CRT04104 Radiology and Imaging Equipment

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER ONE Imaging Modalities CRT04104 · Radiology and Imaging Equipment START READING NOTES Study Imaging Modalities using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology and Imaging Equipment. Contents of This Topic OBJECTIVES Determine care of different radiology and imaging equipment. Understand operation of fluoroscopic machine to examine patient. RADIOLOGY INTRODUCTION X RAY IMAGING Imaging Modalities Origin of X-ray Source remains same for all x-ray imaging devices Bone APPLICATION OF X RAY Advantage of x ray imaging ULTRASOUND IMAGING Ultrasound machines Components Pulse controls: Dials and controls that are used to change the amplitude, frequency, and duration of ultrasound pulses. Types of ultrasound transducer Components cont……….. Ultrasound gel IMAGE FORMATION IN ULTRASOUND APPLICATION OF ULTRASOUND Advantage of ultrasound 2. Non-invasive Approach 3. PAINLESS 4. NO RECOVERY TIME 5. COST SOFT TISSUE DETAILS DIFFERENCE BETWEEN X RAY AND ULTRASOUND FLUOROSCOPY X RAY MACHINE Fluoroscopy Mammography Mammography vs mammogram 3D Mammography 3D Mammogram A) Dental (Intra-oral x-ray examination) COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT) CT Cont……. CT image formation During a CT scan, x-ray projections are taken from many angles around the patient. Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) MRI Cont….. Simplified working principle of MRI Bone Mineral Densitometry Equipment Echography is a rare synonym but is seen especially concerning the ultrasound of the eye. 6. SOFT TISSUE DETAILS RADIOLOGY AND IMAGING EQUIPMENT OBJECTIVES Expected learning outcomes: At the end of the course/module students will be able to: Identify different radiology and imaging modalities. Component of convectional x ray and their functions Describe component and functions of dental equipment Determine care of different radiology and imaging equipment. Identify accessories for radiological investigations To understand operation of x ray machine to examine patients To understand operation of dental x ray machine to examine patient. Understand operation of fluoroscopic machine to examine patient. Understand conducting quality control procedures for x ray machine. Understand conducting of basic quality control procedures for dental x ray machine. To maintain record events of all equipment for maintenance and servicing. RADIOLOGY Branch of medical science that deals with the use of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment disease. INTRODUCTION Medical imaging plays a crucial role in diagnosing and monitoring a wide range of medical conditions. Among the most common imaging techniques are X-ray, ultrasound, CT scan MRI, and radionuclide scan X ray modality can be classified into Dental x ray Mammography Fluoroscopy x ray machine X RAY IMAGING X-ray imaging, uses ionizing radiation to produce detailed images of the body's interior. X-ray Machine: A machine emits a controlled amount of X-ray radiation through the body. Absorption: Dense structures, like bones and tumors, absorb more X-rays, resulting in white areas on the X-ray image. Image Capture: X-rays that pass through the body are captured on a detector, creating an image. Imaging Modalities Medical imaging of the human body requires some form of energy (radiation). In imaging techniques used in radiology, the energy used to produce the image must be capable of penetrating tissues. In diagnostic X-ray imaging, images are formed by the interaction of the X-ray beam with the patient. As the X-ray beam passes through the patient, the photons interact with the body tissues and are absorbed/scattered by the patient. The degree of absorption is related to the density of the material that is in the beam’s path. Dense objects (such as bone and metal) have a high degree of photon absorption, while less dense objects (such as fat and water) absorbs less photons. The differential absorption of photons by different materials in the photons' path results in the beam exiting the patient with different intensities. This is known as transmitted beam. A detector is used to measure the intensity variation, thus providing information on the different densities in the beam’s path. Origin of X-ray Source remains same for all x-ray imaging devices i.e X-ray tube Evacuated glass tube Target Filament Imaging Modalities Radiography X-ray equipment has an x-ray tube on one side and an x-ray detector on the other side of the patient. A short duration pulse of x-rays is emitted by the x-ray tube, a large fraction of the x- rays interacts in the patient, some of the x-rays pass through the patient (transmitted x-rays) and reach the detector. These transmitted x-rays form the radiographic image on the film/detector. In radiography, the image is formed with screen-film system, CR cassette or with digital detectors. In screen-film radiography, areas of high intensity (thus low material absorption) within transmitted beam result in more blackening of the film, while areas of low intensity (thus high material absorption) will result in less blackening of the film. The film will remain white in areas with no photons. Human body is made up of tissues with varying densities, in the film black corresponds to tissues with little attenuation (such as air) and white corresponds to tissue with a high degree of attenuation (such as bone). Bone Air Soft tissue X Primary collimation Film, fluorescent screen or image intensifier Beam intensity at detector level « Latent » radiological Image formed Antiscatter Grid Scattered radiation X-ray Image Formation APPLICATION OF X RAY Orthopedics: X-rays are commonly used to detect fractures, bone diseases, and joint problems. Dental: Dental X-rays are essential for diagnosing oral health issues. Chest Imaging: It helps diagnose lung conditions like pneumonia and lung cancer. Mammography: X-ray mammography is used for breast cancer screening. Advantage of x ray imaging noninvasively and painlessly help to diagnose disease and monitor therapy; support medical and surgical treatment planning; and Guide medical personnel as they insert catheters, stents, or other devices inside the body, treat tumors, or remove blood clots or other blockages ULTRASOUND IMAGING Ultrasound imaging, relies on high frequence sound(ultrasonic) waves to create real-time images of the body's internal structures. Ultrasound is the most common term used for this modality however occasionally ultrasonography (USG), or just sonography are used. When abbreviated, USS, short for ultrasound scanning, may be used as an alternative. Ultrasound images are produced by relying on

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER ONE Dental Equipment CRT04104 · Radiology and Imaging Equipment START READING NOTES Study Dental Equipment using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology and Imaging Equipment. Contents of This Topic Learning objectives Dental radiograph: A photographic image produced on film by the passage of x-rays through teeth and related structures. Dental Equipment Why dental radiograph? Root length determination of teeth prior to endodontic therapy. Monitoring the progress of orthodontic treatment and dental disease. X-RAY MACHINE component part (A) control panel, (B) extension arm, and (C) tubehead. Control Panel and circuitry Extension Arm Leaded-Glass Housing Cathode The cathode includes the following: Anode In the production of dental x-rays, three transformers are used to adjust the electrical circuits: Radiographic film Indirect-action or screen film, so-called because it is used in combination with intensifying screens in a cassette. Digital receptors; Electricity and Electrical Currents Rectification is the conversion of AC to DC. The filament circuit uses 3 to 5 V, regulates the flow of electrical current by the milliampere settings. RADIOLOGY AND IMAGING EQUIPMENT Dental x-ray machine Learning objectives Student should be able to describe the components and functions of dental equipment Dental radiograph: A photographic image produced on film by the passage of x-rays through teeth and related structures. Dental radiography: The production of radiographs of the teeth and adjacent structures by the exposure of an image receptor to x-rays. Dental radiographer: Any person who positions, exposes, and processes dental x-ray image receptors. COMPONENT AND FUNCTIONS OF DENTAL EQUIPMENT Dental Equipment Dental imaging is the creation of digital, print, or film representations of anatomic structures of the teeth for the purpose of diagnosis. Dental X-rays (radiographs) are used with low levels of radiation to capture images of the interior of teeth and gums to limit the amount of radiation to patients. Why dental radiograph? Detection of pathology associated with the teeth and their supporting structures such as caries, periodontal disease and periapical pathology. Detection of anomalies/injury associated with the teeth, their supporting structures, the maxilla and the mandible. Determination of the presence/absence of teeth and the localisation of any unerupted teeth. Root length determination of teeth prior to endodontic therapy. Detection of the presence/absence of radio-opaque salivary calculi and foreign bodies. Detection of anomalies/injury/pathology of adjacent facial structures. Evaluation of skeletal and /or soft tissues prior to orthodontic treatment. Monitoring the progress of orthodontic treatment and dental disease. The preoperative assessment of skeletal and soft-tissue patterns prior to orthognathic surgery. Assessment of bone levels prior to implant placement. Monitoring the healing and effectiveness of surgical treatment of the patient postoperatively. Dental Equipment Dental radiography involves techniques in which the image receptor is placed either inside the mouth (intraoral radiography) or outside the mouth (extraoral radiography).Extraoral X-rays show teeth, but their main focus is the jaw and skull. X-RAY MACHINE X-rays are produced in the dental x-ray machine. The dental x-ray machine can be divided into four study areas: (1)The component parts (2) The x-ray tube (3)Image receptors (4) The x-ray generating apparatus. component part This includes conventional dental X-ray units, panoramic X-ray machines, and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) units. There are several conventional dental x-ray units available from various manufactures. They vary in appearance, complexity and cost,but all consist of three main visible components; (Figure 1) (A) control panel, (B) extension arm, and (C) tubehead. B C A Control Panel and circuitry The control panel of the dental x-ray machine contains an on-off switch and indicator light, an exposure button and control devices (time, kilovoltage, and milliamperage selectors) to regulate the x-ray beam. The control panel is plugged into an electrical outlet and appears as a panel or a cabinet mounted on the wall outside the dental operatory. Extension Arm The wall-mounted extension arm suspends the x-ray tubehead and houses the electrical wires that extend allows for movement and positioning of the tubehead. Tubehead The x-ray tubehead is a tightly sealed, heavy metal housing that contains the x-ray tube that produces dental x-rays. The component parts of the tubehead include the following; Dental Equipment A: Metal housing, or the metal body of the tubehead that surrounds the x-ray tube and transformers and is filled with oil-protects the x-ray tube and grounds the high-voltage components. B:Insulating oil, or the oil that surrounds the x-ray tube and transformers inside the tubehead- prevents overheating by absorbing the heat created by the production of x-rays. Dental Equipment C:Tubehead seal, or the aluminum or leaded-glass covering of the tubehead that permits the exit of x-rays from the tubehead-seals the oil in the tubehead and acts as a Filter to the x-ray beam. (Figure 2) Dental Equipment Also known as the heart of the x-ray generating system it is critical to the production of x-rays and warrants a separate discussion from the rest of the x-ray machine. The x-ray tube is a glass vacuum tube from which all the air has been removed. The x-ray tube used in dentistry measures approximately several inches long by 1 inch in diameter. X-ray tube The component parts of the x-ray tube include a leaded-glass housing, negative cathode, and positive anode (Figure 3). Leaded-Glass Housing The leaded-glass housing is a leaded-glass vacuum tube that prevents x-rays from escaping in all directions. One central area of the leaded-glass tube has a “window” that permits the x-ray beam to exit the tube and directs the x-ray beam toward the aluminum disks, lead collimator, and Position-indicating device (PID).Figure 4 Cathode The cathode, or negative electrode, consists of a tungsten wire filament in a cup-shaped holder made of molybdenum. The purpose of the cathode is to supply the electrons necessary to generate x-rays. In the x-ray tube, the electrons produced in the negative cathode are accelerated toward the positive anode. The cathode includes the following: The tungsten filament, or coiled wire made of tungsten, which produces electrons when heated. The molybdenum cup, which focuses the electrons into a narrow beam and directs

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER ONE Component of Conventional X-ray equipment and their function CRT04104 · Radiology and Imaging Equipment START READING NOTES Study Component of Conventional X-ray equipment and their function using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology and Imaging Equipment. Contents of This Topic Introduction X-ray machine PARTS OF THE CONVECTIONAL X-RAY MACHINE X -ray tube X ray tube insert Cathode Filament WITHOUT FOCUSING CUP High voltage Anode Anode heel effect Factors affecting anode heel effect Anode angle Target-to-film distance Field size Positioning Stationary and Rotating Anode tubes Rotating vs Stationary anode tube Tube envelope Tube housing Features of x ray tube Housing The oil Collimation Collimators Filters and Filtration Filters Compensation filters METHODS FOR COOLING THE X ray tube cooling methods Tube cooling methods X Ray Tube Support System X ray Tube Stand Features of an Xray tube stand X ray tube Movements Intro. to the x ray circuit Component of convection x-ray equipment and their function Introduction X-ray are ionizing electromagnetic radiation from a highly evacuated hight-voltage tube. Inner orbital electrons in the target anode are stimulated to emit radiation via bombardment by a stream of electrons from heated cathode X-ray , like gamma rays, are penetration and carry enough energy to ionize atoms in their path. X-ray require shielding to reduce their intensity and minimize the danger of tissue damage. It can cause severe radiation burs and deep tissue damage and can lead to various cancers X-ray machine is the type imaging modality that use x-ray to produce a two-dimensional image of the inside of the body A conventional system uses an intensifying screen to create a latent image on x-ray film. The film is then processed, creating a manifest image that can be interpreted by a physician. It is later stored in the file room. PARTS OF THE CONVECTIONAL X-RAY MACHINE X-ray has three main components; Operating console High frequency generator X-ray tube –internal -external Other parts Collimator Patient table Grid bucky X-ray Film X RAY TUBE X -ray tube Within an X -ray tube. Each component part of the X -ray tube has been designed with the desire to produce electrons, supply them with energy and enable an efficient as possible interaction with a target This tube consists of a cathode and an anode enclosed within an evacuated glass or metal envelope This is all contained within lead – shielded housing X-ray tubes X ray tube insert A vacuumed tube which comprises the cathode and anode. Cathode The cathode is the negatively charged electrode, where electrons are released into the X -ray tube by thermionic emission. This is the start of the X -ray production process and consists of two parts: A filament. A focusing cup. The filament is a coil of wire, which is about 2 mm in diameter. It is tightly coiled, similar to the heating element in a bar heater or a toaster, in order to increase the surface area of the metal. Tungsten is a good material for this purpose Filament This means that it can heat and cool quickly, allowing it to be heated rapidly for thermionic emission, and it can withstand high temperatures without becoming damaged. The cathode has its filament circuit that supplies it with necessary filament current to heat it up The rate at which the electrons are emitted by the cathode is directly related to the tube current. WITHOUT FOCUSING CUP WITH FOCUSING CUP High voltage The tube current flows from the cathode to the positively charged anode. A high voltage is supplied across the tube in order to accelerate the electrons and increase their kinetic energy. This voltage is the kilovolt (kV) setting of the tube and is supplied by a source, which is separate from the X -ray tube. Anode The anode is the positively charged electrode, directly opposing the cathode. It consists of a high – density metal target, embedded in a copper disc. The electrons from the cathode hit the target area of the anode and interact. Tungsten is usually chosen as a target material. Anode Tungsten is usually chosen as a target material. This is due to the useful properties of this material. It has a high density, which increases the number of interactions per projectile electron. It also has a high melting point, allowing the target to become very hot without becoming damaged, It has a high thermal conductivity. This means the heat generated in the target is quickly dissipated to the surrounding copper, which acts as a heat sink for the anode. Anode heel effect This is the variation of the intensity of X-rays emitted by the anode along the anode-cathode axis. Occurs due to attenuation of produced beam by the anode. X-rays emitted towards the cathode are in general more intense than those emitted towards the anode. Factors affecting anode heel effect Anode angle Target-to-film distance Field size Positioning Anode angle By increasing the angle, the amount of target material perpendicular to the anode is decreased resulting in less resorption of x-rays produced. Increased anode angle Decreased anode angle Target-to-film distance Increase in distance reduces heel effect by allowing more divergence of the beam which produces a more uniform image. Field size The field will be more uniform at the center (i.e. smaller field size) due to the collimator absorbing the peripheral variations. SMALL field size LARGE field size Positioning By aligning higher attenuating material towards the cathode and lower attenuating material towards the anode the resulting field is more uniform. Stationary and Rotating Anode tubes X ray tube can either has a stationary or rotating anode Most tubes have a rotating anode. This is to increase the efficiency of removing heat from the target area during the production of X – rays, which makes it possible to produce a higher -intensity beam without damaging the area of the anode struck by the projectile electrons. Dental x-ray units, some low-output mobile x-ray machines and mobile fluoroscopy systems

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER ONE Room Design CRT04104 · Radiology and Imaging Equipment START READING NOTES Study Room Design using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology and Imaging Equipment. Contents of This Topic Introduction Equipment The type of equipment is very important for the following reasons: Usage Surrounding areas Remember we must shield against three sources of radiation Walls Floor Ceiling Control room Doors Labeling and Warning signs Windows X-ray Machine installment General recommendations for the design of a radiology room Room Design Questions Radiography room design Introduction The location, structural design and equipment layout of X‑ray rooms must be carefully considered from a radiation protection perspective. The practical requirements for radiation protection depend on the type of X ray equipment, usage, as well as the workload and adjacent occupancy. Radiography room design ensures radiation safety for patients, staff, visitors, and the public. Equipment What equipment is to be used? General radiography Fluoroscopy (with or without radiography) Dental (oral, cephalometric, or OPG) Mammography CT The type of equipment is very important for the following reasons: where the X Ray beam will be directed the number and type of procedures performed the location of the radiographer (operator) the energy (kVp) of the X Rays Usage Different X Ray equipment have very different usage. For example, a dental unit uses low mAs and low (~70) kVp, and takes relatively few X Rays each week A CT scanner uses high (~130) kVp, high mAs, and takes very many scans each week. Surrounding areas The X Ray room must be designed with knowledge of the location and use of all rooms which adjoin the X Ray room Obviously a toilet will need less shielding than an office Obtain a plan of the X Ray room and surroundings (including level above and below) Remember we must shield against three sources of radiation In decreasing importance, these are: scattered radiation (from the patient) primary radiation (the X Ray beam) leakage radiation (from the X Ray tube) Use a reasonable, worst case scenario (conservatively high estimates), since under-shielding is worse than over-shielding Anything which separates one area from another is called a barrier. Any barrier which may be in the direct X Ray beam is called a primary barrier. If the X Ray beam will never be directed towards a barrier, it is called a secondary barrier. In practice, some barriers will have the primary beam directed at them part of the time only, and the rest of the time they will be a secondary barrier. This must be taken into account in the calculations. Walls The walls shall be constructed using concrete blocks with density of 2.35g/cm3 of at least 30 cm thickness; Lead-Shielding equivalent to atleast 1mm lead Protection needs to extend from the floor to a height of not less than 2m and be continuous. Paint -Smooth (washable paint or easy clean-up) Color –cool color Note ; shielding must be calculated by a physicist or radiation expert Floor Material used is Vinyl floor Vinyl Conductivity-Non-conductive, which is safer around electrical equipment. Absorb rays Fire resistant Slip resistant Shiny Easily cleaned The flooring should be able to bear a load of heavy machines. Shielding equivalent atleast 1mm lead Ceiling Concrete is basic construction material used in floors and ceilings. The radiation attenuation effectiveness of a concrete barrier depends on its thickness, density and composition. using an average density concrete of 2.35gcm-3, a thickness of atleast 150mm and 100mm is ideal for ceiling and for floor respectively. The minimum ceiling height should be 2.5m. Control room There should be a control cubicle/room constructed by using concrete blocks 30 cm thick with a wall height of at least 2.4 m from the floor to the ceiling; The cubicle should have a patient viewing window of a size of at least 60 cm x 70 cm. The viewing window should be installed with a radiation shielding glass (lead glass) preferably of 2.7 mmPb/150 kV thickness or 2.1mmPb/110kV. The lower margin of the window should be at 120 cm from the floor; The control room has to be of adequate size to accommodate computers, image reader(s), printer(s) and personnel. Doors All doors leading to examination room should be shielded with at least 2 mm of lead sheet or 4 mm iron sheet and overlap of atleast 10 cm each side of the door The door(s) leading to the X-ray room are shielded to ensure that radiation leakage through the shutters and frames of the door(s) do not exceed 0.5 μSv/hr; All door should have handles and locks on the inside and the outside so that they may always be closed during exposures thus controlling access. Labeling and Warning signs The public and workers should be aware of the presence of radiation in any room. Therefore, standard radiation warning signs and notices at all entrances with a standard radiation sign must be displayed. The labelling or notices shall be in English and any other language. The redlight showing x-ray machine is in use must be installed at the top of each door leading to the x-ray room. Windows The windows are avoided to reduce the penetration of radiation in the surrounding area. Windows are not preferred in the x-ray room, but if there are installed they must be atleast 2.4m above the floor from the outside and access must be prevented Air conditioning machine is advised for cooling purposes of the X-ray machine. X-ray Machine installment The x-ray machines must be installed in the corner so that there is enough moving space Any x-ray equipment must be installed adequately shielded rooms to ensure that workers and the public in the vicinity oof the x-ray installation are not unduly exposed to x-ray radiation. Exposure button; remain atleast 6 feet( 2 meters) away from an x-ray radiation source. General recommendations for the design of a radiology room The equipment should be positioned so that the primary radiation beam is not directed at

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER ONE Accessories for Radiological Investigations CRT04104 · Radiology and Imaging Equipment START READING NOTES Study Accessories for Radiological Investigations using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology and Imaging Equipment. Contents of This Topic Learning Objective: Imaging Accessories: Grids, filters, contrast media injectors. Grids: Improve image contrast by reducing scatter radiation. Radiolucent Tables: Ensure minimal interference with imaging. Sandbags Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Lead aprons, gloves, thyroid collars. PACS: Streamlines storage and retrieval of imaging data Grids: Verify correct placement to reduce scatter radiation Transducer Selection: Choose based on the targeted anatomy (e.g., vascular, abdominal) Inspect all accessories for wear and tear. Enhance Imaging Quality: Categorizing and organizing accessories is essential for optimizing radiological practices. Accessories for Radiological Investigation Learning Objective: At the end of this session student must be able to: Identify accessories for radiological investigation. Organize different accessories for different radiological examination. Perform accessories preparations for different radiological investigation. Introduction Imaging Accessories: Grids, filters, contrast media injectors. Patient Positioning Devices: Radiolucent tables, immobilizers, supports (Foam wedges, sandbags, and straps). Safety Equipment: Lead aprons, shields, radiation dose monitors. Software Tools: PACS, image processing software. Categories of Radiological Accessories Grids: Improve image contrast by reducing scatter radiation. Filters: Enhance clarity for specific imaging needs. Contrast Media Injectors: Precise delivery with features like automatic flow rate control. Imaging Accessories Radiolucent Tables: Ensure minimal interference with imaging. Immobilizers: Provide stability for precise imaging. Adjustable Cushions: Enhance patient comfort and positioning. Patient Positioning Devices Sandbags foam wedge Head rest Patient Positioning devices strap Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Lead aprons, gloves, thyroid collars. Radiation Shields: Mobile and fixed barriers. Radiation Dose Monitors: Real-time feedback for exposure optimization. Safety Equipment Lead shields How to wear lead aprons and collar shield PACS: Streamlines storage and retrieval of imaging data Advanced Image Processing Tools: AI-enhanced clarity, 3D reconstructions Software Tools Grids: Verify correct placement to reduce scatter radiation Lead Shields and Aprons: Inspect for defects, ensure availability Positioning Aids: Set up foam wedges, straps, and sandbags as needed Film Holders/Markers: Organize for proper identification and positioning Preparing Accessories for Radiological Investigations Transducer Selection: Choose based on the targeted anatomy (e.g., vascular, abdominal) Gel Warmers: Prepare and ensure availability for patient comfort. Sterile Covers: Ready for procedures requiring sterility (e.g., biopsies). Patient Positioning: Arrange pillows or supports for optimal imaging angles. Preparation for Ultrasound Imaging Inspect all accessories for wear and tear. Confirm functionality of electronic devices (e.g., injectors, monitors). Organize and label accessories for easy identification. Ensure compliance with safety and hygiene standards. Checklist for Accessory Preparation Enhance Imaging Quality: Reduce noise and artifacts Optimize diagnostic accuracy Improve Safety: Minimize radiation exposure Ensure patient comfort Increase Operational Efficiency: Faster workflow Reduce equipment downtime(Extended lifespan of accessories and equipment) Importance of Accessories in Radiology Categorizing and organizing accessories is essential for optimizing radiological practices. Ensure the right accessory is available for each specific examination. Promote a culture of efficiency, safety, and quality in radiology. Proper preparation of accessories is vital for successful radiological investigations. Conclusion Any Question ???.. ← PREVIOUS TOPICNEXT TOPIC →VIEW ALL MODULE NOTESVIEW SEMESTER NOTESVIEW ALL LEVEL NOTESALL DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY NOTES Need These Notes as PDF? Need a clean, well-formatted PDF copy for offline study, revision or printing? Request the complete notes directly through WhatsApp. GET WELL-FORMATTED PDF NOTES

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER ONE Electrical Gadgets and Plugs CRT04104 · Radiology and Imaging Equipment START READING NOTES Study Electrical Gadgets and Plugs using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology and Imaging Equipment. Contents of This Topic Electrical Gadgets and Plugs Plugs and Power Connections: These are the physical connectors and wiring that supply power to the gadgets. Key Safety Measures: 1. Inspect Power Cords and Plugs: 3. Check Power Indicators: Additional Steps: Technicians: Conduct daily checks and basic functionality testing. Electrical Gadgets and Plugs Electrical Gadgets and Plugs Electrical Gadgets: These include all essential powered devices in the radiology suite that are essential for imaging and diagnostic procedures. Examples include: Imaging Machines, Computers and Monitors, Control Panels. Definitions Plugs and Power Connections: These are the physical connectors and wiring that supply power to the gadgets. They ensure that devices have a stable power source, essential for consistent and accurate operation. Definition cont… Electrical Gadgets and Plugs Radiology relies on high-powered machines and precision electronics thus faulty connections or devices can lead to inaccurate diagnostics, safety risks, or equipment downtime. Impact on Patient Safety: Protects patients from potential electrical hazards and Ensures equipment operates at optimal capacity. NB: In radiology, maintaining these electrical gadgets and their plugs is crucial to prevent equipment malfunction, ensure patient safety, and uphold accurate diagnostic standards. Importance of Electrical Safety in Radiology Key Safety Measures: Always turn off equipment before checking plugs or connections. Use insulated gloves if handling potentially faulty cables or plugs. Maintain dry conditions to reduce electrical hazards. Ensure all high-voltage areas are clearly marked. Safety Precautions 1. Inspect Power Cords and Plugs: Look for signs of wear, fraying, or damage. Confirm plugs fit securely in sockets without excessive force. Test Functionality: Power on the device to check basic functions. Ensure no unusual sounds or lights indicating faults. Step-by-Step SOP – Daily Checks 3. Check Power Indicators: Ensure all indicator lights display normal operating status. Document Findings: Record any issues in the maintenance log. Report major issues to the biomedical engineering team immediately. Daily checks cont…. Additional Steps: Perform a deeper inspection with specialized tools if necessary. Check internal components (if authorized and trained). Test connections with a multimeter or circuit tester. Monthly Detailed Inspections Technicians: Conduct daily checks and basic functionality testing. Biomedical Engineering: Handles detailed inspections, repairs, and replacement of faulty components. Supervisors: Ensure SOPs are followed and documented correctly. Roles and Responsibilities ← PREVIOUS TOPICNEXT TOPIC →VIEW ALL MODULE NOTESVIEW SEMESTER NOTESVIEW ALL LEVEL NOTESALL DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY NOTES Need These Notes as PDF? Need a clean, well-formatted PDF copy for offline study, revision or printing? Request the complete notes directly through WhatsApp. GET WELL-FORMATTED PDF NOTES

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER ONE Equipment Knobs CRT04104 · Radiology and Imaging Equipment START READING NOTES Study Equipment Knobs using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology and Imaging Equipment. Contents of This Topic At the end of the session students should be able to check equipment knobs for functional performance. Equipment Knobs Exposure Time Knob: Adjusts the duration of radiation exposure, impacting image clarity and patient dose. Collimation Knob: Controls the size and shape of the X-ray beam, limiting exposure to only the area of interest. Inspect for Wear and Tear: Cracks, looseness, or unusual resistance. Turn Each Knob Through Full Range: Test each knob’s entire range to identify inconsistencies or issues. Sanitize Equipment: Wipe down knobs and surrounding areas. Radiological knobs used on ultrasound machines: Probe selection knob – Allows switching between different ultrasound probes/transducers Wall filter control – Used in Doppler modes to filter out low-frequency signals. Equipment Knobs At the end of the session students should be able to check equipment knobs for functional performance. Learning objective Equipment Knobs Equipment knobs are small, manual controls located on machinery or devices that allow users to adjust various settings or functions. In radiology equipment, knobs often control parameters such as exposure levels, focus, alignment, and positioning, which are crucial for achieving accurate and high-quality imaging results. Definition Exposure Time Knob: Adjusts the duration of radiation exposure, impacting image clarity and patient dose. Voltage Control Knob (kVp Knob):Regulates the kilovolt peak (kVp), affecting the contrast and penetration level of the X-ray. Current Control Knob (mA Knob): Adjusts the milliampere (mA) setting, which controls the quantity of radiation and influences image brightness. Focus Control Knob: Allows precise adjustment of the focal spot, ensuring that the area of interest is sharp and clear. Examples of Equipment Knobs in Radiology: Collimation Knob: Controls the size and shape of the X-ray beam, limiting exposure to only the area of interest. Alignment/Positioning Knobs: Adjusts the positioning of the equipment to ensure accurate alignment with the target anatomy. Image Intensity Control Knob (for fluoroscopy):Allows real-time adjustment of image brightness during fluoroscopy procedures. Gain, TCG, Zoom, depth etc.(in ultrasound) These knobs are vital for tuning imaging equipment to meet specific diagnostic requirements while maintaining patient and operator safety. Examples cont….. X-ray knobs Ultrasound knobs Inspect for Wear and Tear: Cracks, looseness, or unusual resistance. Ensure Proper Labeling: Labels should be visible and accurately reflect knob function. Clean Knobs if Necessary: Prevents contamination and ensures accurate adjustments. Visual Inspection of Knobs Turn Each Knob Through Full Range: Test each knob’s entire range to identify inconsistencies or issues. Check Calibration (if applicable): Verify that the knob settings align with actual output (for calibrated knobs). Document Performance: Log any issues, unusual resistance, or deviations from expected performance. Functional Check of Knobs Sanitize Equipment: Wipe down knobs and surrounding areas. Store PPE and Tools Properly: Return tools to storage and dispose of PPE if necessary. Confirm SOP Completion: Sign off on checklist or digital log to confirm all steps completed. Post-Check Clean-Up Collimation Knob: Controls the size and shape of the X-ray beam, limiting exposure to only the area of interest. Alignment/Positioning Knobs: Adjusts the positioning of the equipment to ensure accurate alignment with the target anatomy. Image Intensity Control Knob (for fluoroscopy):Allows real-time adjustment of image brightness during fluoroscopy procedures. Gain, TCG, Zoom, depth,Freeze knobsetc.(in ultrasound) These knobs are vital for tuning imaging equipment to meet specific diagnostic requirements while maintaining patient and operator safety. Examples cont….. Radiological knobs used on ultrasound machines: Depth control knob – Adjusts how deep the ultrasound beam penetrates into the body. Gain control knob – Increases or decreases overall brightness/darkness of the image. Time Gain Compensation (TGC) / Depth Gain Compensation (DGC) knob – Allows adjusting gain at specific depths. Focus/focal zone control knob – Selects depth to focus ultrasound waves for improved lateral resolution. Sector size/width control knob – Adjusts the width of the image displayed on the screen. Probe selection knob – Allows switching between different ultrasound probes/transducers Probe frequency control – Lets you adjust the frequency of the ultrasound emitted by the probe Zoom/magnify control – Magnifies a selected region of the image Flip screen button – Flips the orientation of the displayed image Sweep speed control – Adjusts how many seconds are shown on the x-axis in M-mode Wall filter control – Used in Doppler modes to filter out low-frequency signals. Angle correction control – Helps compensate for the angle of insonation in Doppler modes. Auto function button – Automatically adjusts settings like gain. Preset/application selector – Allows selecting pre-configured settings for different. NOTE: These knobs allow users to optimize ultrasound images for different applications and body types Proper knob settings are crucial for obtaining high-quality diagnostic images The exact labels and locations of knobs may vary slightly between different ultrasound ← PREVIOUS TOPICNEXT TOPIC →VIEW ALL MODULE NOTESVIEW SEMESTER NOTESVIEW ALL LEVEL NOTESALL DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY NOTES Need These Notes as PDF? Need a clean, well-formatted PDF copy for offline study, revision or printing? Request the complete notes directly through WhatsApp. GET WELL-FORMATTED PDF NOTES

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER ONE Tube Warming And Calibration CRT04104 · Radiology and Imaging Equipment START READING NOTES Study Tube Warming And Calibration using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology and Imaging Equipment. Contents of This Topic Learning objective: At the end of this session Students should be able to perform equipment tube warming and calibration. Tube Warming And Calibration Importance of calibration X-Ray Tubes Check Manufacturer Guidelines: Each equipment model may have unique requirements. Step 1: Access calibration settings (as guided by the manufacturer's protocol). Daily Calibration: Quick checks for routine operation, often automated. Enhanced Image Quality: Reliable and clear images for accurate diagnosis. Tube Warming and Calibration Learning objective: At the end of this session Students should be able to perform equipment tube warming and calibration. Introduction Tube Warming And Calibration Tube Warming: Is the process of gradually increasing the voltage and current of an x-ray tube to prepare it for use. Tube warming ensure the tube is operating at optimal temperature for efficient and safe image production. Importance of tube warming Minimizes thermal stress Prevents damage Ensures stable operation. Tube Warming Tube Warming And Calibration Calibration: Is the process of evaluating and adjusting the accuracy of measurement devices to ensure precise and accurate readings. Calibration enhances and verify the accuracy of the machines exposure parameters (kvp,MA,time). Calibration Importance of calibration Image quality: Ensure consistent and accurate image production. Patient safety: To prevent overexposure or underexposure, which can lead to diagnostic errors or patient harm. Regulatory compliance: Adheres to radiation safety standards and regulations. X-Ray Tubes CT Scanners MRI Machines (e.g, coil calibration) Portable Imaging Devices Special Radiology Equipment (e.g, fluoroscopy, mammography machines) Equipment Requiring Warming and Calibration Check Manufacturer Guidelines: Each equipment model may have unique requirements. PPE and Safety Precautions: Adhere to safety protocols (e.g, lead aprons, dosimeters). Environment Preparation: Ensure room temperature and ventilation are optimal for equipment operation. Preparation for Tube Warming and Calibration Tube Warming And Calibration Step 1:Power on, turn on the equipment and allow it to idle, select the appropriate exposure settings as recommended by the manufacturer. Step 2:Initial exposure, make a few low dose-dose exposures to warm up the tube and to avoid thermal shock. Step 3:Monitoring, Observe the tubes temperature indicator or monitor. Step 4: Completion, once the tube reaches a stable operating temperature, proceed with calibration or imaging. SOPs for Equipment Tube Warming Step 1: Access calibration settings (as guided by the manufacturer's protocol). Step 2: Perform initial checks on positioning and alignment, if applicable. Step 3: Conduct calibration procedures (voltage adjustments, software calibration, phantom testing for accuracy). Step 4: Validate calibration results and document findings. Step 5: Make necessary adjustments as indicated by calibration feedback. Calibration Procedure for Radiology Equipment Daily Calibration: Quick checks for routine operation, often automated. Weekly Calibration: More comprehensive, may include phantom testing for accuracy. Quarterly/Annual Calibration: Full diagnostic and performance calibration, often conducted by certified technicians. Calibration frequency Enhanced Image Quality: Reliable and clear images for accurate diagnosis. Extended Equipment Life: Reduces wear and tear on high-cost radiology equipment. Patient Safety: Reduces exposure to retakes or unnecessary radiation. Benefits of Consistent Tube Warming and Calibration Tube Warming And Calibration Documentation: Maintain detailed records of warming and calibration event(procedures results, and any adjustments made) with date, time, and technician name. Training: Ensure that personnel are properly trained in tube warming and calibration techniques. Maintenance: Regular maintenance of radiographic machine is essential for optimal performance and calibration accuracy. Considerations Equipment Tube Warming and Calibration ← PREVIOUS TOPICNEXT TOPIC →VIEW ALL MODULE NOTESVIEW SEMESTER NOTESVIEW ALL LEVEL NOTESALL DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY NOTES Need These Notes as PDF? Need a clean, well-formatted PDF copy for offline study, revision or printing? Request the complete notes directly through WhatsApp. GET WELL-FORMATTED PDF NOTES

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER ONE Equipment Cleaning CRT04104 · Radiology and Imaging Equipment START READING NOTES Study Equipment Cleaning using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology and Imaging Equipment. Contents of This Topic Learning Objectives Staff safety: To prevent contaminations of technicians with machines. X-Ray Machines Approved Cleaning Agents: Hospital-grade disinfectants, alcohol wipes. Step 1: Wear appropriate PPE before handling equipment. X-Ray Machines: Focus on the tube head, control panels, and patient positioning surfaces. Daily: High-touch surfaces and patient contact areas after each use. Checklist Completion & Reporting Issues : Approved Cleaning Agents: Hospital-grade disinfectants, isopropyl alcohol wipes. Wear proper personal protective equipment (PPE) including masks, gloves, and eye protection when cleaning/disinfecting equipment. Radiology Standard Operating Procedures(SOPs) for Equipment Cleaning Learning Objectives Students should understand the standardized cleaning procedures and protocols commonly used to clean radiology equipment's. Students should be able to explain the Importance of cleanliness in radiology. Students should be able to perform equipment cleaning. Introduction Staff safety: To prevent contaminations of technicians with machines. Patient Safety: Prevents infection and cross-contamination. Image Quality: Clean equipment ensures accurate diagnostic imaging and prevent equipment damage. Importance of Cleaning Radiology Equipment X-Ray Machines CT Scanners MRI Machines Ultrasound Equipment Nuclear imaging machines Portable Imaging Devices Common Equipment Requiring Regular Cleaning Approved Cleaning Agents: Hospital-grade disinfectants, alcohol wipes. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Gloves, masks, gowns if needed. Storage and Disposal: Safe storage of chemicals and disposal of used wipes/PPE. Cleaning Supplies and PPE Step 1: Wear appropriate PPE before handling equipment. Step 2: Turn off and unplug equipment when possible. Step 3: Clean high-touch surfaces with approved disinfectants (handles, buttons, screens). Step 4: Wipe down and disinfect patient contact areas. Step 5: Allow adequate drying time before next use General Cleaning SOP for Radiology Equipment X-Ray Machines: Focus on the tube head, control panels, and patient positioning surfaces. MRI Machines: Special considerations for non-ferromagnetic cleaning supplies; avoid moisture near the magnet. Ultrasound Equipment: Clean transducers, probes, and touch screens with compatible agents. Detailed Cleaning SOP for Specific Equipment Daily: High-touch surfaces and patient contact areas after each use. Weekly: Deep cleaning of all external parts. Monthly/Quarterly: Comprehensive internal and external equipment inspection (by qualified technicians). Frequency of Cleaning Checklist Completion & Reporting Issues : Record cleaning activities for each piece of equipment and report any damage or malfunctions found during cleaning. NB: Ensure all staff are following proper cleaning SOPs. Quality Assurance & Documentation Staff safety: To prevent contaminations of technicians with machines. Patient Safety: Prevents infection and cross-contamination. Image Quality: Clean equipment ensures accurate diagnostic imaging and prevent equipment damage. Increase lifespan of machines Importance of Cleaning Radiology Equipment Approved Cleaning Agents: Hospital-grade disinfectants, isopropyl alcohol wipes. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Gloves, masks, gowns if needed. Storage and Disposal: Safe storage of chemicals and disposal of used wipes/PPE. Cleaning Supplies and PPE Wear proper personal protective equipment (PPE) including masks, gloves, and eye protection when cleaning/disinfecting equipment. Switch off the equipment at the main power source before cleaning. Follow manufacturer instructions for specific cleaning agents and methods recommended for each type of equipment. Clean all surfaces thoroughly before disinfecting, removing any visible dirt or debris. Allow adequate drying time after cleaning/disinfection before restarting equipment. ← PREVIOUS TOPICNEXT TOPIC →VIEW ALL MODULE NOTESVIEW SEMESTER NOTESVIEW ALL LEVEL NOTESALL DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY NOTES Need These Notes as PDF? Need a clean, well-formatted PDF copy for offline study, revision or printing? Request the complete notes directly through WhatsApp. GET WELL-FORMATTED PDF NOTES

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER ONE Care Of Radiology Equipments CRT04104 · Radiology and Imaging Equipment START READING NOTES Study Care Of Radiology Equipments using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Radiology and Imaging Equipment. Contents of This Topic Learning objective Overview of Radiology and Imaging Equipment Preventive Maintenance Daily Care: Importance of Calibration: Maintenance Logs: Summary of Key Points: Continuous education and training are vital to keep up with technological advancements. CARE OF DIFFERENT RADIOLOGY AND IMAGING EQUIPMENT Learning objective At the end of this session students must be able to correctly determine care of different radiology and imaging equipment. Overview of Radiology and Imaging Equipment Types of equipment: X-ray, CT scan, MRI, Ultrasound, etc. Importance of equipment care: ensuring safety, efficiency, and longevity. The role of radiologic technologists and healthcare professionals in equipment maintenance. Introduction Preventive Maintenance Regular checks and calibration Manufacturer's maintenance schedules Importance of documentation and logs Safety Protocols Radiation safety Electrical safety Infection control measures General Principles of Radiology Equipment Care Daily Care: Check for cleanliness and proper functioning of the tube and detectors. Ensure accurate calibration of radiation dose. Visual inspection for signs of wear or damage. Preventive Maintenance: Scheduled servicing by certified professionals. Regular checks on mechanical parts like collimators and tube positioning. Software updates and calibration. Care of X-ray Equipment Daily Care: Inspect for cleanliness and debris in the scanning area. Verify system functionality and image quality. Ensure proper alignment of patient positioning equipment. Preventive Maintenance: Routine checks on the gantry, detector array, and x-ray tube. Regular calibration for radiation dose and image clarity. Software updates and quality control tests. Care of Computed Tomography (CT) Scanners Daily Care: Monitor for any unusual noise or malfunctions. Check the superconducting magnet’s cooling system. Ensure proper shielding to prevent interference. Preventive Maintenance: Periodic cooling system checks. Calibration of magnetic field strength. Inspection of gradient coils and RF coils for performance Care of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Equipment Daily Care: Clean the transducers after each use to avoid infection. Check the cables and transducer surface for wear or damage. Inspect display screens for clarity. Preventive Maintenance: Regular calibration of image quality. Firmware updates. Periodic assessment of transducer performance Care of Ultrasound Machines Daily Care: Check the image quality and radiation dose levels. Clean the C-arm and ensure proper positioning. Ensure the safety interlocks are functioning properly. Preventive Maintenance: Routine checks on imaging plates and radiation detectors. Monitor and adjust exposure settings. Regular calibration of image processing software. Care of Fluoroscopy Equipment Importance of Calibration: Ensures image accuracy and diagnostic reliability. Reduces radiation exposure to patients. Promotes consistency in image quality. Quality Control Tests: Regular imaging phantoms to test for precision. Calibration tools for consistent measurements. Software checks for system integrity. Calibration and Quality Control Maintenance Logs: Track dates of maintenance and repairs. Document calibration and testing results. Ensure compliance with regulatory standards. Service Reports: Maintain detailed service reports from professional technicians. Review operational trends to predict potential issues. Documentation and Record Keeping Summary of Key Points: Regular care, maintenance, and calibration are essential for optimal performance. Safety protocols are crucial in preventing accidents and ensuring effective imaging. Proper documentation and adherence to service schedules prolong equipment life and enhance diagnostic accuracy. Conclusion Continuous education and training are vital to keep up with technological advancements. Effective teamwork between technologists, engineers, and healthcare professionals ensures high-quality patient care. Conclusion… ← PREVIOUS TOPICNEXT TOPIC →VIEW ALL MODULE NOTESVIEW SEMESTER NOTESVIEW ALL LEVEL NOTESALL DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY NOTES Need These Notes as PDF? Need a clean, well-formatted PDF copy for offline study, revision or printing? Request the complete notes directly through WhatsApp. GET WELL-FORMATTED PDF NOTES