention and Control of Aflatoxicosis in Poultry

There is no specific pharmacological treatment

Toxic feed should be removed and replaced with unadulterated feed.

Concurrent diseases (parasitic, infectious, and nutritional) should be treated to alleviate additive or synergistic disease interactions, and substandard management practices corrected

In individual birds, give activated charcoal in the feed

Treatment, Prevention and Control of Aflatoxicosis in Poultry

Inspect feed mills regularly and clean any feed residues

Poultry houses should have sufficient ventilation to avoid high relative humidity

Antifungal agents such as organic acids (propionic acid 0.5-1.5 g/kg) are effective inhibitors

Key Points

Aflatoxins

are very toxic and carcinogenic mycotoxins, produced by moulds of the Aspergillus and

Penicillium

genera

Aflatoxicosis is associated with grains and other feed sources such as maize,

soyabeans

, peanuts and millet

The liver is most affected and toxicity can result in severe liver necrosis

Good hygiene and the regular cleaning of storage bins, silos and feeding equipment are extremely important

Control is best achieved by the avoidance of contaminated feeds

Evaluation

What

are the common signs and symptoms Aflatoxicosis in Poultry?

What is the pharmacological treatment of Aflatoxicosis in Poultry?

What are the control measures against Aflatoxicosis in Poultry?

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 29: Pharmacotherapy of Ulcerative Enteritis in Poultry

Learning Tasks

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry

List signs and symptoms of Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry

Describe pharmacological treatment of Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry

Describe Control and Prevention of Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry

Activity: Buzzing

What

is Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry?

Definition of Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry

Ulcerative enteritis is an acute bacterial infection in young chickens,

poults

and game birds characterized by sudden onset and rapidly increasing mortality

It is caused by

Clostridium

colinum

Outbreaks of the disease occur following coccidiosis, aplastic anemia, and infectious bursal disease or stress conditions

It is transmitted through droppings and birds are infected by feeding or via drinking water

Signs and Symptoms of Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry

Infected

birds become listless and humped up, with eyes partly closed, and feathers dull and ruffled

The lesions include hemorrhagic enteritis in duodenum followed by necrosis and ulcerations

The livers vary from light yellow to large, irregular yellow areas along the edges

Pharmacological Treatment of Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry

Streptomycin

60g/ton of feed or 1 g/gal in water

Furazolidone

(0.02%) in the feed

Activity:

Brainstorming

What

are the prevention and control measures against Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry?

Prevention and Control of Ulcerative Enteritis in Poultry

Streptomycin

, 0.006% in feed

Remove contaminated droppings and disinfect the house

Avoid stress

Earlier treatment is advisable

Key Points

Ulcerative

enteritis (UE) is an inflammation of the digestive tract, caused by the

Clostridium

colinum

bacterium

Birds that develop chronic ulcerative enteritis or that have recovered from the disease remain carriers

Prevention involves prompt removal of sick and dead birds

Total

clean up

between flocks, pest control in and around the premises, and periodic treatment of watering systems with innocuous chemicals that dissolve mineral and or biofilm build-up are good preventive measures

Evaluation

What

are the common signs and symptoms of Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry?

What is the pharmacological treatment of Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry?

What are the control measures against Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry?

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 30: Pharmacotherapy of Tuberculosis and

Ectoparasites

Infections in

Poultry

Learning Tasks

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define Tuberculosis and

Ectoparasites

in Poultry

List signs and symptoms of Tuberculosis and

Ectoparasites

in Poultry

Describe pharmacological treatment of Tuberculosis and

Ectoparasites

in Poultry

Describe Control and Prevention of Tuberculosis and

Ectoparasites

in Poultry

Activity: Buzzing

• What

is Tuberculosis in Poultry?

Definition of Tuberculosis in Poultry

Tuberculosis is a slowly spreading, chronic, granulomatous bacterial infection, characterized by gradual weight loss

Mycobacterium

avium

serovars

1 and 2 are the usual causes

Infected birds excrete the organism in their feces

Cadavers and offal may infect predators and cannibalistic

flockmates

Signs and Symptoms of Tuberculosis in Poultry

Signs

usually develop late in the infection when birds become thin and sluggish, and lameness may be seen

In chickens, granulomatous nodules of varying size are usually found in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and intestine

Pharmacological Treatment of Tuberculosis in Poultry

Antituberculosis

drugs are not often used to treat chicken.

Isoniazid 30 mg/kg plus

Ethambutol

30 mg/kg plus rifampin 45 mg/kg, PO, for 18 months are effective for the treatment of exotic birds

Activity:

Brainstorming

What

are the prevention and control measures against Tuberculosis in Poultry??

Prevention and Control of Tuberculosis in Poultry

Depopulation

and good biosecurity practices including rodent control and screening

Addition of exotic birds to an exhibit should originate from a closed collection with no history of tuberculosis,

, tuberculosis has not been reported previously or diagnosed on necropsy during the past 5 years

If no history is available, the birds should be quarantined or maintained in a separate exhibit away from the bird

aviary

Prevention and Control of Tuberculosis in Poultry

Cont.….

Therefore, it is recommended that endangered and valuable species be housed in individual exhibits to prevent transmission which is through ingestion of food or water contaminated with

M.

avium

i.e

feces

from contagious birds

Infected poultry should be destroyed, and housing facilities thoroughly cleaned and disinfected using cresylic compounds

Key Points

Avian

tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease characterized by the formation of granulomatous lesions in viscera, a progressive weight loss and death

The aetiological agent is Mycobacterium

avium

, a very resilient and acid-resistant

micro¬organism

Improved general sanitation has largely eliminated this infection

Evaluation

What

is Tuberculosis in Poultry?

What are the common signs and symptoms of Tuberculosis in Poultry?

What is the pharmacological treatment of Tuberculosis in Poultry?

What are the control measures against Tuberculosis in Poultry?

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 31: Pharmacotherapy

African Swine Fever

Learning Tasks

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define

African

swine fever

List signs and symptoms of

African

swine fever

Describe pharmacological treatment of

African

swine fever

Describe control and prevention of

African

swine fever

Activity: Buzzing

• What

is African swine fever?

Definition of African Swine Fever

It is a peracute highly contagious and highly fatal disease of pig caused by African swine fever virus

The transmission occurs by Argaside ticks

Once established, the disease spread rapidly by direct contact or ingestion of contaminated feed

Signs and Symptoms of African Swine Fever

Fever

that subside after four days

Development of cyanotic skin

Anorexia

Huddling together

Disinclination to move

Incoordination of hind quarter

Moving using front legs dragging the hind legs

Naso-occular

discharge

Dyspnea and cough

Pharmacological Treatment of African Swine Fever

specific treatment but treat with antibiotics for secondary bacterial infection.

Lincomycin

hydrochloride 10-15 mg/kg, IM, q 12 h and with hydrogen peroxide 8.3 mg/kg q 24 h, PO for 3-5 days, or

Oxytetracycline

0.5g/kg of feed for 7 days, and 10-20 mg/kg IV or IM q 6 h for 7 days, or

Trimethoprim-

sulphadiazine

, 15 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h for 3- 5days. or 48 mg/kg, q 24 h, IM

Activity:

Brainstorming

What

are the prevention and control measures for

African

swine fever?

Prevention and Control of African Swine Fever

Maintain

disease free status by restriction of pig movement and serological monitoring and prevention of contact between domestic pigs and warthogs

Prohibition of importation of pigs and pig products

Currently there is no approved vaccine for

ASF

Prevention and Control of African Swine Fever

Cont.…

Prevention depends on implementation of appropriate import policies and biosecurity measures, ensuring that neither infected live pigs nor pork products are introduced into areas free of ASF.

This includes ensuring proper disposal of waste food from aircraft, ships or vehicles coming from affected countries and policing illegal imports of live pigs and pork products from affected countries

Key Points

African

swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious haemorrhagic viral disease of domestic and wild pigs, which is responsible for serious economic and production losses.

It is caused by a large DNA virus of the

Asfarviridae

family, which also infects ticks of the genus

Ornithodoros

Clinical signs and mortality rates can vary according to the virulence of the virus and the type/species of pig

Prevention depends on implementation of appropriate import policies and biosecurity measures, ensuring that neither infected live pigs nor pork products are introduced into areas free of ASF

Evaluation

What

is African swine fever?

What are the common signs and symptoms of African swine fever?

What is the pharmacological treatment of African swine fever?

What are the control measures against African swine fever?

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 32: Pharmacotherapy of Swine Dysentery

Learning Tasks

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define swine dysentery

List signs and symptoms of swine dysentery

Describe pharmacological treatment of swine dysentery

Describe control and prevention of swine dysentery

Activity: Buzzing

What

is Swine Dysentery?

Definition of Swine Dysentery

A contagious disease of pig caused by

Treponema

characterized by

mucohemorrhagic

diarrhoea

affecting the large intestine

The transmission occurs through ingestion of contaminated food

Signs and Symptoms of Swine Dysentery

The

acute form of the disease is characterized by severe and often fatal bloody

diarrheal.

Affected pigs may be wobbly in the hindquarters and show evidence of abdominal pain, such as stretching and kicking at the belly

The

faeces

may be red, resembling tomato ketchup, or may have a black, tarry appearance. Death usually results from dehydration caused by severe

diarrheal

Pharmacological treatment of Swine Dysentery

Lincomycin

hydrochloride 10-15 mg/kg, IM, q 12 h for 3 days, or

Tylosin

8.8 mg/kg, IM, q 24 h for 3 days

Activity:

Brainstorming

What

are the prevention and control measures for Swine Dysentery?

Prevention and Control of Swine Dysentery

Optimizing sanitation by maintaining pigs on concrete floors that are washed down daily.

Adhering

to a rodent control program using a professional exterminator

Segregating affected pigs in a sick pen, away from healthy pigs, and culling poor-doers

Medicating water and/or feed with antimicrobials

Stringent sanitation of the premises

Vaccination for prevention of swine dysentery may represent a viable alternative; however, the effectiveness of commercially available vaccines appears to be less than optimal

Prevention and Control of Swine Dysentery

Cont.….

Develop an all-in all-out housing system with disinfection. Slurry channels should be separate

Where solid dung passages are used it may be necessary to depopulate the whole house, clean and disinfect and bring in new pigs at weaning time that have not been contaminated

Control flies, they can transmit the organism from one group of pigs to another

Reduce the movement and handling of pigs to as little as possible particularly at weighing time when transfer of

faeces

is likely to take place and stress is likely to cause clinical flare ups

Do not overcrowd pigs and

endeavour

to keep a dry environment; the organism will die out quickly on drying. Poor sanitation and wet pens enhance the disease

Key Points

Swine

dysentery (SD), which is caused by a small snake-like bacteria called

Brachyspira

hyodysenteriae

can be one of the most expensive diseases of the growing pig

The early symptom is sloppy diarrhoea, which stains the skin of the perineum under the anus, and a rapid hollowing of the flanks

In infected herds control is aimed at preventing the movement of the organism between groups of pigs

Evaluation

What

is Swine Dysentery?

What are the common signs and symptoms of Swine Dysentery?

What is the pharmacological treatment of Swine Dysentery?

What are the control measures against Swine Dysentery?

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 33: Pharmacotherapy of Swine Influenza

Learning Tasks

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define swine influenza

List signs and symptoms of swine influenza

Describe pharmacological treatment of swine influenza

Describe control and prevention of swine influenza

Activity: Buzzing

What

is Swine Influenza?

Definition of Swine Influenza

Swine influenza is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza viruses that regularly cause outbreaks of influenza in pigs

Influenza viruses that commonly circulate in swine are called “swine influenza viruses” or “swine flu viruses.”

Like human influenza viruses, there are different subtypes and strains of swine influenza viruses

The main swine influenza viruses are;

swine triple reassortant (tr) H1N1 influenza virus

trH

N

virus

trH

N

virus

Signs and Symptoms of Swine Influenza

Fever

Depression

Coughing (barking)

Discharge from the nose or eyes

Sneezing

Breathing difficulties

Eye redness or inflammation, and going off feed

Some pigs infected with influenza, however, may show no signs of illness at all

Activity:

Brainstorming

What

are the

preventive and control measures for Swine dysentery

Treatment, Prevention and Control of Swine Influenza

There

is no specific treatment, although antimicrobials may reduce secondary bacterial infections

Vaccination and strict import controls are the only specific preventive and control measures

Good management practices and freedom from stress, particularly due to crowding and dust, help to reduce losses.

Key Points

Swine

influenza is a highly contagious viral infection of pigs

Swine influenza is caused by influenza A viruses in the family Orthomyxoviridae

It is characterised by fever, lethargy, anorexia, weight loss, nasal discharge, laboured breathing, coughing, sneezing, and nasal discharge

An effective immunisation programme will likely need to induce protection against both H

and H

subtypes

Evaluation

What

is Swine Influenza?

What are the common signs and symptoms of Swine Influenza?

What is the pharmacological treatment of Swine Influenza?

What are the control measures against Swine Influenza?

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 34: Pharmacotherapy of Aspergillosis, Campylobacteriosis,

and Amoebiasis

in Dogs

Learning Tasks

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define

aspergillosis

campylobacteriosis

and

amebiasis

in dogs

List signs and symptoms of

aspergillosis

campylobacteriosis

and

amebiasis

in dogs

Describe pharmacological treatment of

aspergillosis

campylobacteriosis

and

amebiasis

in dogs

Describe control and prevention of

aspergillosis

campylobacteriosis

andamebiasis

in dogs

Activity: Buzzing

What is Aspergillosis in Dog?

Definition of Aspergillosis

Dogs

Aspergillosis is caused by a number of

Aspergillus

spp

especially

A

fumigatus

It is primarily a respiratory infection that may become generalized.

Nasal and

paranasal

tissues of dogs are most commonly infected

Sign And Symptoms Of Aspergillosis In Dogs

Lethargy

Nasal pain

Ulceration of the nares, sneezing, unilateral or bilateral sanguinopurulent nasal discharge, frontal sinus osteomyelitis, and epistaxis

Lesions may involve the eyes

A layer of gray-black necrotic material and fungal growth may cover the mucosa of the nasal and paranasal sinuses

Pharmacological Treatment of Aspergillosis in Dog

Griseofulvin

15-20 mg/kg, PO with fatty food, q 24 h for 7-14 days, or

Ketoconazole 15 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h for dogs and 10 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h to cats for 6-8

Activity:

Brainstorming

What

are the prevention and control measures for Aspergillosis in Dog?

Prevention and Control of Aspergillosis in Dog

General

good health will help ensure a strong healthy immune system to ward off this opportunistic disease

Keeping dogs indoors may be helpful, as it will limit access to grass clippings, hay, straw, and other substances where the

Aspergillus

fungus can be found

Dogs with the nasal version should be monitored for reduced nasal discharge, while those with disseminated disease need to be monitored with urine analysis and via X-ray every one to two months

Key Points

Aspergillosis

is an infection, growth, or allergic response caused by the Aspergillus fungus

This fungus grows on dead leaves, stored grain, compost piles, or other decaying vegetation

Treatment varies depending on whether the disease is nasal or disseminated

Evaluation

What

is Aspergillosis in Dog?

What are the common signs and symptoms of Aspergillosis in Dog?

What is the pharmacological treatment of Aspergillosis in Dog?

What are the control measures against Aspergillosis in Dog?

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 35: Pharmacotherapy of Cryptococcosis in Dog

Learning Tasks

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define cryptococcosis in dog

List signs and symptoms of cryptococcosis in dog

Describe pharmacological treatment of cryptococcosis in dog

Describe control and prevention of cryptococcosis in dog

Activity: Buzzing

What

is Cryptococcosis in dog?

Definition of Cryptococcosis in Dog

Cryptococcosis is a fungal disease of dogs and cats caused by

Cryptococcus

neoformans

It may be systemic affecting the respiratory tract, central nervous system (CNS), eyes, and skin particularly the face and neck of cats)

Transmission occurs by inhalation or wound contamination from the environment

Signs and Symptoms of Cryptococcosis in Dog

Symptoms

vary and depend greatly on the organ systems affected by the fungus

More severe is disseminated disease and most have CNS or ocular involvement.

Clinical signs are usually related to

meningoencephalitis

, optic neuritis, and granulomatous

chorioretinitis

About 50% of dogs have lesions in the respiratory tract, usually the lungs, and most have granulomas throughout the body.

Structures often involved in order of decreasing frequency are kidneys, lymph nodes, spleen, liver, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, bone, GI tract, muscle, myocardium, prostate, heart valves, and tonsils

Pharmacological Treatment of Cryptococcosis in Dog

Amphotericin

B 0.25-0.5 mg/kg , IV with 5-20ml of 5% dextrose solution 3 times a week until a cumulative dose of 4-10 mg/kg is reached, or

Ketoconazole 10-20, mg/kg, q 24 h, PO has been used to successfully treat cats for a week, or

Itraconazole

11-27 mg/kg, q 24 h, PO for a week

Activity:

Brainstorming

• What

are the prevention and control measures for Cryptococcosis in dog?

Prevention and Control of Cryptococcosis in Dog

Proper

sanitation including keeping dogs away from areas with large volumes of pigeon droppings

Key Points

Cryptococcosis

is a localized or systemic fungal infection caused by

Cryptococcus

neoformans

Transmission occurs by inhalation or wound contamination from the environment

Clinical signs are usually related to meningoencephalitis, optic neuritis, and granulomatous

chorioretinitis

Fluconazole or

itraconazole

are considered the treatments of choice for this disease

Evaluation

What

is Cryptococcosis in dog?

What are the common signs and symptoms of Cryptococcosis in dog?

What is the pharmacological treatment of Cryptococcosis in dog?

What are the control measures against Cryptococcosis in dog?

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 36: Pharmacotherapy of Tracheobronchitis in Dogs

Learning Tasks

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define tracheobronchitis in dogs

List signs and symptoms of tracheobronchitis in dogs

Describe pharmacological treatment of tracheobronchitis in dogs

Describe control and prevention of tracheobronchitis in dogs

Activity: Buzzing

What

is Tracheobronchitis in

dogs?

Definition of Tracheobronchitis in Dogs

Infectious tracheobronchitis (Kernel cough) is a self-limiting mild disease of dogs that results from inflammation of the upper airways

The disease may progress to fatal bronchopneumonia in puppies or to chronic bronchitis in debilitated adult or aged dogs

The illness spreads rapidly among susceptible dogs housed in close confinement

Infections involved include Canine parainfluenza virus, canine adenovirus 2 (CAV-2), or canine distemper virus, can be the primary or sole pathogen involved

Definition of Tracheobronchitis in Dogs

Cont.…

Secondary infection may be caused by

Bordetella

bronchiseptica

especially in dogs of less than 6 months old

Other bacteria such as

Pseudomonas

Escherichia

coli

, and

Klebsiella

pneumoniae

may also cause secondary infections after viral injury to the respiratory tract

Stress and extremes of ventilation, temperature, and humidity apparently increase susceptibility to, and severity of, the disease

Signs and Symptoms of Tracheobronchitis in Dogs

Paroxysms

of a harsh dry and easily induced cough, followed by retching and gagging to more severe signs such as fever, purulent nasal discharge, depression, anorexia, and a productive cough, especially in puppies indicates a complicating systemic infection such as distemper or bronchopneumonia.

Disease relapses after stress, particularly due to adverse environmental conditions and improper

nutrition

Severity diminishes during the first 5 days, but the disease persists for 10-20 days

Pharmacological Treatment of Tracheobronchitis in Dogs

Codeine

phosphate 0.25 mg/kg, q 6-12 h, PO to control persistent nonproductive coughing

In severe chronic cases:

Tetracycline 10-22 mg/kg, PO, q 8 h for 5 days, or

Sulfamethazine

-Trimethoprim (200:40mg) 5- 30 mg/kg, IM, q 24 h, for 3-5days, or

Chloramphenicol, 30-50 mg/kg, IM, IV or PO q 8

for 3-5 days

In more severe cases:

Gentamicin sulfate (50 mg) diluted in 3 mL of saline may be administered by

aerosolization

q 12 h for 3 days, plus

Phenylbutazone

20gm in 100ml, 1ml/15kg IM, q 24 h for 1-4 days

Activity:

Brainstorming

• What

are the preventive and control measures for Tracheobronchitis in Dogs?

Prevention and Control of Tracheobronchitis in Dogs

Immunization

with modified live virus vaccines against

distempe

Key Points

Infectious

tracheobronchitis is a self-limiting mild disease of dogs that results from inflammation of the upper airways

Symptoms and signs include paroxysms of a harsh dry and easily induced cough, followed by retching and gagging

Evaluation

What

is Tracheobronchitis in dogs?

What are the common signs and symptoms of Tracheobronchitis in dogs?

What is the pharmacological treatment of Tracheobronchitis in dogs?

What are the control measures against Tracheobronchitis in dogs?

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 37: Pharmacotherapy of Feline Respiratory Complex

Learning Tasks

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define feline respiratory complex

List signs and symptoms of feline respiratory complex

Describe pharmacological treatment of feline respiratory complex

Describe control and prevention of feline respiratory complex

Activity: Buzzing

What

is Feline Respiratory Disease Complex?

Definition of Feline Respiratory Complex

Feline respiratory disease complex is characterized by rhinitis, conjunctivitis, lacrimation, salivation, and oral ulcerations

The principal diseases, feline viral

rhinotracheitis

(FVR) and feline

calicivirus

infections (FCV), affect exotic as well as domestic species

Transmission occurs via aerosol droplets and fomites; convalescent cats may continue to harbor virus for many months

Calicivirus is shed continuously, while infectious FVR virus is released intermittently.

Stress may precipitate a secondary course of illness

Signs and Symptoms of Feline Respiratory Complex

Feline

Rhinotracheitis

Fever (40.5°C)

Frequent sneezing

Conjunctivitis

Rhinitis

Serous to

mucoupurulent

nasal

discharge

and often salivation which may be induced by excitement or movement

Severely debilitated cats may develop ulcerative stomatitis, and ulcerative keratitis

Signs may persist for 5-10 days in milder cases and up to 6

in severe cases

Signs and Symptoms of Feline Respiratory Complex

Cont

…

Calicivirus

An acute febrile response,

inappetence

, and depression are common signs.

Serous rhinitis and conjunctivitis also can occur

Chlamydia

psittaci

infections characteristically produce conjunctivitis and cats sneeze

occasionally

Fever, serous lacrimal discharge to

mucopurulent

conjunctivitis, lymphoid infiltration, and epithelial hyperplasia may occur

Convalescent cats may undergo relapses

Activity:

Brainstorming

• What

are the treatment and preventive measures for Feline Respiratory Complex?

Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Feline Respiratory Complex

Chloramphenicol

40mg, q 8 h, PO for 3-5days, or

Tetracycline 1% eye drops, 5 to 6 times daily against C.

psittaci

, plus

Nebulization or saline nose drops to remove tenacious secretions, plus

Vasoconstrictor (

, two drops of ephedrine sulfate [0.25% solution] in each nostril, q 12h,

plus

Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Feline Respiratory

Complex Cont.….

Lysine 250 mg, PO, q 12 h to q 8 h interferes with herpetic viral replication and may help reduce the severity of FVR infection,

plus

Oxygen

supply (if dyspnea is severe). Fluids may be indicated to correct dehydration, and force-feeding may

be necessary.

Esophagostomy may be indicated in severe cases, Plus

Antihistamines

chlorpheniramine

maleate, 8 mg for adults,4 mg for kittens, PO, q 12 h, early in the course of the disease may be used

Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Feline Respiratory Complex Cont.….

Prevention

Vaccination

against

calicivirus

(FCV) and

feline herpesvirus-1

(FHV-1)

Key Points

Feline

respiratory disease complex is characterized by rhinitis, conjunctivitis, lacrimation, salivation, and oral ulcerations

Transmission occurs via aerosol droplets and fomites; convalescent cats may continue to

harbor

virus for many months

Prevention is through vaccination

Evaluation

What

is Feline Respiratory Complex?

What are the common signs and symptoms of Feline Respiratory Complex?

What is the pharmacological treatment of Feline Respiratory Complex?

What are the control measures against Feline Respiratory Complex?

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 38: Pharmacotherapy of Pneumonia in Dog and Cat

Learning Tasks

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define Pneumonia in dog and cat

List signs and symptoms of pneumonia in dog and cat

Describe pharmacological treatment of pneumonia in dog and cat

Describe control and prevention of pneumonia in dog and cat

Activity: Buzzing

What

is Pneumonia in Dog and Cat?

Definition of Pneumonia in Dog and Cat

Pneumonia is an acute or chronic inflammation of the lungs and bronchi characterized by disturbance in respiration and hypoxemia and complicated by the systemic effects of associated toxins

The primary

aetiologic

agents include canine distemper virus, adenovirus types 1 and 2,

parainfluenza

virus, and feline

calicivirus

that predispose to secondary bacterial invasion of the lungs

Others are parasites such as

Filaroides

Aelurostrongylus

, or

Paragonimus

spp., protozoa e.g.

Toxoplasma

gondii

, tuberculosis or

mycotic

pneumonia

Signs and Symptoms of Pneumonia in Dog and Cat

Lethargy

and anorexia are common with deep cough

Progressive dyspnea and cyanosis may be evident, especially on exercise

Body temperature is increased moderately, and there may be leukocytosis

Auscultation usually reveals consolidation, which may be patchy but more commonly is diffuse

In the later stages of pneumonia, the increased lung density and

peribronchial

consolidation caused by the inflammatory process can be visualized

radiographically

Complications such as

pleuritis

mediastinitis

, or invasion by opportunistic organisms may occur

Activity:

Brainstorming

•What

are the pharmacological treatment and preventive measures for Bacterial Pneumonia in Dog and Cat?

Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Pneumonia in Dog and Cat

For

Bacterial Pneumonia

Benzathine

Benzylpenicillin

or Procaine

Benzylpenicillin

, by Intramuscular Injection, 1 ml/10 kg bodyweight, repeat after 3–4 days if required, or

Amoxicillin with

clavulanic

acid by mouth, 10–20 mg/kg twice daily, or by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, 7 mg/kg once daily, or

Combination of;

Ampicillin and a

fluoroquinolone

Ampicillin and an aminoglycoside

Clindamycin and a third generation cephalosporin

Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Pneumonia in Dog and Cat

Prevention

Provide

well-ventilated facilities.

Keep dogs dry and well-bedded.

Provide good nutrition

Key Points

Pneumonia

is an acute or chronic inflammation of the lungs and bronchi characterized by disturbance in respiration and hypoxemia and complicated by the systemic effects of associated toxins

Symptoms of bacterial pneumonia include cough, fever, difficulty breathing, lack of appetite and consequent weight loss, sluggishness, nasal discharge, dehydration, and rapid breathing

Medication is necessary in cases of bacterial pneumonia; the proper antimicrobial can be selected based on results of bacterial cultures taken

Evaluation

What

is Pneumonia in Dog and Cat?

What are the common signs and symptoms of Pneumonia in Dog and Cat?

What is the pharmacological treatment of Pneumonia in Dog and Cat?

What are the control measures against Pneumonia in Dog and Cat?

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 39: Pharmacotherapy of Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater fish

Learning Tasks

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define monogenean trematodes in freshwater fish

List signs and symptoms of monogenean trematodes in freshwater fish

Describe pharmacological treatment of monogenean trematodes in freshwater fish

Describe control and prevention of monogenean trematodes in freshwater fish

Activity: Buzzing

What

is Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater fish?

Definition of Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater Fish

Monogenean

trematodes

, also called flatworms or flukes, commonly invade the gills, skin, and fins of fish

They have a direct life cycle and are host and site-specific

Gyrodactylus

and

Dactylogyrus

are the two most common genera of monogeneans that infect freshwater fish

Signs and Symptoms of Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater fish

Freshwater

fish infested with skin-inhabiting flukes become lethargic, swim near the surface, seek the sides of the pool or pond, and their appetite dwindles

Areas of attachment show scale loss and may ooze a pinkish fluid, swollen and pale gills,

Respiration rate may be increased, and fish will be less tolerant of low oxygen conditions with piping and gulping air at the water surface

High mortality may occur if large numbers (>10 organisms per low power field) of

monogeneans

infest the skin or gills

Secondary infection by bacteria and fungus is common on tissue with

monogenean

damage

Activity:

Brainstorming

•What

are the pharmacological treatment and preventive measures for Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater fish?

Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater fish

Bath

or dip of organophosphorus compounds like ‘Dipterex’, ‘Trichlorofon’ are used

In permanent bath 0.25 – 0.5 ppm (0.1 ppm in

cold-water

ponds) Dip 1%, 2- 3 minutes

For Gyrodactylus

Benzalkonium chloride, 2 ppm for an hour, q 24 h for 3 days

Use 0.5 ppm at temperatures over 270C (rapid breakdown in warm water

)

Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater fish

Alternative

Formalin

Potassium permanganate

Prevention

Proper

sanitation

A control method include emptying , drying, and disinfecting tanks or ponds before restocking the fishes

Key Points

There

are four types of drug receptors

Prolonged use of drugs can result into up or down regulation of receptors

Drug receptor- interaction exhibit specific properties

Evaluation

What

is Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater fish?

What are the common signs and symptoms of Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater fish?

What is the pharmacological treatment of Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater fish?

What are the control measures against Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater fish

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 40: Pharmacotherapy of Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish

Learning Tasks

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define enteric septicaemia of catfish

List signs and symptoms of enteric septicaemia of catfish

Describe pharmacological treatment of enteric septicaemia of catfish

Describe control and prevention of enteric septicaemia of catfish

Activity: Buzzing

What

is Enteric

Septicaemia

of Catfish? ?

Definition of Enteric

Septicaemia

of Catfish

It is caused by

Edwardsiella

ictaluri

primarily Channel Catfish but has also been seen in carp, bass and others

The bacteria enter via the gut or snares

The bacteria can survive for long periods outside the host but is commonly found within the gut of apparently normal fish

It is highly contagious and pathogenic and causes losses of up to 50%

Signs and Symptoms of Enteric

Septicaemia

of Catfish

Usually

the condition has the appearance of typical

hemorrhagic

septicemia

However, acutely affected fish can be seen standing vertically in the water and spinning

Chronically affected fish may suffer from the open lesion on the head that earned the name “hole in the head disease”

Activity:

Brainstorming

• What

are the treatment and preventive measures for Enteric

Septicaemia

of Catfish?

Pharmacological Treatment of Enteric

Septicaemia

of Catfish

Trimethoprim

Sulfonamide

, 30 mg/kg fish/day in feed, or

Oxytetracycline

, 100 mg/kg

fish

Pharmacological Treatment of Enteric

Septicaemia

of Catfish

Cont.….

Prevention

The

disease is prevented by;

Routine hygiene precautions are very important to control the disease.

Managing water quality,

Practicing biosecurity in the hatchery,

Using proper nutrition and feeding practices,

Administering drugs and chemicals appropriately

Vaccination

with immersion vaccines

Key Points

Enteric

septicaemia of catfish, or Hole-in-the-Head disease, is caused by the bacterium

Edwardsiella

ictaluri

, which belongs to the family

Enterobacteriaceae

Infected fish often show lethargic swimming, abnormal

behaviouralternating

listlessness and chaotic swimming, disorientation and swimming in spirals

Antibiotics should be administered under the guidance of a fish health professional or veterinarian

Evaluation

What

is Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish?

What are the common signs and symptoms of Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish?

What is the pharmacological treatment of Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish?

What are the control measures against Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish?

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 41: Pharmacotherapy of Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes

Learning Tasks

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define Saprolegnia infection of fishes

List signs and symptoms of

saprolegnia

infection of fishes

Describe pharmacological treatment of

saprolegnia

infection of fishes

Describe control and prevention of

saprolegnia

infection of fishes

Activity: Buzzing

• What

is Saprolegnia Infection of

Fishes

Definition of Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes

It is a

myocotic

disease known to potentially may affect all fish species in fresh water like Tilapia,

Clarias

Mugil

and rainbow trout

etc

It is also infective to eggs

The fungi of the genus saprolegnia are considered as secondary invaders of fish skin already damaged by abrasions and scale loss due to handling, netting, transfer and also skin lesions caused by

ectoparasites

notably by

argulids

Infections frequently occur on incubated eggs and newborn fry of rainbow trout in hatcheries

Signs and Symptoms of Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes

The

fungal mycelium will also penetrate into the muscle beneath the dermis resulting in;

Extensive necrosis of invaded tissues

Oedema

Extensive haemmorrhages

Activity:

Brainstorming

• What

are the treatment and preventive measures for Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes?

Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes

Malachite

green oxalate (Zinc-free),

Dip, bath or flowing, applied to ponds at 0.15 ppm at holding tanks at a dose of 0.10 – 0.20 ppm for 1 h

Bath treatment, 0.1 ppm ‘Permanent’

Local (swab), 1%

Precautions: Highly toxic to juveniles of some fish species and some eggs very sensitive, especially at early stage

Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes

Cont.….

Prevention measures include;

Removing dead infected fish from the ponds

Proper sanitation of the ponds

Do not feed pets with raw fish

Key Points

The

Saprolegnia fungus infects fish (or its eggs), affecting its internal organs and deeper tissues

Symptoms include light

gray

, cottony growths on the skin, fins, gills, and eyes

The Saprolegnia fungal infection is caused by having an unclean environment containing dead and decaying organic matter

Treatment of the Saprolegnia infection is accomplished by medicating the water with potassium permanganate, after removing skin pathogens

Evaluation

What

is Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes?

What are the common signs and symptoms of Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes?

What is the pharmacological treatment of Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes?

What are the control measures against Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 42: Pharmacotherapy of Cyanide Poisoning in Cow and Goat

Learning Tasks

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define cyanide poisoning in cow and goat

List signs and symptoms of cyanide poisoning in cow and goat

Describe pharmacological treatment of cyanide poisoning in cow and goat

Describe control and prevention of cyanide poisoning in cow and goat

Activity: Buzzing

• What

is Aspergillosis in Dog?

Definition of cyanide Poisoning in Cow and Goat

Cyanogenic glycosides accumulate in some plants (e.g. Johnson grass, Sudan grass, Sorghum etc.,) whenever their cycle of vegetation is interrupted which happen when they wither after a sudden removal of water, after application of herbicides or under special climatic influences

Cyanide interferes with oxygen transport to tissues

Signs and Symptoms of Cyanide Poisoning in Cow and Goat

Excitement

Staggering

Dyspnoea

with tachycardia

Cattle stand with their mouths wide open

Salivation and frothy foam

Nystagmus

Lacrimation

Muscle tremors and finally tonic-

clonic

convulsions and vomiting and death

Activity:

Brainstorming

• What

are

the Treatment

and Preventive

measures

for Cyanide Poisoning in Cow and Goat??

Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Cyanide Poisoning in Cow and Goat

Initial

Dose

Sodium nitrite 10% (in distilled water or saline), 20 mg/kg, IV

Maintenance

Sodium thiosulfate 20%, ≥500 mg/kg, IV

Sodium nitrite therapy may be carefully repeated at 10 mg/kg, q2-4 h or as needed, or

Sodium thiosulfate ≥500 mg/kg, IV plus 30 g/cow, PO, to detoxify any remaining HCN in the rumen

Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Cyanide Poisoning in Cow and Goat

Prevention

The

best preventive step is to test suspect feed and/or pastures before allowing consumption

Pasture and forage sorghums (

, Sudan grass and sorghum-Sudan grass hybrids) should not be grazed until they are >60 cm tall or have been proved by testing to have acceptable cyanide levels, to reduce danger from prussic acid poisoning

Key Points

acute cyanide poisoning, cyanide ions (CN–) bind to, and inhibit, the ferric (Fe

3+)

heme

moeity

form of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase

This blocks the fourth step in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (reduction of oxygen to water), resulting in the arrest of aerobic metabolism and death from

histotoxic

anoxia

The goal of treatment is to break the cyanide-cytochrome c oxidase bond and

reestablish

the mitochondrial electron transport chain

Evaluation

What

is cyanide poisoning in Cow and Goat?

What are the common signs and symptoms of cyanide poisoning in Cow and Goat?

What is the pharmacological treatment of cyanide poisoning in Cow and Goat?

What are the control measures against cyanide poisoning in Cow and Goat?

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 43: Introduction to Vaccination in Veterinary Medicines

Learning Tasks

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define common terms in veterinary vaccination

Describe types of

vaterinary

vaccines

Describe route of vaccination

Describe vaccination schemes

Describe contraindications veterinary vaccines

Activity: Buzzing

• What

is veterinary Vaccines?

Definition of Common Terms in Veterinary Vaccination

Veterinary vaccines

These are preparations containing antigenic substances which are administered for the purpose of inducing a specific and active immunity against disease provoked by bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms, by parasites, or antigenic fractions or substances produced by these organisms and rendered harmless whilst retaining all or part of their antigenic properties

Definition of Common Terms in Veterinary Vaccination

Cont.….

Vaccination

It is the introduction of a vaccine into the body to produce immunity to a specific disease

The vaccine may be administered by subcutaneous, intradermal, or intramuscular injection, by mouth, by inhalation or by scarification

Activity:

Brainstorming

• What

are the types of Veterinary Vaccines?

Types of veterinary

vaccines

Killed

vaccines

Killed vaccines are produced by inactivating the infectious agent (so that it can not replicate in the host) without altering the immunogenicity of the protective protein(s)

They induce predominantly humoral type of immunity, i.e.

antibody mediated

Generally they require two doses with an appropriate interval

These vaccines contain adjuvants that enhance the immune reaction

Booster doses of inactivated vaccines are often administered annually e.g. black leg, pasteurellosis

Types of veterinary

vaccines Cont.…

Live vaccines

This type of vaccine could be prepared either by using less virulent or by attenuating highly virulent strain/type of an infectious organism

Attenuation is usually made by growing of an infectious organism under abnormal culture condition

These types of vaccines induce complete type of immune response (both

humoral

and cellular) and confer higher level and longer period of protection than killed vaccines

Live vaccine especially attenuated ones may revert to full virulence after inoculation into an animal and elicit disease

e.g

PPR,

rinder

pest, lumpy skin disease

Types of veterinary vaccines Cont.…

Toxoid Vaccines

They are vaccines prepared from toxins obtained from microorganisms and has been treated by heat or chemical agents to destroy its deleterious properties without destroying its abilities to stimulate the formation of antibody e.g. tetanus vaccine

Types of veterinary vaccines Cont.…

Autogenous Vaccine

It is a vaccine prepared from cultures of material derived from a disease lesion of the animal to be vaccinated

e.g

bovine

papiloma

Serovaccine

It is a combination of antisera with a vaccine to produce passive and active immunity e.g. rabies

Routes Of Vaccination

Subcutaneous

injection (S/C)

Subcutaneous injection is particularly convenient in small companion animals where the loose skin at the back of the neck is a commonly used route

Potential disadvantages are slower uptake of antigen as compared to a more vascular site such as muscle

Lower antibody response has been obtained with the S/C route as compared to intramuscular injection

Routes Of

Vaccination Cont.….

Intramuscular injection (I/M)

This route delivers vaccine into location of high vascularity and provides efficient exposure of antigen to the immune system.

Attention must be paid to the anatomical choice of vaccination site to ensure adequate delivery and exposure to responsive cells

Intradermal injection (I/D)

Intradermal injection is very efficient immunizing route due to antigen capture and lymphatic drainage to regional lymph nodes

Smaller doses of antigen are required to achieve responses equivalent to I/M injection

Routes Of Vaccination Cont.….

Oral route

This route offers a convenient, powerful route for stimulating local immunity

Mass oral vaccination via drinking water has been used primarily in poultry

Intranasal vaccination

Intranasal inoculation is an alternate mucosal route and has been advocated as a means of avoiding interference from maternal antibody.

Routes Of Vaccination Cont.….

Intraperitoneal vaccination (I/P)

Intraperitoneal vaccination represents a

serosa

delivery and a method intermediate between mucosal and intramuscular/subcutaneous vaccination.

ovo

vaccination

Chickens develop immunological responsiveness well before hatching, and early protection against infection, such as Marek’s disease, Infectious bronchitis, Infectious bursal and Newcastle disease has been

demonstrated

Aquatic immersion

Mass vaccination of small fish could be accomplished by immersion in vaccine baths

Activity:

Brainstorming

•What are vaccination

Schemes

Vaccination Schemes

Primary

and Secondary Immune Response

Initial immunization with a specific antigen induces ‘primary immune response’ with low levels of both

M and

G production evident by 7 days

When antigen is given again after 2 or more weeks, a more rapid and higher ‘secondary immune response’ is generated, with a rising Ig G antibody beginning 2-3

days

Vaccination

Schemes Cont.….

Booster vaccination

Booster vaccination needs to be given at intervals to ensure immunological memory for a rapid immune response to pathogens

The time may vary, depending on whether the vaccine is inactivated or living

Therefore for most killed vaccines yearly revaccination is recommended

There are some exceptions including some diseases which have seasonal incidence whereby vaccination should be planned for a time prior to the expected disease outbreak

Vaccination Schemes Cont.….

Group vaccination

Vaccinating a high percentage of a population is desirable whether dealing with the control of disease in individual animal or herds or

flocks

Curative and/or preventive vaccination

Vaccination is

primarily

given pre-exposure; however,

post- exposure

vaccine is also administered for diseases with very long incubation period e.g. Rabies

Precautions and

Contraindications of

Vaccines

Sick

animals should not be vaccinated

Animals under immunosuppressive drug treatment should not be vaccinated within three to four weeks

Care should be taken in the use of antibiotics when a vaccine containing live bacteria is administered

During mass vaccination of multi-age group with live vaccines, the transmission of infection due to the organisms in the vaccine to susceptible young animals should be considered

Precautions and

Contraindications of

Vaccines Cont.…

The full vaccination course as recommended by manufacturer should always be administered

Stressing of animals to be vaccinated should be avoided

Don’t vaccinate through dirty, wet skin

Repeated use of needles and syringes within herd/flock is undesirable.

Containers that have held live vaccines can be potentially hazardous and should be kept/disposed safe

Precautions and

Contraindications of Vaccines Cont.…

Injectable vaccines should be stored and reconstituted as recommended by the manufacturer

Liquid preparations should always be adequately shaken before use to ensure uniformity of the material to be injected

Accidental self-injection with oil-based vaccines can cause intense vascular spasm, which may result in loss of limbs

Key

Points

Vaccines

are available for managing several livestock

Potential benefits of vaccines include improved animal welfare and public health.

There are different types of vaccines: live vaccines give long immunity after a single dose, while; inactivated vaccines need booster doses to maintain immunity

Evaluation

What

is veterinary Vaccine?

What are the types of veterinary vaccination?

What are the routes of veterinary vaccination?

What are contraindications of vaccines in veterinary medicine?

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 44: Common Veterinary Vaccines

Learning Tasks

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Describe

Anthrax

vaccine

Describe

Bovine

P

asteurellosis

vaccine

Describe

Contagious

C

aprine

PleuroPneumonia

(CCPP) vaccine

Describe

Foot

and

Mouth

disease vaccine

Describe

Newcastle

disease vaccine

Describe

Avian

coccidiosis vaccine

Describe

Fowlpox

vaccine

Describe

Fowltyhoid

vaccine

Activity: Buzzing

•What

is veterinary Vaccines?

Anthrax Vaccine

Description

Freeze-dried live bacterial vaccine produced by using Sterne 34 F2 strain of

Bacillus

anthracis

adjuvated

with

saponin

4% skimmed

milkstabilizer

is produced at NVI,

Debre

Zeit

Each field dose contains 107 viable

spores

Indication

For prevention or control of anthrax in domestic animals

Anthrax Vaccine

Cont

…

Presentation

The freeze-dried vaccine is available in 20 ml vials of 100 doses

Dosage and administration

Reconstitute the product in 100 ml of sterile saline water.

Cattle & equines: 1 ml SC in the loose skin of the neck just in front of the shoulder.

Sheep & goats: 0.5 ml SC in the loose skin or in the inner face of the thigh

Anthrax Vaccine

Cont

…

Booster

Vaccination should be carried out every year before the anthrax season.

Immunity Develops in 10 days and lasts for one year

Side-effect

Swelling at the injection site. It

normally disappears

in 2-3 days

Anthrax Vaccine

Cont

…

Precautions

Inject SC only & animals above 3 months of age.

Pregnant animals should not be vaccinated.

Antibiotic should not be given shortly before and 14 days after vaccination.

Destroy

empty bottles or if unusable by incinerations

Withdrawal period

Meat- for six weeks after vaccination

Storage Store in refrigerator at 4˚C

Bovine Pasteurellosis

Vaccine

(Haemorrhagic Septicaemia)

Description

Prepared from a whole broth culture of

Pasteurella

multocida

type B and

Mannheimia

haemolytica

P.

trehalosi

(208 germs/ml), killed by 0.3% formalin

and Precipitated

by 1%

aluminium

potassium

sulphate

(both final concentration

)

Dosage and administration

For best results vaccinate animals at least 21 days before the hemorrhagic septicemia season

Shake the

product vigorously before use; inject adult and calves with 2 ml SC

Bovine Pasteurellosis Vaccine

(Haemorrhagic Septicaemia

) Cont.….

Immunity

Immunity appears in 10 days after vaccination and lasts for 6 to 8 months.

Revaccination is advised after 6 months

Side-effects

Anaphylactic reactions may appear occasionally after vaccination of Zebus; serious in and very often on cattle breeds, particularly on animals, which have been vaccinated many times against foot-and-mouth disease, Blackleg or Anthrax.

Thus sensitiveness should be checked in these breeds before use.

In case of reaction, immediate

injectioin

of antihistamine is recommended

Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) Vaccine

Description

It is an inactivated bacterial vaccine produced using F-38 Kenyan strain of Mycoplasma

capricolum

capripneumoniae

(

MccP

)

Wellgrown

Mycoplasma culture is inactivated by

saponin

, which has also an adjuvant effect

The minimum protein content in each field dose is 0.15

mg/ml

Indication

To control or prevent CCPP in goat

Dosage and administration

Shake the vaccine before use and vaccinate 1 ml/goat subcutaneously (thoracic area is advisable)

Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) Vaccine

Cont

…

Immunity

CCPP vaccine confers immunity for 1 year

Revaccination should be made after a

year

Side-effect

Slight edematous reaction is induced by the adjuvant,

saponin

, which disappears in

48hours

Storage The vaccine should be stored at +4˚C at least for one

Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine

Description

A bivalent vaccine manufactured from locally isolated from A and O serotypes are produced by the NVI

The virus is

propaged

from cell culture. It is absorbed into

aluminium

hydroxide gel and inactivated with 0.3% formaldehyde and

adjuved

with

saponin

Indication

Control or prevention of Foot and Mouth Disease in

cattle

Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine

Cont

…

Dosage and administration

Shake the bottle before use and inject 4 ml/head of cattle SC, preferably in dewlap region

The first vaccination requires two injections at 6 months of interval

Booster

Annually and consider the outbreak season

Immunity 2-3 weeks after vaccination and may last for one year

Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine

Cont.….

Side-effects

Swelling may occur at the site of inoculation and persist for few weeks.

Precautions

After puncture of the stopper the whole bottle of the vaccine must be used within 24 hours

Do not vaccinate the cattle under 6 months of age. It is better not to associate other vaccination with FMD and not to make another vaccination one month before and after FMD vaccination

Vaccine should be stored at 4˚C

Newcastle

Vaccine

Cont

…

Description

It is a live viral vaccine produced in an embryonated specific pathogen free (SPF) eggs using the relatively heat stable variant strain

Each field dose contains at least log 107 ELD

viral particles

Indication

To control or prevent Newcastle disease in poultry

Presentation

The vaccine is available in vials of 250, 100 and 50 doses

Newcastle Vaccine

Cont

…

Dosage

and administration

Ocular

route

Use an eyedropper

calculate the volume of water required to dilute the vaccine into the recommended dose per vial, follow the instructions below

Measure 1 ml of water to the dropper

Count the number

ofdrops

in this 1 ml of

water

Newcastle Vaccine

Cont

…

Ocular

route….

Calculate

the volume of diluents required to dilute the number of doses of the vaccine per vial with the eyedropper in use

Volume of diluents (ml) = No. of doses of vaccine per vial/ No. of drops formed per ml

Example, how much diluents should be added to a vial containing 250 doses of NCD vaccine given that 1 ml of water in the eyedropper yielded 50 drops.

The answer is; Volume of diluents (ml) = 250 doses per vial/50 drops per ml = 5 ml per vial

Newcastle Vaccine

Cont

…

Oral drench

Dissolve the 200 doses in 200 ml, the 100 doses in 100 ml and the 50 doses in 50 ml

Administer by oral drench 1 ml of dissolved vaccine squirting into the beak of each bird using a clean plastic

syringe

Newcastle Vaccine

Cont

…

Drinking water

The quantity of water generally required per bird for the drinking water vaccination is as follows:

For 10-14 day-old birds 10-15 ml

For 3-8 week-old birds 20-30 ml

For other birds 40 ml

To calculate the volume of water required to dilute the vaccine, multiply the number of doses of the vaccine per vial by the amount of ml required per bird according to the above table

Example, to dilute 500 doses of vaccine for 8 week-old birds, multiply 500 by 30 that means one needs 15 liters of water to dilute the 500 doses of vaccine e per vial

Newcastle Vaccine

Cont

…

Vaccination program

First vaccination: day old and above (preferably up to 10 days)

Second vaccination: at 4 weeks of age

Third vaccination: at 3-4 months of age; repeat every 3-4 months

Storage

Since thermo-stable minority populations present in the relatively heat stable strain 12, the vaccine can be stored at +4˚C

Avian Coccidiosis

Vaccine

Indication

To avoid problems related to drug resistance and the continuous use of medication to control

Eimeria

species

in domestic birds

Dosage and administration

The vaccine is given in the drinking water as a single dose at between 5 and 9 days of age

A single dose is sufficient to protect broilers and replacement layer pullets

Fowl Pox Vaccine

Description

It is a live freeze-dried vaccine produced on the chicken fibroblast, cells of embryonated specific pathogen free (SPF) eggs using modified fowl pox virus.

Each vaccine dose contains103.5 EID50/dose

Indication

To control or prevent fowl-pox infection in poultry

Fowl Pox Vaccine

Cont.….

Dosage and administration

Reconstitute the 100 doses with 2 ml of sterile cold-buffered solvent and vaccinate by

transfixation

of inner side of the wing membrane of each bird dip the

stylet

before

vaccination into the viral suspension so that the groove is filled

Take care to touch the needle against the inside of the vial in order to remove adhering drops

The

stylet

is inserted from beneath through the wing web and care should be taken to push the feathers side so as to avoid damaging the blood vessels

The wing web should be slightly stretched

Fowl Pox Vaccine

Cont.….

Vaccination program

Free environment: Vaccinate from the 8th week of life with an annual booster

vaccination

Contaminated environment: Vaccinate from the 3rd week of life; booster 3 months later and then annual buster vaccinations

Fowltyhoid Vaccine (Live Vaccine)

Description

It is a live, freeze-dried vaccine against fowl typhoid in chicken. Each vial contains 5×107

CFU of Salmonella

gallinarum

strain

Indication

To control or prevent fowl typhoid in poultry

Fowltyhoid Vaccine (Live Vaccine

)

Cont

…

Dosage and administration

Reconstitute the vaccine in 50 ml cool sterile distilled or saline water. Inject 0.2 ml of the reconstituted vaccine by subcutaneous injection into the lower part of the neck

A single dose vaccine should be given at 6 weeks of age followed by a booster dose at 12 weeks of age

Immunity

It appears in about for 6-8 months after two injections

Key Points

The

rationale of preventing disease through appropriate and timed vaccination programs is very important

Vaccination strategies need to be well thought out and continually reviewed

Practice of promoting proper care and welfare of animals make effective vaccination against common diseases be essential.

Evaluation

Mention

vaccines used in veterinary medicine

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

← View topic-by-topic index

PDF / OFFLINE NOTES

Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP

WhatsApp: 255620339260