NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107

Common Veterinary Vaccines

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 44

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PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 44: Common Veterinary Vaccines

Learning Tasks

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Describe

Anthrax

vaccine

Describe

Bovine

P

asteurellosis

vaccine

Describe

Contagious

C

aprine

PleuroPneumonia

(CCPP) vaccine

Describe

Foot

and

Mouth

disease vaccine

Describe

Newcastle

disease vaccine

Describe

Avian

coccidiosis vaccine

Describe

Fowlpox

vaccine

Describe

Fowltyhoid

vaccine

Activity: Buzzing

•What

is veterinary Vaccines?

Anthrax Vaccine

Description

Freeze-dried live bacterial vaccine produced by using Sterne 34 F2 strain of

Bacillus

anthracis

adjuvated

with

saponin

4% skimmed

milkstabilizer

is produced at NVI,

Debre

Zeit

Each field dose contains 107 viable

spores

Indication

For prevention or control of anthrax in domestic animals

Anthrax Vaccine

Cont

…

Presentation

The freeze-dried vaccine is available in 20 ml vials of 100 doses

Dosage and administration

Reconstitute the product in 100 ml of sterile saline water.

Cattle & equines: 1 ml SC in the loose skin of the neck just in front of the shoulder.

Sheep & goats: 0.5 ml SC in the loose skin or in the inner face of the thigh

Anthrax Vaccine

Cont

…

Booster

Vaccination should be carried out every year before the anthrax season.

Immunity Develops in 10 days and lasts for one year

Side-effect

Swelling at the injection site. It

normally disappears

in 2-3 days

Anthrax Vaccine

Cont

…

Precautions

Inject SC only & animals above 3 months of age.

Pregnant animals should not be vaccinated.

Antibiotic should not be given shortly before and 14 days after vaccination.

Destroy

empty bottles or if unusable by incinerations

Withdrawal period

Meat- for six weeks after vaccination

Storage Store in refrigerator at 4˚C

Bovine Pasteurellosis

Vaccine

(Haemorrhagic Septicaemia)

Description

Prepared from a whole broth culture of

Pasteurella

multocida

type B and

Mannheimia

haemolytica

P.

trehalosi

(208 germs/ml), killed by 0.3% formalin

and Precipitated

by 1%

aluminium

potassium

sulphate

(both final concentration

)

Dosage and administration

For best results vaccinate animals at least 21 days before the hemorrhagic septicemia season

Shake the

product vigorously before use; inject adult and calves with 2 ml SC

Bovine Pasteurellosis Vaccine

(Haemorrhagic Septicaemia

) Cont.….

Immunity

Immunity appears in 10 days after vaccination and lasts for 6 to 8 months.

Revaccination is advised after 6 months

Side-effects

Anaphylactic reactions may appear occasionally after vaccination of Zebus; serious in and very often on cattle breeds, particularly on animals, which have been vaccinated many times against foot-and-mouth disease, Blackleg or Anthrax.

Thus sensitiveness should be checked in these breeds before use.

In case of reaction, immediate

injectioin

of antihistamine is recommended

Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) Vaccine

Description

It is an inactivated bacterial vaccine produced using F-38 Kenyan strain of Mycoplasma

capricolum

capripneumoniae

(

MccP

)

Wellgrown

Mycoplasma culture is inactivated by

saponin

, which has also an adjuvant effect

The minimum protein content in each field dose is 0.15

mg/ml

Indication

To control or prevent CCPP in goat

Dosage and administration

Shake the vaccine before use and vaccinate 1 ml/goat subcutaneously (thoracic area is advisable)

Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) Vaccine

Cont

…

Immunity

CCPP vaccine confers immunity for 1 year

Revaccination should be made after a

year

Side-effect

Slight edematous reaction is induced by the adjuvant,

saponin

, which disappears in

48hours

Storage The vaccine should be stored at +4˚C at least for one

Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine

Description

A bivalent vaccine manufactured from locally isolated from A and O serotypes are produced by the NVI

The virus is

propaged

from cell culture. It is absorbed into

aluminium

hydroxide gel and inactivated with 0.3% formaldehyde and

adjuved

with

saponin

Indication

Control or prevention of Foot and Mouth Disease in

cattle

Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine

Cont

…

Dosage and administration

Shake the bottle before use and inject 4 ml/head of cattle SC, preferably in dewlap region

The first vaccination requires two injections at 6 months of interval

Booster

Annually and consider the outbreak season

Immunity 2-3 weeks after vaccination and may last for one year

Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine

Cont.….

Side-effects

Swelling may occur at the site of inoculation and persist for few weeks.

Precautions

After puncture of the stopper the whole bottle of the vaccine must be used within 24 hours

Do not vaccinate the cattle under 6 months of age. It is better not to associate other vaccination with FMD and not to make another vaccination one month before and after FMD vaccination

Vaccine should be stored at 4˚C

Newcastle

Vaccine

Cont

…

Description

It is a live viral vaccine produced in an embryonated specific pathogen free (SPF) eggs using the relatively heat stable variant strain

Each field dose contains at least log 107 ELD

viral particles

Indication

To control or prevent Newcastle disease in poultry

Presentation

The vaccine is available in vials of 250, 100 and 50 doses

Newcastle Vaccine

Cont

…

Dosage

and administration

Ocular

route

Use an eyedropper

calculate the volume of water required to dilute the vaccine into the recommended dose per vial, follow the instructions below

Measure 1 ml of water to the dropper

Count the number

ofdrops

in this 1 ml of

water

Newcastle Vaccine

Cont

…

Ocular

route….

Calculate

the volume of diluents required to dilute the number of doses of the vaccine per vial with the eyedropper in use

Volume of diluents (ml) = No. of doses of vaccine per vial/ No. of drops formed per ml

Example, how much diluents should be added to a vial containing 250 doses of NCD vaccine given that 1 ml of water in the eyedropper yielded 50 drops.

The answer is; Volume of diluents (ml) = 250 doses per vial/50 drops per ml = 5 ml per vial

Newcastle Vaccine

Cont

…

Oral drench

Dissolve the 200 doses in 200 ml, the 100 doses in 100 ml and the 50 doses in 50 ml

Administer by oral drench 1 ml of dissolved vaccine squirting into the beak of each bird using a clean plastic

syringe

Newcastle Vaccine

Cont

…

Drinking water

The quantity of water generally required per bird for the drinking water vaccination is as follows:

For 10-14 day-old birds 10-15 ml

For 3-8 week-old birds 20-30 ml

For other birds 40 ml

To calculate the volume of water required to dilute the vaccine, multiply the number of doses of the vaccine per vial by the amount of ml required per bird according to the above table

Example, to dilute 500 doses of vaccine for 8 week-old birds, multiply 500 by 30 that means one needs 15 liters of water to dilute the 500 doses of vaccine e per vial

Newcastle Vaccine

Cont

…

Vaccination program

First vaccination: day old and above (preferably up to 10 days)

Second vaccination: at 4 weeks of age

Third vaccination: at 3-4 months of age; repeat every 3-4 months

Storage

Since thermo-stable minority populations present in the relatively heat stable strain 12, the vaccine can be stored at +4˚C

Avian Coccidiosis

Vaccine

Indication

To avoid problems related to drug resistance and the continuous use of medication to control

Eimeria

species

in domestic birds

Dosage and administration

The vaccine is given in the drinking water as a single dose at between 5 and 9 days of age

A single dose is sufficient to protect broilers and replacement layer pullets

Fowl Pox Vaccine

Description

It is a live freeze-dried vaccine produced on the chicken fibroblast, cells of embryonated specific pathogen free (SPF) eggs using modified fowl pox virus.

Each vaccine dose contains103.5 EID50/dose

Indication

To control or prevent fowl-pox infection in poultry

Fowl Pox Vaccine

Cont.….

Dosage and administration

Reconstitute the 100 doses with 2 ml of sterile cold-buffered solvent and vaccinate by

transfixation

of inner side of the wing membrane of each bird dip the

stylet

before

vaccination into the viral suspension so that the groove is filled

Take care to touch the needle against the inside of the vial in order to remove adhering drops

The

stylet

is inserted from beneath through the wing web and care should be taken to push the feathers side so as to avoid damaging the blood vessels

The wing web should be slightly stretched

Fowl Pox Vaccine

Cont.….

Vaccination program

Free environment: Vaccinate from the 8th week of life with an annual booster

vaccination

Contaminated environment: Vaccinate from the 3rd week of life; booster 3 months later and then annual buster vaccinations

Fowltyhoid Vaccine (Live Vaccine)

Description

It is a live, freeze-dried vaccine against fowl typhoid in chicken. Each vial contains 5×107

CFU of Salmonella

gallinarum

strain

Indication

To control or prevent fowl typhoid in poultry

Fowltyhoid Vaccine (Live Vaccine

)

Cont

…

Dosage and administration

Reconstitute the vaccine in 50 ml cool sterile distilled or saline water. Inject 0.2 ml of the reconstituted vaccine by subcutaneous injection into the lower part of the neck

A single dose vaccine should be given at 6 weeks of age followed by a booster dose at 12 weeks of age

Immunity

It appears in about for 6-8 months after two injections

Key Points

The

rationale of preventing disease through appropriate and timed vaccination programs is very important

Vaccination strategies need to be well thought out and continually reviewed

Practice of promoting proper care and welfare of animals make effective vaccination against common diseases be essential.

Evaluation

Mention

vaccines used in veterinary medicine

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

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