Pharmaceutical Sciences Notes

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Aspiration Pneumonia and Pneumonia in Cattle and Goat Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 15 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 15: Pharmacotherapy of Aspiration Pneumonia and Pneumonia in Cattle and Goat Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Aspiration Pneumonia and Pneumonia in Cattle and Goat List signs and symptoms of Aspiration Pneumonia and Pneumonia in Cattle and Goat Explain the pharmacological treatment of Aspiration Pneumonia and Pneumonia in Cattle and Goat Explain the control and prevention of Aspiration Pneumonia and Pneumonia in Cattle and Goat Activity: Buzzing What is Pneumonia in Cattle ? Definition of Pneumonia in Cattle and Goat Pneumomnia is an inflammation of the pulmonary parenchyma usually accompanied by inflammation of the bronchioles and often by pleurisy Important pathogens that cause pneumonia in cattle are; Mannheimia haemolytica serotype A , Haemophilus somnus , P. multocida , Mycobacterium bovis , Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides small colony type, Parainfluenza virus 3, Bovine respiratory syncytial virus, Bovine herpes virus 1 Signs and Symptoms of Aspiration Pneumonia in Cattle and Goat It is manifested clinically by an increase in respiratory rate, cough, abnormal breath sounds on auscultation and, in most bacterial pneumonias, by evidence of toxemia. Bronchopnemonia is usually accompanied by a moist, painful cough; interstitial pneumonia is characterized by frequent, hacking coughs, often in paroxysms. The presence of nasal discharge depends on accompanying inflammation of the upper respiratory tract. Pharmacological treatment of Pneumonia in Cattle and Goat Sulfamethazine : initial 220 mg/kg; maintenance 110 mg/kg q 24 h, PO for 5-7 days, or Procaine penicillin G, 22,000 IU/kg, aqueous suspension, IM or SC q 24 h for 3 to 5 days, or Ampicillin trihydrate 22 mg/kg, IM, SC, q 24 h for 3-6 days, or Amoxicillin trihydrate 11 mg/kg, IM, SC, q 24 h for 3-7 days, or Oxytetracycline hydrochloride 11 mg/kg, SC, q 24 h or long acting formulation, 20 mg/kg, IM, q 48 h for 3-5 days, or Tylosin 44 mg/kg, IM, q 24 h for 3-5 days. Activity: Brainstorming What are the prevention measures for Pneumonia in Cattle? Prevention and Control of Pneumonia in Cattle and Goat Given the multi-factorial nature of the disease, good calf pneumonia control programmes rely on implementing an appropriate vaccine strategy, alongside improvements to management practices to reduce the risk of disease Provide appropriate calf housing with good ventilation; plenty of air, no draughts and a well bedded dry lying area Prevent scour and manage outbreak properly if they occur Prevention and Control of Pneumonia in Cattle and Goat Cont … Prevent BVD in the herd through culling and testing practices Outdoor reared calves are generally at lower risk of pneumonia Implement vaccination program. Vaccines are available that will enhance protection against the common viral and some of the bacterial causes of pneumonia Calves can be vaccinated from two weeks of age (i.e. IBR vaccine). The vaccination program is two shots, four weeks apart A booster dose should be given before the next risk period Key Points Several species of bacteria have been isolated in Cattle, but the most commonly found species are Mannheimia haemolytica . (Formerly known as Pasteurella haemolytica ), P. multocida , Histophilus (Haemophilus) somnus and Mycoplasma spp. M. haemolytica . (P. haemolytica ) and P. multocida are the most important bacteria involved in Cattle Pneumonia . Early recognition by trained personnel skilled at detecting the early clinical signs of disease followed by treatment with antibiotics is essential for successful therapy Evaluation What is aspiration pneumonia? What are the common signs and symptoms of pneumonia in cattle? What is the pharmacological treatment of pneumonia in Cattle? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Aspergillosis in Poultry Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 16 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 16: Pharmacotherapy of Aspergillosis in Poultry Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Aspergillosis in Poultry List signs and symptoms of Aspergillosis in Poultry Describe pharmacological treatment of Aspergillosis in Poultry Describe Control and Prevention of Aspergillosis in Poultry Activity: Buzzing What is Aspergillosis in Poultry? ? Definition of Aspergillosis in Poultry Aspergillosis is a mycotic disease caused by the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus that affects all species of birds . The organism is found in litter, and feed Infection occurs predominantly by inhalation The agent may also penetrates eggs and infects embryos Signs and Symptoms of Aspergillosis in Poultry Acute Aspergillosis occurs in young birds It is manifested by respiratory distress and reduced feed intake The chronic form, which occurs in mature birds, is manifested by reduced feed intake . The most frequent clinical signs are dyspnea, gasping, hyperpnea , cyanosis and usually without rales Signs and Symptoms of Aspergillosis in Poultry cont.…. Other signs include diarrhea, anorexia, somnolence, progressive emaciation Increased thirst and few animals show nervous signs Pulmonary lesions are cream-colored plaques a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter; which may occur in the larynx, air sacs, liver, intestines, and occasionally the brain and mediastinal canthus of the eye Activity: Brainstorming What is the treatment for Poultry Aspergillosis ? Pharmacological Treatment, Prevention and Control of Aspergillosis in Poultry Treatment of affected birds is considered useless Control and Prevention Strict adherence to sanitation procedures in the hatchery and fumigate contaminated hatchers with formaldehyde or T hiabendazole (120-360 g/m3) Avoid moldy litter or ranges; contaminated feed could be sprayed with N ystatin Key Points Aspergillosis is a disease, usually of the respiratory system, of chickens and turkeys Aspergillus fumigatus is a common cause of the disease Dyspnea , hyperpnea , somnolence and other signs of nervous system involvement, inappetence , emaciation, and increased thirst may be seen in chicks or poults Treatment of affected birds is generally ineffective Spontaneous recovery from pulmonary aspergillosis can occur if reexposure to the mold is prevented Strict adherence to sanitation procedures in the hatchery minimizes early outbreaks Evaluation What is aspergillosis ? What are the common signs and symptoms of Aspergillosis in poultry? What is the pharmacological treatment of Aspergillosis in poultry? What are the control measures against Aspergillosis in poultry? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Chlamydiosis and Avian Campylobacteriosis in Poultry Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 17 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 17: Pharmacotherapy of Chlamydiosis and Avian Campylobacteriosis in Poultry Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Avian Campylobacterisosis and Chlamydiosis in Poultry List signs and symptoms of Avian Campylobacteriosis and Chlamydiosis in Poultry Describe pharmacological treatment of Avian Campylobacteriosis and Chlamydiosis in Poultry Describe Control and Prevention of Avian Campylobacteriosis and Chlamydiosis in Poultry Activity: Buzzing What is Chlamydiosis in Poultry ? Definition of Chlamydiosis in Poultry Chlamydiosis is subclinical, acute, subacute, or chronic disease of wild and domestic birds characterized by systemic, respiratory or digestive signs and lesions. It is caused by Chlamydia psittaci , an obligate intracellular bacterium. Respiratory discharges or feces are infective air borne particles and dusts may harbor the organism. The organism is excreted via secretions or excretions and transmitted through inhalation. Recovered birds remain carriers . Signs and Symptoms of Chlamydiosis in Poultry Nasal and ocular discharges, conjunctivitis, sinusitis, green to yellow-green droppings, inactivity, ruffled feathers, weakness, inappetence , and reduced feed consumption & weight loss can be seen in clinically affected birds Air sacculitis , pericarditis, periohepatitis , and peritonitis with serofibrinous exudates and hepatosplenomegaly are common in acute cases In chronic cases enlarged spleen or an enlarged, discolored liver, or both occur Enlarged spleen and enlarged, discolored liver in Chlamydiosis Pharmacological treatment of Chlamydiosis in Poultry First line Chlortetracycline, 20-30 mg/kg or 400-750 g/ton for a minimum of 2 weeks in feed, or Doxycycline, 2.5 to 10 mg/kg, PO in drinking water, daily for 3-5 days. Alternative Flumequine diluted 1:1500-2000 in drinking water for 3-5 days Note: Extended treatment for 2-6 weeks if needed Activity: Brainstorming What are the prevention and control measures for Chlamydiosis? Prevention and Control of Chlamydiosis in Poultry No effective vaccine for use in birds is available Appropriate biosecurity practices are necessary to control the introduction and spread of chlamydiae in an avian population which include; Quarantine and examination of all new birds Prevention of exposure to wild birds traffic control to minimize cross-contamination, isolation and treatment of affected and contact birds, thorough cleaning and disinfection of premises and equipment (preferably with small units managed on an all-in/all-out basis), provision of uncontaminated feed, maintenance of records on all bird movements, Continual monitoring for presence of chlamydial infection. Key Points Avian chlamydiosis can be an inapparent subclinical infection or acute, subacute, or chronic disease of wild and domestic birds characterized by respiratory, digestive, or systemic infection caused by Chlamydia psittaci Treatment prevents mortality and shedding but cannot be relied on to eliminate latent infection; shedding may recur. Tetracyclines (chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline , doxycycline) are the antibiotics of choice Evaluation What is Chlamydiosis? What are the common signs and symptoms Chlamydiosis? What is the pharmacological treatment of Chlamydiosis? What are the control measures against Chlamydiosis? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Chronic Respiratory Disease in Poultry Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 18 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 18: Pharmacotherapy of Chronic Respiratory Disease in Poultry Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Chronic Respiratory Disease in Poultry List signs and symptoms of Chronic Respiratory Disease in Poultry Describe pharmacological treatment of Chronic Respiratory Disease in Poultry Describe Control and Prevention of Chronic Respiratory Disease in Poultry Activity: Buzzing What is Chronic Respiratory Disease in Poultry? Definition of Chronic Respiratory Disease in Poultry Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) also called air sacculitis is an infection of chicken and turkeys caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum . The disease is transmitted in eggs or by indirect contact The disease is characterized by respiratory signs and lesions. Once started it follows a prolonged course in a flock. Concurrent infections such as infectious bronchitis virus, Newcastle disease virus, Escherichia coli , Pasteurella multocida and Haemophilus paragallinarum or increased level of dust in the environment predispose to CRD. Signs and Symptoms of Chronic Respiratory Disease in Poultry Signs of CRD in a flock develop slowly and are usually manifested by drop in egg and meat production. They show varying degrees of respiratory distress, with slight to marked rales , difficulty in breathing, coughing, and/or sneezing. The lesions include airsacculitis , fibrinous perihepatitis and adhesive pericarditis . Chickens Infected with MG Have Nasal and Eye Discharges Pharmacological treatment of Chronic Respiratory Disease in Poultry Tetracycline 2.5 to 10 mg/kg, PO in drinking water q 24 h for 3-5days, or Tiamulin 10%, 1:300-600 diluted in drinking water for 5 days, or Erythromycin 1: 10000 liters of drinking water for 3 days, or Tylosin, 0.5% in drinking water, or Enrofloxacin 15 mg/kg, IM, q12h or other fluoroquinolones can be given in the feed or water for 5-7 days; however, relapses are common Activity: Brainstorming What are the prevention measures for Chronic Respiratory Disease?? Prevention and Control of Chronic Respiratory Disease in Poultry Control and Prophylaxis Improve the management, husbandry or nutrition reduce dust in the house remove accumulated litter I mprove ventilation Evaluation What is Chronic Respiratory Disease? What are the common signs and symptoms Chronic Respiratory Disease? What is the pharmacological treatment of Chronic Respiratory Disease? What are the control measures against Chronic Respiratory Disease References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Coccidiosis and Fowl Cholera in Poultry Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 19 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 19: Pharmacotherapy of Coccidiosis and Fowl Cholera in Poultry Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Coccidiosis and Fowl Cholera in Poultry List signs and symptoms of Coccidiosis and Fowl Cholera in Poultry Describe pharmacological treatment of Coccidiosis and Fowl Cholera in Poultry Describe Control and Prevention of Coccidiosis and Fowl Cholera in Poultry Activity: Buzzing What is Fowl Cholera ? Definition of Chronic Respiratory Disease in Poultry Fowl cholera, ( Avian Pasteurellosis or avian hemorrhagic septicemia) is a contagious bacterial disease of poultry characterized by septicemia, sudden onset with high morbidity and mortality Chronic and asymptomatic infections may also occur. It is caused by Pasteurella multocida . Transmission occurs by secretions from carrier birds, infected droppings, cannibalism of dead birds, and contaminated water, feed, equipment, or clothing. The organism is primarily excreted from mouth, nose, and conjunctiva of diseased birds that contaminate their environment Signs and Symptoms of Fowl Cholera In acute disease There is, fever, depression, anorexia, mucoid discharge from the mouth, ruffled feathers, diarrhea, bluish discoloration of the head, increased respiratory rate and sudden death in the flock may occur In chronic disease Swelling of the joints, footpad, wattles, or tendon sheaths over the caudal portion of the hock joint could be observed. Pharmacological Treatment of Fowl Cholera Sulphonamides : 0.5-1% (500mg-1gm/kg) in feed or 0.1% (100mg/liter) in drinking water First line treatment sulphonamides include Sulphadimethoxazole , Sulphaquinoxalene , Sulphamethazine and sulphaquinonxalene Sulphamerazine 143 mg/kg PO (0.5% in feed) or 0.4% in drinking water Sulfaquinoxaline sodium, or T rimethoprimsulfadiazine 1:5, 15 mg/kg for 5 days in feed or water Pharmacological Treatment of Fowl Cholera Cont.…. Chlortetracycline 10%, 20-60 mg/kg, daily in feed for 5 to 7 days or should be continued until signs of the disease are no longer apparent. Amoxicillin T rihydrate water-soluble crystal, 20 mg/kg in drinking water, once per day for 3-5 days. Activity: Brainstorming What are the preventive measures for Fowl Cholera ? Prevention and Control of Fowl Cholera Good Sanitation Rodent and predator control Proper disposal of dead birds Vaccination with adjuvant bacteriocins Prevention and Control of Fowl Cholera Cont.… Adjuvant bacteriocions are widely used and generally effective; Autogenous bacterions are recommended when polyvalent bacterins are found to be ineffective Thus, it is important to know the most prevalent serotypes within an area to choose the right bacterins Attenuated live vaccines are available for administration in drinking water to turkeys and by wing-web inoculation to chickens. These live vaccines can effectively induce immunity against different serotypes of P multocida They are recommended for use in healthy flocks only Key Points Fowl cholera is an infectious disease in domestic fowl, waterfowl and other avian species. It is manifested either in acute septicaemic form with a high morbidity and death rates or as chronic local forms (independently or secondary to acute ones) Commonly observed signs are anorexia, ruffled feathers, oral and nasal mucus discharge, cyanosis and white or greenish watery mucoid diarrhoea Key Points Cont … Sulfonamides and antibiotics are commonly used and early treatment with adequate dosages are important Good management practices, including a high level of biosecurity, are essential to prevention Rodents, wild birds, pets, and other animals that may be carriers of P multocida must be excluded from poultry houses Evaluation What is Fowl Cholera? What are the common signs and symptoms Fowl Cholera? What is the pharmacological treatment of Fowl Cholera? What are the control measures against Fowl Cholera? REFER Students to Handout 19.1: For pharmacotherapy of coccidiosis in poultry, Pharmacotherapy of Coccidiosis in Poultry References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Fowlpox in Poultry Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 20 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 20: Pharmacotherapy of Fowlpox in Poultry Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Fowlpox in Poultry Lescribe signs and symptoms of Fowlpox in Poultry Describe pharmacological treatment of Fowlpox in Poultry Describe Control and Prevention of Fowlpox in Poultry Activity: Buzzing What is Fowlpox ? Definition of Fowlpox in Poultry Fowlpox is a slow-spreading viral infection of chickens and other poultry characterized by proliferative skin lesions The disease is transmitted by direct contact between infected and susceptible birds or by mosquitoes Fowlpox is common in commercial and backyard chicken Signs and Symptoms of Fowlpox Fowl pox is manifested in two forms The dry form (cutaneous form) characterized by proliferative nodular lesions on Un feathered areas Cutaneous lesions on the eyelids may cause complete closure of one or both eyes The wet form (diphtheritic form), where lesions exist in the mouth, pharynx, larynx, and trachea and causing respiratory distress. Fowlpox in chicken Activity: Brainstorming • What are the prevention and control measures for Fowlpox ? Treatment , Prevention and Control of Fowlpox There is no specific treatment available Vaccinate the remaining flocks with an attenuated fowlpox virus of high immunogenicity and low pathogenicity Control mosquitoes Key Points Fowlpox (FP) is a viral disease in hens, turkeys and many other birds, characterized by cutaneous lesions on the feather-less skin and/or diphtheritic lesions of mucous coats of the upper alimentary and respiratory tract. The cutaneous form of fowlpox is characterized by nodular lesions on various parts of the unfeathered skin of chickens and on the head and upper neck of turkeys Where fowlpox is prevalent, chickens and turkeys should be vaccinated with a live-embryo or cell-culture-propagated virus vaccine. Evaluation What is Fowlpox ? What are the common signs and symptoms Fowlpox ? What are the control measures against Fowlpox ? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Fowl Typhoid and Fowl Paratyphoid Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 21 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 21: Pharmacotherapy of Fowltyphoid and Fowlparathyroid Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Fowltyphoid and Fowlparathyroid List signs and symptoms of Fowltyphoid and Fowlparathyroid in Poultry Describe pharmacological treatment of Fowltyphoid and Fowlparathyroid Describe Control and Prevention of Fowltyphoid and Fowlparathyroid Activity: Buzzing What is Fowltyphoid ? ? Definition of Fowltyphoid and Fowlparathyroid in Poultry Fowl typhoid is an infection of fowl caused by host-adapted salmonella serotype, Salmonella gallinarum It is an egg-transmitted infection of particularly growing or mature flocks or transmittted by ingestion . Mortality at all ages is high Signs and Symptoms of Fowltyphoid Dehydration Swollen, friable, and often bile-stained liver, with or without necrotic foci Enlarged spleen and kidneys Anemia Enteritis Pharmacological Treatment of Fowltyphoid Sulfaquinoxalene 0.1% in feed for 2-3 days and 0.05% for an additional 2 days, or Furazolidone 0.011% in feed for 2 weeks followed by 0.0055% in feed Activity: Brainstorming • What are the prevention and control measures for Fowltyphoid ? Prevention and Control of Fowltyphoid Poults should be obtained from free stock and place them in a clean house Protect poultry house from birds, rodents, insects etc. Disinfection of humans entering the house Vaccination with a rough strain of S. Gallinarum (9R) at 9-10 weeks of age. Key Points The causal agent for fowltyphoid is Salmonella Gallinarum Infected birds may be pale, dehydrated, and have diarrhea Lesions in infected birds may include a swollen, friable and often bile-stained liver, with or without necrotic foci; enlarged spleen and kidneys; anemia ; and enteritis Control is based on routine serologic testing of breeding stock to assure freedom from infection Evaluation What is Fowltyphoid ? What are the common signs and symptoms Fowltyphoid ? What is the pharmacological treatment of Fowltyphoid ? What are the control measures against Fowltyphoid REFER Students to Handout 21.1: For pharmacotherapy of fowtyphoid , Pharmacotherapy of Fowlparathyroid References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Gastrointestinal Parasitism and Histomoniasis in Poultry Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 22 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 22: Pharmacotherapy of Gastrointestinal parasitism and Histomoniasis in Poultry Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Gastrointestinal parasitism and Histomoniasis in Poultry List signs and symptoms of Gastrointestinal parasitism and Histomoniasis in Poultry Describe pharmacological treatment of Gastrointestinal parasitism and Histomoniasis in Poultry Describe Control and Prevention of Gastrointestinal parasitism and Histomoniasis in Poultry Activity: Buzzing What is gastrointestinal parasitism in Poultry? Definition of Gastrointestinal parasitism and Histomoniasis in Poultry Poultry could be infected with nematode and cestode parasites Among the round worms, Heterakis gallinarum and Syngamus trachea , Ascarids and Capillarids are economically important Raillietina spp Davainea proglottina are important cestodes species of poultry. The worm Syngamus trachea inhabits the trachea and lungs of many domestic and various wild birds Signs and Symptoms of Gastrointestinal parasitism in Poultry Loss of weight Anorexia Reduced growth Reduced egg production Reduced fertility Diarrheal Blood loss Pharmacological Treatment of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Poultry Piperazine , 50-100 mg/bird q 24 h, or 0.2-0.4% in the feed or at 0.1-0.2% in the drinking water for two consecutive feeds or drinking water for two days and deworm chicken at 4-6 weeks of age; repeat when necessary or after 2-4 weeks, plus Phenothiazine (for cecal worms in chickens) 0.5 g/bird individual treatment or in dry or wet mash feed, once month to control ascaris , or Phenothiazine 0.5 gm /head or combined with piperazine (o.5-0.51%& 0.11% in drinking water) as a 1-day treatment, removes both heterakids and ascarids , or Coumaphos , 0.004% in feed for 10-14 days for replacements, or 0.003% in feed for 14 days for layers, is used against capillarids Activity: Brainstorming What are the preventive and control measures against gastrointestinal parasitism in Poultry? Prevention and Control of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Poultry Proper and timely deworming programmed of the local and exotic through appropriate deworming and treatment of infected birds which should be carried out regularly In addition, proper and adequate nutrition would also minimize the incidence rate of helminthosis of domestic birds Key Points Parasitic diseases are problems wherever poultry are raised, and economic losses caused by parasites on poultry can be significant There is a need for effective control measures which can interrupt the lifecycle of parasite Species and as such, increase the meat and egg production Evaluation What is gastrointestinal parasitism in Poultry? What are the common signs and symptoms of gastrointestinal parasitism in Poultry? What is the pharmacological treatment of gastrointestinal parasitism in Poultry? What are the control measures against gastrointestinal parasitism in Poultry? REFER Students to Handout 22.1: For Pharmacotherapy of Histomoniasis in Poultry, References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Infectious Bursal (Gumboro) Disease in Poultry Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 23 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 23: Pharmacotherapy of Infectious Bursal ( Gumboro ) Disease in Poultry Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Infectious Bursal ( Gumboro ) Disease in Poultry List signs and symptoms of Infectious Bursal ( Gumboro ) Disease in Poultry Describe pharmacological treatment of Infectious Bursal ( Gumboro ) Disease in Poultry Describe Control and Prevention of Infectious Bursal ( Gumboro ) Disease in Poultry Activity: Buzzing What is Infectious Bursal ( Gumboro ) Disease? ? Definition of Infectious Bursal ( Gumboro ) Disease in Poultry Infectious bursal disease also known as Gumboro disease, is an acute, contagious, viral disease of young chickens characterized by; Diarrhea Vent pecking Trembling Incoordination followed by atrophy of the Bursa of Fabricius and by a variable degree of immune suppression Definition of Infectious Bursal ( Gumboro ) Disease in Poultry Cont.…. The virus, belongs to the Birnaviridae family and is resistant to most disinfectants and environmental factors and persists for months in contaminated house, for weeks in water, feed and droppings The virus is shed in the feces and transferred by fomites (direct and indirect contact) Chickens at 3-6 weeks age are most susceptible and show clinical disease. The diseases is subclinical at younger age Signs and Symptoms of Infectious Bursal ( Gumboro ) Disease in Poultry The clinical signs include blood stained feces and straining Initially necropsy, the bursa may be twice as large as the normal size then it becomes atrophied and reddened haemorrhages may occur in thigh and pectoral muscles Loss of appetite and rapid sudden onset of water consumption may also occurs Watery droppings and ruffled feather may be observed Pharmacological Treatment of Infectious Bursal ( Gumboro ) Disease in Poultry No specific treatment available Drug & to protect from secondary bactiriae invasion may be given such as Chlortetracycline, 3-4 kg/tone of feed, i.e. 20-60 mg/kg 5-7 days Activity: Brainstorming • What are the prevention and control measures for Infectious Bursal ( Gumboro ) Disease ? Prevention and Control of Infectious Bursal ( Gumboro ) Disease in Poultry Depopulation and rigorous disinfection of contaminated farms Live vaccines of chick-embryo or cell-culture origin and of varying virulence can be administered by eye drop, drinking water, or SC routes at 1-21 days of age Vaccination of breeding flocks one or more times during the growing period, first with a live vaccine and again just before egg production with an oil- adjuvanted , inactivated vaccine Key Points Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is seen in domestic chickens worldwide IBD is caused by a birnavirus (infectious bursal disease virus; IBDV) that is most readily isolated from the bursa of Fabricius but may be isolated from other organs Chickens are most susceptible to clinical disease at 3–6 wk of age when immature B cells populate the bursa and maternal immunity has waned There is no treatment. Rigorous disinfection of contaminated farms after depopulation has achieved limited success. Evaluation What is Infectious Bursal ( Gumboro ) Disease? What are the common signs and symptoms Infectious Bursal ( Gumboro ) Disease? What is the pharmacological treatment of Infectious Bursal ( Gumboro ) Disease? What are the control measures against Infectious Bursal ( Gumboro ) Disease? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Infectious Coryza and Infectious Laryngotracheitis in Poultry Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 24 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 24: Pharmacotherapy of Infectious Coryza and Infectious Laryngotracheitis in Poultry Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Infectious Coryza and Infectious Laryngotracheitis in Poultry List signs and symptoms of Infectious Coryza and Infectious Laryngotracheitis in Poultry Describe pharmacological treatment of Infectious Coryza and Infectious Laryngotracheitis in Poultry Describe Control and Prevention of Infectious Coryza and Infectious Laryngotracheitis in Poultry Activity: Buzzing What is Infectious Coryza in Poultry ? Definition of Infectious Coryza and Infectious Laryngotracheitis in Poultry Infectious coryza is an acute respiratory disease of chickens caused by the bacterium Haemophilus paragallinarum ( gallinarum ) Chronically ill or healthy carrier birds are the reservoir of infection Transmission is by direct contact, airborne droplets, and by contamination of drinking water The disease may be complicated with Mycoplasma gallisepticum concurrent infection Signs and Symptoms of Infectious Coryza in Poultry The symptoms include oculonasal discharge, sneezing, conjunctivitis with some adherence of the eyelids, and swelling of the face under the eyes extending to the intermandibular space and wattles. Catarrhal inflammation of the nasal passages and sinuses and nasal discharge are observed at necropsy Pharmacological treatment of Infectious Coryza in Poultry Oxytetracycline (20%), 200g/100 liters of drinking water for 3-5 days, or Enrofloxacin , one liter suspension /1500-4000 liters of water for 3-5 days, or Sulfamethazine -trimethoprim, 1000 mg/L in drinkingwater or 2000g/ton for 3 days Sulphonamides are contraindicated in layers Activity: Brainstorming • What are the prevention and control measures against Infectious Coryza in Poultry? Prevention and control of Infectious Coryza in Poultry Depopulate and clean infected house before repopulating Medication combined with vaccination program in which starter pullets are to be reared or housed on infected premises Key Points Infectious coryza is an acute respiratory disease of chickens characterized by nasal discharge, sneezing, and swelling of the face under the eyes The causative bacterium is Avibacterium paragallinarum , a gram-negative, pleomorphic, nonmotile , catalase-negative Prevention is the only sound method of control. “All-in/all-out” farm programs with sound management and isolation methods are the best way to avoid infectious coryza Evaluation What is Infectious Coryza in Poultry? What are the common signs and symptoms of Infectious Coryza in Poultry? What is the pharmacological treatment of Infectious Coryza in Poultry? What are the control measures against Infectious Coryza in Poultry? REFER Students to Handout 24.1: For Pharmacotherapy of Laryngotracheitis in Poultry, References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260