Pharmacotherapy of Aflatoxicosis in Poultry
PST 06107
Basic Veterinary Pharmacology
Session 28: Pharmacotherapy of Aflatoxicosis in Poultry
Learning Tasks
By
the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
Define
Aflatoxicosis
in Poultry
List signs and symptoms of
Aflatoxicosis
in Poultry
Describe pharmacological treatment
Aflatoxicosis
in Poultry
Describe Control and Prevention of
Aflatoxicosis
in Poultry
Activity: Buzzing
What
is Aflatoxicosis in
Poultry
?
Definition of Aflatoxicosis in Poultry
Aflatoxins
are highly toxic, carcinogenic fungal metabolites produced by
Aspergillus
flavus
, A.
parasiticus
, and others
Aflatoxicosis in poultry primarily affects the liver, but immunologic, digestive, and hematopoietic functions may be involved
Weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion efficiency, pigmentation, processing yield, egg production, male and female fertility, and hatchability may be affected
Some effects are a direct result of intoxication, while others are related indirectly to factors such as reduced feed intake
Susceptibility varies, but in general, chickens, ducklings, turkeys, and pheasants are susceptible
Signs and Symptoms of Aflatoxicosis in Poultry
Unthriftiness
to high morbidity and mortality
The liver may be acutely reddened due to necrosis and congestion or yellow
discolouration
due to lipid accumulation; it may have hemorrhages of various sizes and patterns
In chronic
aflatoxicosis
, the liver may be discolored yellow to gray and atrophied.
Although the
aflatoxins
are carcinogenic, tumor formation is rare with the natural disease, probably because the birds do not live long enough for this to occur.
A
more typical gross finding is the yellowish to yellow-earth colour of the liver, the multiple haemorrhages and a characteristic reticular appearance of the capsular surface in
Aflatoxicosis
.
Activity:
Brainstorming
What
are the
prevention and control measures against Aflatoxicosis in
Poultry ?
Treatment, Prevention and Control of Aflatoxicosis in Poultry
There is no specific pharmacological treatment
Toxic feed should be removed and replaced with unadulterated feed.
Concurrent diseases (parasitic, infectious, and nutritional) should be treated to alleviate additive or synergistic disease interactions, and substandard management practices corrected
In individual birds, give activated charcoal in the feed
Treatment, Prevention and Control of Aflatoxicosis in Poultry
Inspect feed mills regularly and clean any feed residues
Poultry houses should have sufficient ventilation to avoid high relative humidity
Key Points
Aflatoxins
are very toxic and carcinogenic mycotoxins, produced by moulds of the Aspergillus and
Penicillium
genera
Aflatoxicosis is associated with grains and other feed sources such as maize,
soyabeans
, peanuts and millet
The liver is most affected and toxicity can result in severe liver necrosis
Good hygiene and the regular cleaning of storage bins, silos and feeding equipment are extremely important
Control is best achieved by the avoidance of contaminated feeds
Evaluation
What
are the common signs and symptoms Aflatoxicosis in Poultry?
What is the pharmacological treatment of Aflatoxicosis in Poultry?
What are the control measures against Aflatoxicosis in Poultry?
References
Riviere
J. E.,
Papich
M. G. (2009).
Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics
(9
th
Ed) Iowa, Wiley-
Blackwel
Publishers
Hsu
W. H. (2008).
Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology
(1
st
Ed) Iowa, Wiley-
Blackwel
Publishers
Kuafmann
J, (1996).
Parasitic infections of domestic animals
, (2
nd
ed
).Berlin,
Birkhäuser
Verlag
Press
Hoare
E. W. (2013).
A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology
(2
nd
ed
),New
York, Forgotten Books
Press
Maddison
. J. (
ed
) (2008).
Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology
, (2nd
ed
). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited
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