Pharmaceutical Sciences Notes

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Newcastle Disease and Influenza in Poultry Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 25 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 25: Pharmacotherapy of Newcastle Disease and Influenza in Poultry Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Newcastle Disease and Influenza in Poultry List signs and symptoms of Newcastle Disease and Influenza in Poultry Describe pharmacological treatment of Newcastle Disease and Influenza in Poultry Describe Control and Prevention of Newcastle Disease and Influenza in Poultry Activity: Buzzing What is Newcastle Disease in Poultry ? Definition of Newcastle Disease and Influenza in Poultry Newcastle disease (NCD) is a contagious viral disease of poultry caused by a Paramyxovirus Three strains exist which are: Velogenic strain , which are highly pathogenic and easily transmitted Mesogenic strain, which show intermediate pathogenicity Lentogenic strain, which show low pathogenicity in chickens Signs and Symptoms of Newcastle Disease in Poultry The clinical symptoms of NCD may be; Neurotropic consisting of drooping wings, dragging legs, twisting of the head and neck, circling, depression, in appetence, and complete paralysis, OR Viscerotropic consisting of respiratory signs gasping, coughing, sneezing and rales with peracute disease watery-greenish diarrhea, and swelling of the tissues of the head and neck Onset is rapid, young chickens are more susceptible and show signs sooner than older ones Laying flocks may have partial or complete cessation of production and not recover. Newcastle disease in broiler Activity: Brainstorming • What are the prevention and control measures of Newcastle Disease in Poultry Treatment , Prevention and Control of Newcastle Disease in Poultry There is no specific treatment The disease is prevented by; Vaccination by Newcastle Vaccine Note: Control mycoplasma and other bacteria that may aggravate the vaccine reaction after spray administration Key Points Newcastle disease is an infection of domestic poultry and other bird species with virulent Newcastle disease virus Onset is rapid, and signs appear throughout the flock within 2–12 days (average 5) after aerosol exposure Live lentogenic vaccines, chiefly B1 and LaSota strains, are widely used and typically administered to poultry by mass application in drinking water or by spray Evaluation What is Newcastle Disease in Poultry? What are the common signs and symptoms of Newcastle Disease in Poultry? What is the pharmacological treatment of Newcastle Disease in Poultry? What are the control measures against Newcastle Disease in Poultry? REFER Students to Handout 25.1: For pharmacotherapy of Influenza in Poultry References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Mycoplasma Synoviae Infection and Staphylococcosis in Poultry Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 26 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 26: Pharmacotherapy of Mycoplasma Synoviae Infection and Staphylococcosis in Poultry Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Mycoplasma Synoviae Infection and Staphylococcosis in Poultry List signs and symptoms of Mycoplasma Synoviae Infection and Staphylococcosis in Poultry Describe pharmacological treatment of Mycoplasma Synoviae Infection and Staphylococcosis in Poultry Describe Control and Prevention of Mycoplasma Synoviae Infection and Staphylococcosis in Poultry Activity: Buzzing What is Mycoplasma Synoviae Infection in Poultry? Definition of Mycoplasma Synoviae Infection and Staphylococcosis in Poultry Infectious synovitis is an acute or chronic mycoplasmosis of chicken and turkeys caused by Mycoplasma synoviae , which is characterized by inflammation of synovial membranes, and usually, by exudates in the joints and tendon sheaths. Most outbreaks occur in young broiler chicken, though adults are also infected. Transovarian transmission is the most important route of infection Infection also spreads via the respiratory tract Signs and Symptoms of Mycoplasma Synoviae Infection in Poultry Lethargy whereby the affected birds lie on the floor Head parts are swollen the hocks or food pads are swollen At post mortem, the joints contain sticky, viscid, gray to yellow, characteristic exudates. Parenchymatous organs become swollen and diarrhea may occur Pharmacological treatment of Mycoplasma Synoviae Infection in Poultry Several drugs are used; but the most effective are the following Tylosin 100 g per 200 litres (0.05%) of drinking water for the first 3 days of life; repeated for 1 to 7 days every 5 weeks depending on the severity of the infection, or Erythromycin, 500mg/gallon of water, for 7 days, or Chlortetracycline, 20-60 mg/kg or 300-400 mg/ tonne of feed, for 5 days Activity: Brainstorming •What are the prevention and control measures against Mycoplasma Synoviae Infection in Poultry? Prevention and Control of Mycoplasma Synoviae Infection in Poultry Maintain seronegative stock, because the organism is transmitted via eggs. Eradication of this infection is also possible by purchase of uninfected chicks, all-in/all-out production, and biosecurity. In valuable breeding stock, treat eggs with tylosin or heat Key Points Infectious synovitis is an acute or chronic mycoplasmosis of chicken and turkeys caused by Mycoplasma synoviae The first signs of infectious synovitis include pale-bluish head parts and lameness in many birds with a tendency to sit The more severely affected birds are depressed and found resting around feeders and waterers Eradication of this infection is also possible by purshasing uninfected chicks, all-in/all-out production, and biosecurity Evaluation What is Mycoplasma Synoviae Infection in Poultry? What are the common signs and symptoms of Mycoplasma Synoviae Infection in Poultry? What is the pharmacological treatment of Mycoplasma Synoviae Infection in Poultry? What are the control measures against Mycoplasma Synoviae Infection in Poultry? REFER Students to Handout 26.1 : For pharmacotherapy of Staphylococcosis in poultry, References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Pullorum Disease and Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 27 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 27: Pharmacotherapy of Pullorum (Bacillary white diarrheal) Disease and Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Pullorum Disease and Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry List signs and symptoms of Pullorum Disease and Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry Describe pharmacological treatment of Pullorum Disease and Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry Describe Control and Prevention of Pullorum Disease and Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry Activity: Buzzing What is Pullorum Disease in Poultry? Definition of Pullorum and Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry Pollorum (Bacillary white diarrhea) is a bacterial disease caused by S. pullorum that usually cause high mortality in young chickens Infection is transmitted via egg or in the hatchery usually results in Death occurs during the first few days of life and up to 2-3 weeks of age. Signs and Symptoms of Pullorum in Poultry Affected birds huddle near a source of heat Do not eat Appear sleepy show whitish fecal matters Lesions in young birds usually include unabsorbed yolk sacs; focal necrosis of the liver and spleen; and grayish nodules in thelungs , heart, and gizzard Firm, cheesy material in the ceca and raised plaques in the mucosa of the lower intestine are sometimes seen Occasionally, synovitis is prominent Adult carriers usually have pericarditis, peritonitis, or distorted ovarian follicles with coagulated contents Activity: Brainstorming • What are the preventive and control measures against Pullorum Disease in Poultry? Treatment, Prevention and Control of Pullorum in Poultry Treatment Antibacterial treatment helps to reduce mortality and treated chicken remain carriers Furazolidone 0.022% in feed is effective Treatment, Prevention and Control of Pullorum in Poultry Cont.…. Breeding stock should be free from infection Control is based on routine serologic testing of breeding stock to assure freedom from infection In addition, management and biosecurity measures should be taken to reduce the introduction of S Pullorum from feed, water, wild birds, rodents, insects, or people Birds should be purchased from sources free of S Pullorum Treatment, Prevention and Control of Pullorum in Poultry Cont.…. Incubator and all associated equipment prior to use should be disinfected Exposure to environments contaminated by rodent or wild bird feces should be minimised Good insect control is essential Dead animal carcasses should be properly disposed and birds should not be allowed to come into contact with dead or decaying animals Key Points Infections with Salmonella Pullorum usually cause very high mortality (potentially approaching 100%) in young chickens and turkeys within the first 2–3 wk of age Affected birds huddle near a heat source, are anorectic, appear weak, and have whitish fecal pasting around the vent ( diarrhea ) Control is based on routine serologic testing of breeding stock to assure freedom from infection Evaluation What is Pullorum Disease in Poultry? What are the common signs and symptoms of Pullorum in Poultry? What is the pharmacological treatment of Pullorum in Poultry? What are the control measures against Pullorum in Poultry? REFER Students to Handout 27.1: For pharmacotherapy of Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry, Pharmacotherapy of Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Aflatoxicosis in Poultry Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 28 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 28: Pharmacotherapy of Aflatoxicosis in Poultry Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Aflatoxicosis in Poultry List signs and symptoms of Aflatoxicosis in Poultry Describe pharmacological treatment Aflatoxicosis in Poultry Describe Control and Prevention of Aflatoxicosis in Poultry Activity: Buzzing What is Aflatoxicosis in Poultry ? Definition of Aflatoxicosis in Poultry Aflatoxins are highly toxic, carcinogenic fungal metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus , A. parasiticus , and others Aflatoxicosis in poultry primarily affects the liver, but immunologic, digestive, and hematopoietic functions may be involved Weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion efficiency, pigmentation, processing yield, egg production, male and female fertility, and hatchability may be affected Some effects are a direct result of intoxication, while others are related indirectly to factors such as reduced feed intake Susceptibility varies, but in general, chickens, ducklings, turkeys, and pheasants are susceptible Signs and Symptoms of Aflatoxicosis in Poultry Unthriftiness to high morbidity and mortality The liver may be acutely reddened due to necrosis and congestion or yellow discolouration due to lipid accumulation; it may have hemorrhages of various sizes and patterns In chronic aflatoxicosis , the liver may be discolored yellow to gray and atrophied. Although the aflatoxins are carcinogenic, tumor formation is rare with the natural disease, probably because the birds do not live long enough for this to occur. A more typical gross finding is the yellowish to yellow-earth colour of the liver, the multiple haemorrhages and a characteristic reticular appearance of the capsular surface in Aflatoxicosis . Activity: Brainstorming What are the prevention and control measures against Aflatoxicosis in Poultry ? Treatment, Prevention and Control of Aflatoxicosis in Poultry There is no specific pharmacological treatment Toxic feed should be removed and replaced with unadulterated feed. Concurrent diseases (parasitic, infectious, and nutritional) should be treated to alleviate additive or synergistic disease interactions, and substandard management practices corrected In individual birds, give activated charcoal in the feed Treatment, Prevention and Control of Aflatoxicosis in Poultry Inspect feed mills regularly and clean any feed residues Poultry houses should have sufficient ventilation to avoid high relative humidity Antifungal agents such as organic acids (propionic acid 0.5-1.5 g/kg) are effective inhibitors Key Points Aflatoxins are very toxic and carcinogenic mycotoxins, produced by moulds of the Aspergillus and Penicillium genera Aflatoxicosis is associated with grains and other feed sources such as maize, soyabeans , peanuts and millet The liver is most affected and toxicity can result in severe liver necrosis Good hygiene and the regular cleaning of storage bins, silos and feeding equipment are extremely important Control is best achieved by the avoidance of contaminated feeds Evaluation What are the common signs and symptoms Aflatoxicosis in Poultry? What is the pharmacological treatment of Aflatoxicosis in Poultry? What are the control measures against Aflatoxicosis in Poultry? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Ulcerative Enteritis in Poultry Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 29 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 29: Pharmacotherapy of Ulcerative Enteritis in Poultry Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry List signs and symptoms of Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry Describe pharmacological treatment of Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry Describe Control and Prevention of Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry Activity: Buzzing What is Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry? Definition of Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry Ulcerative enteritis is an acute bacterial infection in young chickens, poults and game birds characterized by sudden onset and rapidly increasing mortality It is caused by Clostridium colinum Outbreaks of the disease occur following coccidiosis, aplastic anemia, and infectious bursal disease or stress conditions It is transmitted through droppings and birds are infected by feeding or via drinking water Signs and Symptoms of Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry Infected birds become listless and humped up, with eyes partly closed, and feathers dull and ruffled The lesions include hemorrhagic enteritis in duodenum followed by necrosis and ulcerations The livers vary from light yellow to large, irregular yellow areas along the edges Pharmacological Treatment of Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry Streptomycin 60g/ton of feed or 1 g/gal in water Furazolidone (0.02%) in the feed Activity: Brainstorming What are the prevention and control measures against Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry? Prevention and Control of Ulcerative Enteritis in Poultry Streptomycin , 0.006% in feed Remove contaminated droppings and disinfect the house Avoid stress Earlier treatment is advisable Key Points Ulcerative enteritis (UE) is an inflammation of the digestive tract, caused by the Clostridium colinum bacterium Birds that develop chronic ulcerative enteritis or that have recovered from the disease remain carriers Prevention involves prompt removal of sick and dead birds Total clean up between flocks, pest control in and around the premises, and periodic treatment of watering systems with innocuous chemicals that dissolve mineral and or biofilm build-up are good preventive measures Evaluation What are the common signs and symptoms of Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry? What is the pharmacological treatment of Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry? What are the control measures against Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Tuberculosis and Ectoparasite Infections in Poultry Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 30 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 30: Pharmacotherapy of Tuberculosis and Ectoparasites Infections in Poultry Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Tuberculosis and Ectoparasites in Poultry List signs and symptoms of Tuberculosis and Ectoparasites in Poultry Describe pharmacological treatment of Tuberculosis and Ectoparasites in Poultry Describe Control and Prevention of Tuberculosis and Ectoparasites in Poultry Activity: Buzzing • What is Tuberculosis in Poultry? Definition of Tuberculosis in Poultry Tuberculosis is a slowly spreading, chronic, granulomatous bacterial infection, characterized by gradual weight loss Mycobacterium avium serovars 1 and 2 are the usual causes Infected birds excrete the organism in their feces Cadavers and offal may infect predators and cannibalistic flockmates Signs and Symptoms of Tuberculosis in Poultry Signs usually develop late in the infection when birds become thin and sluggish, and lameness may be seen In chickens, granulomatous nodules of varying size are usually found in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and intestine Pharmacological Treatment of Tuberculosis in Poultry Antituberculosis drugs are not often used to treat chicken. Isoniazid 30 mg/kg plus Ethambutol 30 mg/kg plus rifampin 45 mg/kg, PO, for 18 months are effective for the treatment of exotic birds Activity: Brainstorming What are the prevention and control measures against Tuberculosis in Poultry?? Prevention and Control of Tuberculosis in Poultry Depopulation and good biosecurity practices including rodent control and screening Addition of exotic birds to an exhibit should originate from a closed collection with no history of tuberculosis, ie , tuberculosis has not been reported previously or diagnosed on necropsy during the past 5 years If no history is available, the birds should be quarantined or maintained in a separate exhibit away from the bird aviary Prevention and Control of Tuberculosis in Poultry Cont.…. Therefore, it is recommended that endangered and valuable species be housed in individual exhibits to prevent transmission which is through ingestion of food or water contaminated with M. avium ss , i.e , feces from contagious birds Infected poultry should be destroyed, and housing facilities thoroughly cleaned and disinfected using cresylic compounds Key Points Avian tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease characterized by the formation of granulomatous lesions in viscera, a progressive weight loss and death The aetiological agent is Mycobacterium avium , a very resilient and acid-resistant micro¬organism Improved general sanitation has largely eliminated this infection Evaluation What is Tuberculosis in Poultry? What are the common signs and symptoms of Tuberculosis in Poultry? What is the pharmacological treatment of Tuberculosis in Poultry? What are the control measures against Tuberculosis in Poultry? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Swine Dysentery Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 32 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 32: Pharmacotherapy of Swine Dysentery Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define swine dysentery List signs and symptoms of swine dysentery Describe pharmacological treatment of swine dysentery Describe control and prevention of swine dysentery Activity: Buzzing What is Swine Dysentery? Definition of Swine Dysentery A contagious disease of pig caused by Treponema characterized by mucohemorrhagic diarrhoea affecting the large intestine The transmission occurs through ingestion of contaminated food Signs and Symptoms of Swine Dysentery The acute form of the disease is characterized by severe and often fatal bloody diarrheal. Affected pigs may be wobbly in the hindquarters and show evidence of abdominal pain, such as stretching and kicking at the belly The faeces may be red, resembling tomato ketchup, or may have a black, tarry appearance. Death usually results from dehydration caused by severe diarrheal Pharmacological treatment of Swine Dysentery Lincomycin hydrochloride 10-15 mg/kg, IM, q 12 h for 3 days, or Tylosin 8.8 mg/kg, IM, q 24 h for 3 days Activity: Brainstorming What are the prevention and control measures for Swine Dysentery? Prevention and Control of Swine Dysentery Optimizing sanitation by maintaining pigs on concrete floors that are washed down daily. Adhering to a rodent control program using a professional exterminator Segregating affected pigs in a sick pen, away from healthy pigs, and culling poor-doers Medicating water and/or feed with antimicrobials Stringent sanitation of the premises Vaccination for prevention of swine dysentery may represent a viable alternative; however, the effectiveness of commercially available vaccines appears to be less than optimal Prevention and Control of Swine Dysentery Cont.…. Develop an all-in all-out housing system with disinfection. Slurry channels should be separate Where solid dung passages are used it may be necessary to depopulate the whole house, clean and disinfect and bring in new pigs at weaning time that have not been contaminated Control flies, they can transmit the organism from one group of pigs to another Reduce the movement and handling of pigs to as little as possible particularly at weighing time when transfer of faeces is likely to take place and stress is likely to cause clinical flare ups Do not overcrowd pigs and endeavour to keep a dry environment; the organism will die out quickly on drying. Poor sanitation and wet pens enhance the disease Key Points Swine dysentery (SD), which is caused by a small snake-like bacteria called Brachyspira hyodysenteriae can be one of the most expensive diseases of the growing pig The early symptom is sloppy diarrhoea, which stains the skin of the perineum under the anus, and a rapid hollowing of the flanks In infected herds control is aimed at preventing the movement of the organism between groups of pigs Evaluation What is Swine Dysentery? What are the common signs and symptoms of Swine Dysentery? What is the pharmacological treatment of Swine Dysentery? What are the control measures against Swine Dysentery? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Swine Influenza Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 33 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 33: Pharmacotherapy of Swine Influenza Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define swine influenza List signs and symptoms of swine influenza Describe pharmacological treatment of swine influenza Describe control and prevention of swine influenza Activity: Buzzing What is Swine Influenza? Definition of Swine Influenza Swine influenza is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza viruses that regularly cause outbreaks of influenza in pigs Influenza viruses that commonly circulate in swine are called “swine influenza viruses” or “swine flu viruses.” Like human influenza viruses, there are different subtypes and strains of swine influenza viruses The main swine influenza viruses are; swine triple reassortant (tr) H1N1 influenza virus trH 3 N 2 virus trH 1 N 2 virus Signs and Symptoms of Swine Influenza Fever Depression Coughing (barking) Discharge from the nose or eyes Sneezing Breathing difficulties Eye redness or inflammation, and going off feed Some pigs infected with influenza, however, may show no signs of illness at all Activity: Brainstorming What are the preventive and control measures for Swine dysentery ? Treatment, Prevention and Control of Swine Influenza There is no specific treatment, although antimicrobials may reduce secondary bacterial infections Vaccination and strict import controls are the only specific preventive and control measures Good management practices and freedom from stress, particularly due to crowding and dust, help to reduce losses. Key Points Swine influenza is a highly contagious viral infection of pigs Swine influenza is caused by influenza A viruses in the family Orthomyxoviridae It is characterised by fever, lethargy, anorexia, weight loss, nasal discharge, laboured breathing, coughing, sneezing, and nasal discharge An effective immunisation programme will likely need to induce protection against both H 1 and H 3 subtypes Evaluation What is Swine Influenza? What are the common signs and symptoms of Swine Influenza? What is the pharmacological treatment of Swine Influenza? What are the control measures against Swine Influenza? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Aspergillosis, Campylobacteriosis and Amoebiasis in Dogs Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 34 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 34: Pharmacotherapy of Aspergillosis, Campylobacteriosis, and Amoebiasis in Dogs Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define aspergillosis , campylobacteriosis and amebiasis in dogs List signs and symptoms of aspergillosis , campylobacteriosis and amebiasis in dogs Describe pharmacological treatment of aspergillosis , campylobacteriosis and amebiasis in dogs Describe control and prevention of aspergillosis , campylobacteriosis andamebiasis in dogs Activity: Buzzing What is Aspergillosis in Dog? Definition of Aspergillosis in Dogs Aspergillosis is caused by a number of Aspergillus spp , especially A . fumigatus . It is primarily a respiratory infection that may become generalized. Nasal and paranasal tissues of dogs are most commonly infected Sign And Symptoms Of Aspergillosis In Dogs Lethargy Nasal pain Ulceration of the nares, sneezing, unilateral or bilateral sanguinopurulent nasal discharge, frontal sinus osteomyelitis, and epistaxis Lesions may involve the eyes A layer of gray-black necrotic material and fungal growth may cover the mucosa of the nasal and paranasal sinuses Pharmacological Treatment of Aspergillosis in Dog Griseofulvin 15-20 mg/kg, PO with fatty food, q 24 h for 7-14 days, or Ketoconazole 15 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h for dogs and 10 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h to cats for 6-8 wk Activity: Brainstorming What are the prevention and control measures for Aspergillosis in Dog? Prevention and Control of Aspergillosis in Dog General good health will help ensure a strong healthy immune system to ward off this opportunistic disease Keeping dogs indoors may be helpful, as it will limit access to grass clippings, hay, straw, and other substances where the Aspergillus fungus can be found Dogs with the nasal version should be monitored for reduced nasal discharge, while those with disseminated disease need to be monitored with urine analysis and via X-ray every one to two months Key Points Aspergillosis is an infection, growth, or allergic response caused by the Aspergillus fungus This fungus grows on dead leaves, stored grain, compost piles, or other decaying vegetation Treatment varies depending on whether the disease is nasal or disseminated Evaluation What is Aspergillosis in Dog? What are the common signs and symptoms of Aspergillosis in Dog? What is the pharmacological treatment of Aspergillosis in Dog? What are the control measures against Aspergillosis in Dog? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260