PST06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle, Goat, Pig, Dog and Cat Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 8 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 8: Pharmacotherapy of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle, Goat, Pig, Dog and Cat Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle, Goat, Pigs, Dogs and Cats List signs and symptoms of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle, Goat, Pigs, Dogs and Cats Describe pharmacological treatment of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle, Goat, Pigs, Dogs and Cats Learning Tasks Cont … Describe dose, dosage and course of drugs used in treatment of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle, Goat, Pigs, Dogs and Cats List contraindications in the treatment of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle, Goat, Pigs, Dogs and Cats List common side effects and adverse effects of drugs used in the treatment of Coccidiosis in Cattle, Goat and Pigs Describe Control and Prevention of Coccidiosis in Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle, Goat, Pigs, Dogs and Cats Activity: Buzzing What is Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle? Definition of Gastrointestinal Parasitism These are infestations of the gastrointestinal tract with nematodes, cestodes and trematodes The common stomach worms of cattle are Haemonchus placei , Ostertagia ostertagi and Trichostrongylus axeii . Life cycle of a worm in cattle Signs and Symptoms of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle The following are the signs and symptoms of Gastrointestinal Parasitism Ostertagia and Trichostronglyus infections are characterized by profuse, watery diarrhea that is usually persistent Anemia , hypoproteinemia and edema, particularly the lower jaw and sometimes along the ventral abdomen Stomach lining of a calf infected with O. ostertagi (right) compared to that of an uninfected animal (left) Pharmacological Treatment of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle Common Side Effects and Adverse Drug Reactions of Drugs Used in Treatment of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle Tetramisole Side effects Frothing, salivation, tremor, transient head shaking licks of lip, urination, defecation, vomiting, ataxia, collapse Common Side Effects and Adverse Drug Reactions of Drugs Used in Treatment of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle Cont.… Ivermectin Side Effects Ataxia, depression, tremors, mydriasis , oedema of the face or extremeties , Itching and popular rash Common Side Effects and Adverse Drug Reactions of Drugs Used in Treatment of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle Cont.… Praziquantel Side Effects: Occasional vomiting and transient pain at injection site. In cattle don’t exceed dose 4.5gm per animal Piperazine Occasional emesis and diarrhea Activity: Brainstorming What are the preventive and control measures for Gastrointestinal Parasitism? Prevention and Control of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle Knowing the types of worm that occur on your farm and the seasons of highest risk Monitoring the worm status of livestock regularly, especially higher risk stock during high risk seasons Preventing the introduction of new or resistant worms onto the property by quarantining all incoming stock and treating them with a quarantine drench Prevention and Control of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle Cont … Requesting an animal health statement when purchasing stock so you are aware of the disease status level of assurance that is being provided by the stock vendor Improving nutrition Grazing management to provide young animals that are most vulnerable to worms with pastures with lowest contamination REFER Students to Handout 8.1: For Pharmacotherapy of gastrointestinal parasitism in goats, Pharmacotherapy of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Goat REFER Students to Handout 8.2: For Pharmacotherapy of gastrointestinal parasitism in pigs, Pharmacotherapy of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Pig REFER Students to Handout 8.3: For Pharmacotherapy of gastrointestinal parasitism in cats, Pharmacotherapy of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Dog and Cats Key Points The common stomach worms of cattle are Haemonchus placei (barber’s pole worm, large stomach worm, wire worm), Ostertagia ostertagi (medium or brown stomach worm), and Trichostrongylus axei (small stomach worm) Stertagia and Trichostrongylus infections are characterized by profuse, watery diarrhea that usually is persistent In haemonchosis and Mecistocirrus infection, there may be little or no diarrhea but possibly intermittent periods of constipation Benzimidazoles (such as fenbendazole , oxfendazole , and albendazole ) and the probenzimidazoles ( thiophanate , febantel , and netobimin ) are among the drugs used for treatment of Gastrointestinal parasitism in cattle Evaluation What is Gastrointestinal Parasitism? What are the common signs and symptoms of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in cattle? What is the pharmacological treatment of Gastrointestinal Parasitism? What are the control measures against Gastrointestinal Parasitism? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). 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NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle, Goat and Pig Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 9 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 9: Pharmacotherapy of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle, Goat and Pig 11/14/2020 1 Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle, Goat and Pig List signs and symptoms of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle, Goat and Pig Describe pharmacological treatment of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle, Goat and Pig Describe Control and Prevention of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle, Goat and Pig 11/14/2020 2 Activity: Buzzing What is Foot and Mouth Disease? Definition of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle and Goat Foot-and-mouth disease (commonly referred to as FMD ) is a highly communicable viral infection of cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, buffalo, and artiodactyl wildlife species characterized by fever , vesicles in the mouth, on the muzzle, gums, pharynx, teats, and interdigital cleft It is caused by an Aphthovirus that is transmitted by contact and through milk. Recovered animals remain carriers for up to 2.5 year Pharmacotherapy of Foot and Mouth Disease is similar both in Goat and Cattle 11/14/2020 4 Signs and Symptoms of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle and Goat Drooling and vesicles on the nares, in the buccal cavity, and between the claws Dullness Inappetance Fever , and shivering followed by smacking of the lips, drooling saliva, and shaking or kicking of the feet are primary signs Pregnant animals may abort 11/14/2020 5 Foot Disease in Cattle 11/14/2020 6 Mouth Disease in Cattle 11/14/2020 7 Activity: Brainstorming What is the pharmacological treatment of Foot and Mouth Disease ? Pharmacological Treatment of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle and Goat No specific treatment Supportive treatments against secondary bacterial infection are necessary 11/14/2020 9 Control and Prevention of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle and Goat Export restrictions are often imposed on countries with known outbreaks. FMD outbreaks are usually controlled by quarantines and movement restrictions, euthanasia of affected and in-contact animals, and cleansing and disinfection of affected premises, equipment and vehicles Infected carcasses must be disposed of safely by incineration, rendering, burial or other techniques Milk from infected cows can be inactivated by heating to 100°C (212°F) for more than 20 minutes 11/14/2020 10 Control and Prevention of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle and Goat Cont.…. Rodents and other vectors may be killed to prevent them from mechanically disseminating the virus Good biosecurity measures should be practiced on uninfected farms to prevent entry of the virus 11/14/2020 11 Control and Prevention of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle and Goat Cont.…. Vaccination Vaccination can be used to reduce the spread of FMD or protect specific animals. Vaccines are also used in endemic regions to protect animals from clinical disease. FMDV vaccines must closely match the serotype and strain of the infecting strain. Vaccination with one serotype does not protect the animal against other serotypes, and may not protect the animal completely or at all from other strains of the same serotype Currently, there is no universal FMD vaccine 11/14/2020 12 Key Points Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly communicable viral disease caused by an Aphthovirus of the family Picornaviridae Clinical signs in cattle include pyrexia of ~104° F, followed by vesicular development on the tongue, hard palate, dental pad, lips, gums, muzzle, coronary band, interdigital cleft, and teats in lactating cows There is no specific treatment for FMD, but supportive care is allowed 11/14/2020 13 Evaluation What is Foot and Mouth diasease ? What are the common signs and symptoms of Foot and Mouth Disease? What is the pharmacological treatment of Foot and Mouth Disease? What are the common prevention and control measures against Foot and Mouth Disease? 11/14/2020 14 REFER Students to Handout 9.1: For Pharmacotherapty of FMD in pigs, Pharmacotherapy of Foot and Mouth in Pig 11/14/2020 15 References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). 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NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Common Poultry Diseases Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 10 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. BASIC VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY Pharmacotherapy of Common Poultry Diseases Complete learning session 1 / 20 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Learning outcomes • Define Pharmacotherapy of Common Poultry Diseases. • Explain its main principles and classifications. • Apply the concept safely in pharmaceutical practice. • Recognise common errors and appropriate corrective action. 2 / 20 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Why this topic matters • Treatment begins with history, flock examination and likely diagnosis. • Biosecurity, sanitation, ventilation and vaccination reduce medicine dependence. • Correct understanding supports safe, effective and accountable practice. 3 / 20 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Core definition • Pharmacotherapy of Common Poultry Diseases is studied as a structured concept within Basic Veterinary Pharmacology. • Treatment begins with history, flock examination and likely diagnosis. • Use precise terms before attempting application or calculation. 4 / 20 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Foundational principles • Biosecurity, sanitation, ventilation and vaccination reduce medicine dependence. • Antimicrobials should be used only for susceptible bacterial disease under veterinary direction. • Each principle should be linked to a practical decision. 5 / 20 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Key components • Treatment begins with history, flock examination and likely diagnosis. • Antimicrobials should be used only for susceptible bacterial disease under veterinary direction. • Dose calculations consider body weight, water intake and product concentration. 6 / 20 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Classification and organisation • Group the subject by function, structure, source, risk or stage as appropriate. • Use one classification system consistently. • State the feature that separates one category from another. 7 / 20 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology How the process works • Biosecurity, sanitation, ventilation and vaccination reduce medicine dependence. • Antimicrobials should be used only for susceptible bacterial disease under veterinary direction. • Follow the sequence from input or cause to outcome. 8 / 20 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Professional terminology • Distinguish related terms that are often confused. • Use names, units and abbreviations consistently. • Define technical words before using them in explanations. 9 / 20 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Practical application • Dose calculations consider body weight, water intake and product concentration. • Prepare the required materials, information or records before starting. • Complete each step in order and document important observations. 10 / 20 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Quality requirements • Withdrawal periods protect consumers from medicine residues. • Check identity, accuracy, completeness and fitness for purpose. • Record deviations and take corrective action promptly. 11 / 20 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Safety and risk control • Identify hazards before beginning the task. • Use appropriate protective, ethical and legal safeguards. • Stop and refer when the situation exceeds competence or available resources. 12 / 20 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Common errors • Using an incorrect definition, unit, category or sequence. • Skipping verification, documentation or a final reasonableness check. • Applying a general rule without considering the patient, material or research context. 13 / 20 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Preventing avoidable mistakes • Use a written procedure or checklist. • Independently verify high-risk calculations and decisions. • Communicate unclear or abnormal findings before proceeding. 14 / 20 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Worked application • Start with a clearly stated problem related to Pharmacotherapy of Common Poultry Diseases. • Select the correct principle from the earlier slides. • Show the decision or calculation step by step. • Confirm that the final answer is reasonable and professionally usable. 15 / 20 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Practice scenario • A routine situation requires the learner to apply Pharmacotherapy of Common Poultry Diseases. • Identify the information that must be collected first. • Explain the safest action and the record that should be completed. 16 / 20 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Decision points • What finding confirms that the chosen approach is suitable? • What warning sign requires correction, referral or further investigation? • What evidence must be documented to support the decision? 17 / 20 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Connection to patient care • Accurate practice reduces preventable harm. • Clear communication helps patients and colleagues use information correctly. • Monitoring outcomes shows whether the intended benefit was achieved. 18 / 20 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session summary • Treatment begins with history, flock examination and likely diagnosis. • Biosecurity, sanitation, ventilation and vaccination reduce medicine dependence. • Antimicrobials should be used only for susceptible bacterial disease under veterinary direction. • Dose calculations consider body weight, water intake and product concentration. • Withdrawal periods protect consumers from medicine residues. 19 / 20 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Self-check questions • Define Pharmacotherapy of Common Poultry Diseases in your own words. • List three important principles or components. • Describe one practical application and one common error. • Explain one quality or safety control. 20 / 20 ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. 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NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Rabies in Dog and Cat Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 11 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 11: Pharmacotherapy of Rabies in Dog and Cat Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Rabies in Dog and Cat List signs and symptoms of Rabies in Dog and Cat Describe pharmacological treatment of Rabies in Dog and Cat Describe Control and Prevention of Rabies in Dog and Cat Activity: Buzzing What is Rabies in Dog? ? Definition of Rabies in Dogs and Cats Rabies is an acute viral encephalomyelitis caused by Rhabdoviridae that principally affects carnivores and insectivorous bats, although it can affect any mammal It is almost invariably fatal once clinical signs appear Rabies occurs throughout the world Transmission is almost always by introduction of virus-laden saliva i nto the tissues, usually by the bite of a rabid animal Contact with fresh wound or even intact mucous membrane may also transmit the disease. Virus may be present in the saliva and transmitted by an infected animal several days before onset of clinical signs (usually 3-5 days in domestic dogs and cats) Signs and Symptoms of Rabies in Dog and Cat Clinical signs of rabies are rarely definitive The most reliable signs are behavioral changes and unexplained paralysis Behavioral changes may include anorexia, signs of apprehension or nervousness, irritability, and hyperexcitability The animal may seek solitude, ataxia, altered phonation, and changes in temperament are apparent A normally docile animal may suddenly become vicious and the vice versa Signs and Symptoms of Rabies in Dog and Cat Cont …. Clinical phases Prodromal Form Lasts 1-3 days; animals show only vague CNS signs, which intensify rapidly Signs and Symptoms of Rabies in Dog and Cat Cont …. Furious Form This is the classical “ mad-dog syndrome ,” the animal becomes irrational and, with the slightest provocation, may viciously and aggressively use its teeth, claws, the posture and expression is one of alertness and anxiety, with pupils dilated Noise invites attack Such animals lose all caution and fear of natural enemies. Carnivores with this form of rabies frequently roam extensively, attacking other animals and people Signs and Symptoms of Rabies in Dog and Cat Cont …. Rabid dogs chew the wire and frame of their cages, breaking their teeth, and will follow a hand moved in front of the cage, attempting to bite Puppies usually become vicious in a few hours Rabid domestic cats and bobcats attack suddenly, biting and scratching viciously As the disease progresses, muscular incoordination and seizures are common Signs and Symptoms of Rabies in Dog and Cat Cont …. Paralytic Form Paralysis of the throat and masseter muscles, often with profuse salivation and inability to swallow Dropping of the lower jaw is common in dogs These animals are not vicious and rarely attempt to bite The paralysis progresses rapidly to all parts of the body, and coma and death follow in a few hour Activity: Brainstorming How is rabies prevented in dogs ? Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Rabies in Dogs and Gats Pharmacological Treatment There is no treatment for rabies Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Rabies in Dogs and Gats Cont … Comprehensive guidelines for control in dogs have been prepared by the World Health Organization and include the following Notification of suspected cases, and destruction of dogs with clinical signs other and dogs bitten by a suspected rabid animal Reduction of contact rates between susceptible dogs by leash laws, dog movement control, and quarantine Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Rabies in Dogs and Gats Cont … … Mass immunization of dogs by campaigns and by continuing vaccination of young dogs Stray dog control and destruction of unvaccinated dogs with low levels of dependency on, or restriction by man Dog registration Vaccination of dogs and cats with modified live virus and inactivated types If an exposed animal is currently vaccinated, it should be revaccinated immediately and closely observed for 45 days Key Points Rabies is a virus that may affect the brain and spinal cord of all mammals, including dogs, cats and humans Initially , a dog that’s become infected may show extreme behavioral changes such as restlessness or apprehension, both of which may be compounded by aggression There is no treatment or cure for rabies once symptoms appear Since rabies presents a serious public health threat, dogs that are suspected of having the virus are most often euthanized Vaccination against Rabbies is available Evaluation What is Rabbies ? What are the common signs and symptoms of Rabbies ? What is the pharmacological treatment of Rabbies ? What are the control measures against Rabbies ? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. 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NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Introduction to Veterinary Pharmacotherapy Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 1 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 1: Introduction to Veterinary Pharmacology Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define terminologies used in veterinary pharmacology Outline the therapeutic classes of veterinary medicines Describe principles and concepts applied in veterinary pharmacology Explain the sources veterinary medicines Outline the basic concepts in veterinary toxicology Explain the importance of veterinary pharmacology in the management of common animal diseases General Principles and Concepts of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Veterinary Pharmacology is the study of substances that interact with living systems through chemical processes, especially by binding to regulatory molecules and activating or inhibiting normal body processes in animals Veterinary pharmacology is concerned with the use of drugs for diseases and health problems unique to animals The sources of veterinary medicines are also similar to the sources of human medicines namely plants, animals, minerals and synthetic sources General Principles and Concepts of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Cont … The therapeutic classes of veterinary medicines include antibiotics, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory drugs, growth promoters, ant parasitic drugs, insecticides and tranquilizers The principles and concepts of veterinary pharmacology are similar to human pharmacology They involve Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics General Principles and Concepts of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Cont … Pharmacodynamics is the study of cell/tissue responses and selective receptor effects. The significant difference in veterinary pharmacology is the species variations that need to be considered These variations have significant influence on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of veterinary medicines Toxicology is the study of poison and their effects on normal physiologic mechanisms General Principles and Concepts of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Cont … It is important to understand the more commonly encountered toxins and to treat affected animals accordingly When treating an intoxicated animal, the general rule to remember is that, “ treat the animal not the poison ” Toxicity is the quality of being poisonous (dose of poison that elicits a response) Toxicosis is the clinical syndrome associated with exposure to a poison e.g. acetaminophen toxicosis General Principles and Concepts of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Cont … Toxins that affect the more commonly domestic species are extremely diverse The types of toxins often encountered include; Metals, mycotoxins , feed-related intoxications, pharmaceutical agents, pesticides (insecticides, herbicides), biotoxins (plants, poisononous animals and insects, bacterial toxins) For toxicosis to occur, there must be a dose-related response, the greater the dose the more likely that toxicosis will occur General Principles and Concepts of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Cont … Some toxins exhibit a steep dose-response relationship and are considered highly toxic To cause intoxication, a substance must be absorbed and delivered to the site of action at a concentration high enough to elicit a physiologic response e.g. presence of a poisonous plant in a pasture is not enough; there must be evidence of consumption of these plants Different animals in a herd may consume different plants or forage There are individual and species variations in susceptibility to toxins The clinical signs observed must correlate with the suspect plant General Principles and Concepts of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Cont … Toxicokinetics This is the study of the metabolic processes that occur after exposure to a toxin (absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and elimination) It involves the mathematical description of the movement of a toxin into the body (absorption), to the target organs (distribution) and out of the body (elimination) Concentration of a toxin at the site of action depends on; Dose, physicochemical properties of the toxin or drug, absorption, distribution, specific tissue affinity, rate of metabolism, rate of elimination General Principles and Concepts of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Cont … The fate after exposure to toxins is influenced by; Toxins or drug factors Host factors or physiologic factors There are animal factors including age, organ perfusion, organ function (hepatic, renal), membrane permeability, pH of tissue or compartment, species and gastrointestinal anatomy and physiology Activity: Small Group Discussion What is pharmacokinetics? General Principles and Concepts of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Cont … Pharmacokinetics is the study of drug absorption, distribution, biotransformation (metabolism), and excretion Pharmacokinetic processes affect the route of administration, doses, dose intervals, and toxicities of drugs given to animals The following are the importance's of Veterinary Pharmacology Helps in understanding the mechanism of action of veterinary medicines Helps in the determination of correct indication and dosage of veterinary medicines Helps to identify and respond to drug interactions, contraindications and adverse drug reactions related to veterinary medicines accordingly Helps in understanding of the disposition processes in the body including absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of veterinary medicines These will help students learning veterinary pharmacology to dispense right drug to the right animal, at right dose, by right route and at right time Key Points Veterinary pharmacology is the study of medicines which are used in animals, poultry and fish Principles and Concepts of Veterinary Pharmacology includes pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics Veterinary Pharmacology is important in the pharmacological treatment of veterinary diseases Toxicology is the study of poison and their effects on normal physiologyic mechanisms Evaluation What is veterinary pharmacology? What are principles and concepts of veterinary pharmacology? What is importance of veterinary pharmacology? What is toxicology? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008 ). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited Next Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF /

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Tuberculosis in Cattle and Goat Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 13 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 13: Pharmacotherapy of Tuberculosis in Cattle and Goat Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Tuberculosis in Cattle and Goat List signs and symptoms of Tuberculosis in Cattle and Goat Describe pharmacological treatment of Tuberculosis in Cattle and Goat Describe control and prevention of Tuberculosis in Cattle and Goat Activity: Buzzing What is Tuberculosis in Cattle? ? Definition of Tuberculosis in Cattle and Goat Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious, granulomatous disease of animals and man caused by acid-fast bacilli of the genus Mycobacterium . The main tubercle bacillus in cattle is Mycobacterium bovis , though M. tuberculosis and M. avium are also involved Mycobacterium bovis can cause progressive disease in most warm-blooded vertebrates, including man The clinical signs, treatment methods and public health significance for goats are similar to that of cattle Signs and Symptoms of Tuberculosis in Cattle and Goat Tuberculosis has two clinical forms; pulmonary and extra pulmonary Pulmonary Tuberculosis In this respiratory form of the disease there are chronic, intermittent, moist cough with later signs of dyspnea and tachypnea Extra pulmonary tuberculosis In the extra pulmonary form, generalized signs including progressive emaciation, lethargy, weakness, anorexia, and a low-grade, fluctuating fever are observed Pharmacological Treatment of Tuberculosis in Cattle and Goat Treatment of bovine tuberculosis is not recommended because it is not economical However, in valuable animals Isonicotinic acid hydrazine/isoniazid (INH), 20 mg/kg, PO q 24 h for 8 weeks, maximum is 12g for bulls and 10g/day for cows Activity: Brainstorming What are the prevention and control measures for Tuberculosis in Cattle and Goat?? Prevention and Control of Tuberculosis in Cattle and Goat Control can be done through whole herd skin testing, slaughter surveillance and monitoring the movement of animals between herds Vaccinating cattle for the control of bovine TB is not currently used within any international control program This is because vaccines based on the TB, BCG vaccine, all interfere with the action of the tuberculin skin test which is used for the diagnosis of TB in cattle If the BCG vaccine is used then it is impossible to differentiate between cattle that have TB and cattle that have been vaccinated Key Points Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic disease of animals caused by a bacteria called Mycobacterium bovis , ( M. bovis ) which is closely related to the bacteria that cause human and avian tuberculosis TB usually has a prolonged course, and symptoms take months or years to appear. Treatment of infected animals is rarely attempted because of the high cost, lengthy time and the larger goal of eliminating the disease Disease eradication programs consisting of post mortem meat inspection, intensive surveillance including on-farm visits, systematic individual testing of cattle and removal of infected and incontact animals as well as movement controls have been very successful in reducing or eliminating the disease Evaluation What is Tuberculosis? What are the common signs and symptoms of Tuberculosis in Cattle? What is the pharmacological treatment of Tuberculosis in Cattle? What are the preventive measures for Tuberculosis in Cattle? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Trypanosomiasis in Cattle Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 14 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 14: Pharmacotherapy of Trypanosomiasis in Cattle 11/14/2020 1 Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Trypanosomiasis in Cattle List signs and symptoms of Trypanosomiasis in Cattle Describe pharmacological treatment of Trypanosomiasis in Cattle Describe Control and Prevention of Trypanosomiasis in Cattle 11/14/2020 2 Activity: Buzzing What is Trypanosomiasis in Cattle? Definition of Trypanosomiasis in Cattle Trypanosomosis is a chronic disease of cattle caused by protozoal species of the genus Trypanosoma Depending on the species of parasite, the organisms are transmitted cyclically by Tsetse flies of the genus Glossina or mechanically by tsetse or other biting flies. The disease is the most economically damaging and widely distributed in dry areas 11/14/2020 4 Signs and Symptoms of Trypanosomiasis in Cattle Intermittent fever Anemia, Weight loss High mortality, especially if there is poor nutrition or other stress factors . 11/14/2020 5 Pharmacological treatment of Trypanosomiasis in Cattle 11/14/2020 6 Activity: Brainstorming What are the prevention measures for Trypanosomiasis in Cattle?? Prevention and Control of Trypanosomiasis in Cattle Detection and treatment of infected animals Prophylactic treatment with Quinapyramine of susceptible animals and protection from biting flies Control of tsetse flies includes Frequent spraying and dipping of animals (mobile targets). Spraying insecticides on fly-breeding areas. Bush clearing and other methods. Insecticides-impregnated screens (fixed targets). Spray mobile target ( eg . Pour-on on cattle). 11/14/2020 8 Key Points African trypanosomiasis in cattle represents a major constraint to agricultural and socio-economic development in vast areas of Africa. The disease is caused principally by three species of trypanosome ( Trypanosoma congolense , T. vivax and T. brucei ) which are transmitted by several species of tsetse flies ( Glossina ). Trypanosomiasis in cattle results in poor productivity and mortality . Infected animals suffer from a severe anemia and there is widespread tissue damage affecting organs such as the heart, skeletal muscles, endocrine system and reproductive tract. There is no vaccine available for bovine trypanosomiasis, and the methods currently employed for control include chemotherapeutic and chemoprophylactic drugs, tsetse eradication or control and the use of trypanotolerant 11/14/2020 9 Evaluation What is Trypanosomiasis in Cattle? What are the common signs and symptoms of Trypanosomiasis in Cattle? What is the pharmacological treatment of Trypanosomiasis in Cattle? What are the control measures against Trypanosomiasis in Cattle? 11/14/2020 10 References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Aspiration Pneumonia and Pneumonia in Cattle and Goat Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 15 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 15: Pharmacotherapy of Aspiration Pneumonia and Pneumonia in Cattle and Goat Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Aspiration Pneumonia and Pneumonia in Cattle and Goat List signs and symptoms of Aspiration Pneumonia and Pneumonia in Cattle and Goat Explain the pharmacological treatment of Aspiration Pneumonia and Pneumonia in Cattle and Goat Explain the control and prevention of Aspiration Pneumonia and Pneumonia in Cattle and Goat Activity: Buzzing What is Pneumonia in Cattle ? Definition of Pneumonia in Cattle and Goat Pneumomnia is an inflammation of the pulmonary parenchyma usually accompanied by inflammation of the bronchioles and often by pleurisy Important pathogens that cause pneumonia in cattle are; Mannheimia haemolytica serotype A , Haemophilus somnus , P. multocida , Mycobacterium bovis , Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides small colony type, Parainfluenza virus 3, Bovine respiratory syncytial virus, Bovine herpes virus 1 Signs and Symptoms of Aspiration Pneumonia in Cattle and Goat It is manifested clinically by an increase in respiratory rate, cough, abnormal breath sounds on auscultation and, in most bacterial pneumonias, by evidence of toxemia. Bronchopnemonia is usually accompanied by a moist, painful cough; interstitial pneumonia is characterized by frequent, hacking coughs, often in paroxysms. The presence of nasal discharge depends on accompanying inflammation of the upper respiratory tract. Pharmacological treatment of Pneumonia in Cattle and Goat Sulfamethazine : initial 220 mg/kg; maintenance 110 mg/kg q 24 h, PO for 5-7 days, or Procaine penicillin G, 22,000 IU/kg, aqueous suspension, IM or SC q 24 h for 3 to 5 days, or Ampicillin trihydrate 22 mg/kg, IM, SC, q 24 h for 3-6 days, or Amoxicillin trihydrate 11 mg/kg, IM, SC, q 24 h for 3-7 days, or Oxytetracycline hydrochloride 11 mg/kg, SC, q 24 h or long acting formulation, 20 mg/kg, IM, q 48 h for 3-5 days, or Tylosin 44 mg/kg, IM, q 24 h for 3-5 days. Activity: Brainstorming What are the prevention measures for Pneumonia in Cattle? Prevention and Control of Pneumonia in Cattle and Goat Given the multi-factorial nature of the disease, good calf pneumonia control programmes rely on implementing an appropriate vaccine strategy, alongside improvements to management practices to reduce the risk of disease Provide appropriate calf housing with good ventilation; plenty of air, no draughts and a well bedded dry lying area Prevent scour and manage outbreak properly if they occur Prevention and Control of Pneumonia in Cattle and Goat Cont … Prevent BVD in the herd through culling and testing practices Outdoor reared calves are generally at lower risk of pneumonia Implement vaccination program. Vaccines are available that will enhance protection against the common viral and some of the bacterial causes of pneumonia Calves can be vaccinated from two weeks of age (i.e. IBR vaccine). The vaccination program is two shots, four weeks apart A booster dose should be given before the next risk period Key Points Several species of bacteria have been isolated in Cattle, but the most commonly found species are Mannheimia haemolytica . (Formerly known as Pasteurella haemolytica ), P. multocida , Histophilus (Haemophilus) somnus and Mycoplasma spp. M. haemolytica . (P. haemolytica ) and P. multocida are the most important bacteria involved in Cattle Pneumonia . Early recognition by trained personnel skilled at detecting the early clinical signs of disease followed by treatment with antibiotics is essential for successful therapy Evaluation What is aspiration pneumonia? What are the common signs and symptoms of pneumonia in cattle? What is the pharmacological treatment of pneumonia in Cattle? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Aspergillosis in Poultry Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 16 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 16: Pharmacotherapy of Aspergillosis in Poultry Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Aspergillosis in Poultry List signs and symptoms of Aspergillosis in Poultry Describe pharmacological treatment of Aspergillosis in Poultry Describe Control and Prevention of Aspergillosis in Poultry Activity: Buzzing What is Aspergillosis in Poultry? ? Definition of Aspergillosis in Poultry Aspergillosis is a mycotic disease caused by the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus that affects all species of birds . The organism is found in litter, and feed Infection occurs predominantly by inhalation The agent may also penetrates eggs and infects embryos Signs and Symptoms of Aspergillosis in Poultry Acute Aspergillosis occurs in young birds It is manifested by respiratory distress and reduced feed intake The chronic form, which occurs in mature birds, is manifested by reduced feed intake . The most frequent clinical signs are dyspnea, gasping, hyperpnea , cyanosis and usually without rales Signs and Symptoms of Aspergillosis in Poultry cont.…. Other signs include diarrhea, anorexia, somnolence, progressive emaciation Increased thirst and few animals show nervous signs Pulmonary lesions are cream-colored plaques a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter; which may occur in the larynx, air sacs, liver, intestines, and occasionally the brain and mediastinal canthus of the eye Activity: Brainstorming What is the treatment for Poultry Aspergillosis ? Pharmacological Treatment, Prevention and Control of Aspergillosis in Poultry Treatment of affected birds is considered useless Control and Prevention Strict adherence to sanitation procedures in the hatchery and fumigate contaminated hatchers with formaldehyde or T hiabendazole (120-360 g/m3) Avoid moldy litter or ranges; contaminated feed could be sprayed with N ystatin Key Points Aspergillosis is a disease, usually of the respiratory system, of chickens and turkeys Aspergillus fumigatus is a common cause of the disease Dyspnea , hyperpnea , somnolence and other signs of nervous system involvement, inappetence , emaciation, and increased thirst may be seen in chicks or poults Treatment of affected birds is generally ineffective Spontaneous recovery from pulmonary aspergillosis can occur if reexposure to the mold is prevented Strict adherence to sanitation procedures in the hatchery minimizes early outbreaks Evaluation What is aspergillosis ? What are the common signs and symptoms of Aspergillosis in poultry? What is the pharmacological treatment of Aspergillosis in poultry? What are the control measures against Aspergillosis in poultry? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Chlamydiosis and Avian Campylobacteriosis in Poultry Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 17 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 17: Pharmacotherapy of Chlamydiosis and Avian Campylobacteriosis in Poultry Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Avian Campylobacterisosis and Chlamydiosis in Poultry List signs and symptoms of Avian Campylobacteriosis and Chlamydiosis in Poultry Describe pharmacological treatment of Avian Campylobacteriosis and Chlamydiosis in Poultry Describe Control and Prevention of Avian Campylobacteriosis and Chlamydiosis in Poultry Activity: Buzzing What is Chlamydiosis in Poultry ? Definition of Chlamydiosis in Poultry Chlamydiosis is subclinical, acute, subacute, or chronic disease of wild and domestic birds characterized by systemic, respiratory or digestive signs and lesions. It is caused by Chlamydia psittaci , an obligate intracellular bacterium. Respiratory discharges or feces are infective air borne particles and dusts may harbor the organism. The organism is excreted via secretions or excretions and transmitted through inhalation. Recovered birds remain carriers . Signs and Symptoms of Chlamydiosis in Poultry Nasal and ocular discharges, conjunctivitis, sinusitis, green to yellow-green droppings, inactivity, ruffled feathers, weakness, inappetence , and reduced feed consumption & weight loss can be seen in clinically affected birds Air sacculitis , pericarditis, periohepatitis , and peritonitis with serofibrinous exudates and hepatosplenomegaly are common in acute cases In chronic cases enlarged spleen or an enlarged, discolored liver, or both occur Enlarged spleen and enlarged, discolored liver in Chlamydiosis Pharmacological treatment of Chlamydiosis in Poultry First line Chlortetracycline, 20-30 mg/kg or 400-750 g/ton for a minimum of 2 weeks in feed, or Doxycycline, 2.5 to 10 mg/kg, PO in drinking water, daily for 3-5 days. Alternative Flumequine diluted 1:1500-2000 in drinking water for 3-5 days Note: Extended treatment for 2-6 weeks if needed Activity: Brainstorming What are the prevention and control measures for Chlamydiosis? Prevention and Control of Chlamydiosis in Poultry No effective vaccine for use in birds is available Appropriate biosecurity practices are necessary to control the introduction and spread of chlamydiae in an avian population which include; Quarantine and examination of all new birds Prevention of exposure to wild birds traffic control to minimize cross-contamination, isolation and treatment of affected and contact birds, thorough cleaning and disinfection of premises and equipment (preferably with small units managed on an all-in/all-out basis), provision of uncontaminated feed, maintenance of records on all bird movements, Continual monitoring for presence of chlamydial infection. Key Points Avian chlamydiosis can be an inapparent subclinical infection or acute, subacute, or chronic disease of wild and domestic birds characterized by respiratory, digestive, or systemic infection caused by Chlamydia psittaci Treatment prevents mortality and shedding but cannot be relied on to eliminate latent infection; shedding may recur. Tetracyclines (chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline , doxycycline) are the antibiotics of choice Evaluation What is Chlamydiosis? What are the common signs and symptoms Chlamydiosis? What is the pharmacological treatment of Chlamydiosis? What are the control measures against Chlamydiosis? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260