Introduction to Public Health
Session 1: Introduction to Public Health
Total Session Time: 120 minutes
Prerequisites
Learning Tasks:
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
Resources Needed:
SESSION OVERVIEW
|Step |Time |Activity/ |Content |
| | |Method | |
|1 |05 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks |
|2 |10 minutes |Presentation |Definition of Public Health |
|3 |15 minutes |Presentation |Role of Public Health |
|4 |25 minutes |Presentation, |Existing Public Health Programs |
| | |Buzzing | |
|5 |35 minutes |Presentation |Role of Pharmaceutical Services in |
| | |Brainstorming |Health Programs |
|6 |20 minutes |Presentation |Advantages and Disadvantages of |
| | | |Public Health Programs |
|7 |05 minutes |Presentation |Key points |
|8 |05 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation |
SESSION CONTENTS
STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes)
READ or ASK students to read the learning task and clarify
ASK students if they have any questions before continuing
STEP 2: Definition of Public Health (10 minutes)
o Public health is the science and art of preventing disease,
prolonging life and promoting health through organized efforts and
informed choices of society, organizations, public and private,
communities and individuals
o It can also be defined as a social and political concept aimed at the
improving health, prolonging life and improving the quality of life
among whole populations through health promotion, disease prevention
and other forms of health intervention
STEP 3: Roles of Public health (15 minutes)
o Collecting and analyzing health status and utilization of information
o Developing policies and policy recommendations to maintain and protect
the public's health by building upon the data and its analysis and
responding to community values
o Informing the public and policy makers of its analysis and
recommendations
o Working to develop consensus (agreement) on needed action; and Making
sure that necessary public health and personal health services are
provided to all
STEP 4: Existing Public Health Programs (25 minutes)
|Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) |
| |
|ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 |
|minutes |
| |
|What is a program? |
| |
|ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points not |
|mentioned |
| |
|WRITE their response on the flip chart/board |
| |
|CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below |
a plan or schedule of activities, procedures, etc., to be followed.
of delivery:
o Horizontal and Vertical programs
o By horizontal delivery, services are delivered through public financed
health systems and are commonly referred as comprehensive primary care
o A horizontal health programme “seeks to tackle the over-all health
problems on a wide front and on a long-term basis through the creation
of a system of permanent institutions commonly known as ‘general
health services’”
o The goals of this approach might cut across specific diseases and
focus on building health care systems that are able to tackle diseases
in a long-term way
o Vertical delivery of health services implies a selective targeting of
specific interventions not fully integrated in health systems.
o Vertical health programme is all about attacking one or a few health
problems.
o Many countries have national programmes that focus on certain diseases
or certain issues in the community under Vertical health programmes.
o These programmes are for diseases or issues that affect a large
percentage of the community.
o A "vertical programme" is a component of the health system which:
relating to a single condition or small group of health problems.
vehicles, funds)
o Malaria control program
o HIV/AIDS program
o TB and Leprosy prevention program
o Immunization program e.g. Polio eradication program
o Family planning program
o Female Genital Mutilation prevention program
o Fistula program
o Cancer prevention program
o Breastfeeding program
o Teaching of Public Health Education in schools program
o Diabetes prevention program
o Health monitoring and evaluation program
o Sanitation program
o Outreach program
o Onchocerciasis Control Program (OCP)
STEP 5: Role of Pharmaceutical Services in Public Health Programme
(35 minutes)
|Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) |
| |
|Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: |
| |
|What is the role of pharmaceutical services in public health? |
| |
|ALLOW few students to respond |
| |
|WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board |
| |
|CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below |
pharmaceutical service as the basic part of pharmacy, the principal task
of which is to provide pharmaceutical care as an inseparable part of
providing health care
personnel oriented to secure pharmaceutical products and health care
products and to optimizing effective, safe and quality pharmacotherapy in
public health programme
o Procurement of drugs and medical supplies
o Transportation of drugs
o Storage of drugs and medical supplies
o Distribution of drugs
o Ensuring appropriate therapy and outcomes
o Ensuring appropriate pharmacotherapy
o Ensuring patient’s understanding/adherence to his or her treatment
plan
o Monitoring and reporting outcomes
o Drug adherence counseling programs
o Drug use education
o Dispensing medications and devices
o Processing the prescription or medicine order
o Preparing the pharmaceutical product
o Delivering the medication or device
o Health promotion and disease prevention
o Surveillance and reporting of public health issues
o Identification of ADRs
o Promoting safe medication use in society
o Health systems management
o Managing the practice
o Managing medications throughout the health system
o Managing the use of medications within the programme
o Participating in research activities
o Health promotion and disease prevention
STEP 6: Advantages and Disadvantages of Public Health Programme
(20 minutes)
o Greater service specialization and concentration
interventions.
the available
resources
o Better accountability
accountability.
o More rapid results in weak health systems
strategies that
attempt to strengthen broader systems as a platform for service
delivery, especially in weak health systems
o Better chance of success in weak states
already disintegrated, vertical programmes might be the only means of
ensuring the delivery of at least selected priority service
o Value driven
foundation and excessively focusing on efficiency gains
approach, leading to inadequate engagement of local populations in
planning or implementation.
o Reduced chance of sustainability
o Vertical programmes waste resources as they encourage duplication and
inefficiency and may overburden staff, such as through multiple
reporting channels.
o By creating unjustifiable differences of pay and status that lead to
employee dissatisfaction and consuming scarce resources that could be
used elsewhere, they reduce health system effectiveness while reducing
the chances of being sustainable once the additional resources from
external donors cease
o Discouraging comprehensive approaches
approaches needed to tackle social inequity and the wider
determinants of health thereby negatively affecting the health
development process
STEP 7: Key Points (5 minutes)
health, prolonging life through health promotion, disease prevention and
other forms of health intervention.
health programs
STEP 8: Evaluation (5 minutes)
References
Butler, J.T. (2001). Principles of Health Education and Health Promotion.
London: Wadsworth.
Downie, R.S. et al (1996). Health Promotion Models and values (2nd ed).
Great Britain: Oxford University Press.
ed). London: Bailliere Tindal.
MOHSW (2001). Health Management Training Module Two: Promoting Partnership
in the District-Second Version. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Ministry of Health
and Social Welfare.
WHO (1986). Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. Geneva: World Health
Organization.Wood, C.H. (2008). Community Health (3rd ed.). Nairobi:
African Medical and ResearchFoundation (AMREF).
Wood, C.H. et al (1997) Community Health. (2nd ed.). Nairobi: African
Medical andResearch Foundation (AMREF).
Nutbeam, D. (1986). Health promotion glossary. Health Promotion
International,1(1), 113-127. doi:10.1093/heapro/1.1.113
Health Promotion International. (2011). Health Promotion International,
26(1), 129-131. doi:10.1093/heapro/dar010
Alma Ata, USSR. WHO, Geneva, (1978), Report of the international conference
on primary
health care
A call for Action/WHO/HEP/90. WHO, Geneva Promoting health in developing
countries:
1990.
World Health Organization (1997) Jakarta declaration on leading Health
Promotion into 21st entury; Geneva: WHO
Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP
