Pharmaceutical Sciences Notes

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06101 Leadership Theories Leadership and Management • Source Session/Topic 2 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 2: Leadership Theories Total Session Time: 120 minutes + Assignment Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Describe leadership theories • List leadership styles derived from leadership theory • Explain the importance of maturity in leadership • Explain leadership challenges encountered by pharmaceutical staff. Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer • Handout 2.1: Leadership Styles SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 05 minutes Presentation 2 Leadership Theories Definition Buzzing 3 40 minutes Presentation Description of Leadership Theories 4 30 minutes Presentation Leadership Styles Derived from Theories 25 minutes Presentation 5 Small Group Leadership Challenges Discussion 6 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 7 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation 8 05 minutes Presentation Take home Assignment PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 9 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of terms (10 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes • What is theory? ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points not mentioned WRITE their response on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below • A theory is ―a formal statement of rule or ideas which are suggested to explain a fact, event.‖ Or • Is a formal set of ideas that is intended to explain reasons of what makes something happen or exist. STEP 3: Leadership Theories (40 minutes) • Early Leadership Theories/Old Leadership theories o Two early leadership theories are the situational leadership theory and the contingency theory, in which the organizational environment is considered a major factor in leader effectiveness • The situational leadership theory suggests that leaders assume a variety of differ- ent roles depending on the situations with which they are faced. • The contingency theory o Both the situational leadership theory and the contingency theory, involve examining the employee‘s perception of the complexity of the task, which then leads to the relationship the leader must assume; that is, the relationship between the leader and the employee is contingent on the complexity of the task. • Contemporary theories/Modern theories o Two Contemporary leadership theories are the transformational leadership theory and the theory of emotional intelligence o Transformational leadership is a process through which individuals are transformed and changed. PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 10 o Emotional intelligence (EI) leadership theory, this concept merits some elucidation as it relates to leadership. Goleman and others describe EI as the ―emotional needs, drives and true values of a person.‖ • Whereas many theories help an individual understand how to lead, there remain styles of leadership that a person can adopt to influence the actions and behaviors of others. Many of the theories discussed earlier describe some form of leadership behavior. The work of Goleman in EI provides a nice framework for describing various leadership styles. Refer students to Handout 2.1: Theories resulting leadership styles. STEP 4: Leadership Styles Derived from Leadership Theories (30 minutes) Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 30 minutes) DIVIDE students into small manageable groups ASK students to discuss on the following question • What are the Leadership Styles? ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below • In Leadership That Gets Results, Goleman (2000) describes the six leadership styles and provides empirical data showing the correlation between leadership style and overall organizational climate. • The data suggest that the authoritative style has the overall most positive effect, with the affiliative, coaching, and democratic styles also positive, with little distinction among these three. • Conversely, the coercive and pacesetting styles have, in the long run, a negative impact on organizational culture and climate. • Goleman cautions that no particular style should be used exclusively, and each has at least a short-term use. Affiliative Style o The affiliative style creates harmony and builds emotional bonds. This style primarily uses the external EIs of social awareness and social skill Authoritative Style PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 11 o The authoritative style, although sounding ―bossy,‖ is one of the most positive styles a leader can employ. It is characterized by the self-awareness, social awareness, and social skill Laissez Faire or Free-rein Leadership o Leader leaves it to the subordinates to decide and control them believing that they are competent and motivated. He believes that people will perform better if they are left free to make and enforce their own decision. This style of leadership may be successful where the subordinates are highly competent and fully dedicated to the organization. Bureaucratic Leadership o A bureaucratic leader depends upon rules and regulations developed by him. The rules specify the function and duties of every member of the organization. Such a rule-centered leadership often results in red-tape and inefficiency. Coaching Style o Similar to the authoritative style, the coaching style uses the EIs of self-awareness, social awareness, and social skill. The focus of the coaching style is to help employees improve performance over the long term. Coercive Style o This style is primarily associated with leaders displaying a strong sense of self- management, but focusing little on others. Democratic Style o Democrats are participative consensus developers. They work primarily under the participative management style. Pacesetting Style

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06101 Leadership Attributes in Provision of Pharmaceutical Services Leadership and Management • Source Session/Topic 3 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 3: Leadership Attributes in Provision of Pharmaceutical Services Total Session Time: 120 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define leadership attributes • Identify leadership attributes • Describe the link between leadership attribute in provision of pharmaceutical services. • Explain leadership attributes Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer • Note books and Pens SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 05 minutes Presentation 2 Definition of Leadership Attributes. Brainstorming 30 minutes Presentation and 3 Leadership Attributes Buzzing 30 minutes Presentation Linkage of Leadership Attributes and 4 Pharmaceutical Service Provision 30 minutes Presentation 5 Small Group Leadership Attributes Discussion 10 minutes Presentation Challenging Leadership Attributes 6 Experienced at Pharmaceutical Services 7 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 8 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 17 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of Terms (5 minutes) Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) ASK students to brainstorm on following question: • What is leadership attributes? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • Attributes are qualities, talents, capabilities, abilities, characteristics, etc. • Leadership attributes are all qualities of a leader which enables him to perform his roles may be similar to others or different from others. The qualities of a leader are the ones which differentiate between one leader and the other. STEP 3: Leadership Attributes (10 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) Ask student to buzz on the following: • What are attributes of good leader? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below The following are the attributes of a good leader; • Humble • Honest • Competent • Dearing PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 18 • Initiative • Loyal • Supportive • Intelligent • Ambitious • Mature • Open minded • Independent • Inspiring • Mobilizer of resources • Uniting a team • Innovative STEP 4: Linkage of leadership Attributes and Pharmaceutical Service Provision (20 minutes) • A broad minded leader at pharmaceutical will plan to improve client services by coaching and mentoring his staff to provide clear clarification of medication prescribed to clients • The inspiring leader will link services provided at pharmaceutical with clients want to be inspired by service providers like attracting them in many ways example language used, cleanliness of the environment and packaging of drugs • Generally, positive application of leadership attributes at pharmaceutical area will have a significant link with services delivered to clients and if done applied in a wrong way it will affect pharmaceutical services. STEP 5: Leadership Attributes Practiced at Pharmaceutical (20 minutes) Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 20 minutes) DIVIDE students into small manageable groups ASK students to discuss on the following question • What are leadership attributes necessary to pharmacy practice? ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below: • Humbleness attributes should be practiced at pharmaceutical services. • Honest attribute should be practiced by pharmaceutical staff • Pharmaceutical staff should demonstrate competency attributes • Pharmaceutical attribute should initiate issues in their working environment. PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 19 • Loyalty attribute should be with pharmaceutical staff. • Pharmaceutical should be supportive to themselves as well as to clients • Maturity attributes should be demonstrated by pharmaceutical staff to make decision and to think big to improve the services. • The staff should mobilizer resources used at pharmaceutical and in the health sector. • The staff should encourage team work to raise productivity at pharmaceutical unit • They should take innovative to address challenges persisting at pharmaceutical unit STEP 6: Challenges of Leadership Attributes Experienced at Pharmacy Services (10 minutes) • Inadequate space in pharmacy area • Inadequate resources to enable leaders implement pharmaceutical planned services • Inadequate skilled personnel in leadership as well in pharmaceutical services • Inadequate motivation attributes to some pharmaceutical leaders STEP 7: Key Points (5 minutes) • Attributes are qualities possessed by leaders • Not all qualities are practiced at pharmaceutical services • The right application of attributes of leaders at pharmaceutical unit has a significant link with customer handling STEP 8: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What are leadership attributes? • Is there any link between leadership attributes and pharmaceutical services? • Does all pharmaceutical staff possess all leadership attributes? • What are the challenges of leadership attributes in pharmaceutical services? PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 20 References Peterson A.M, Kelly N.W (2014); Leadership and management in pharmacy practice, 2nd edition, CRC press Cole, G. A (2000) Management Theory and Practice, 6th Edition: Continuum Marquis, B. L and Huston, C. J (1996) Leadership Roles and Management Functions in Nursing – Theory and Application, 2nd Edition: Lippincott, Philadelphia. Graham, H. T. and Bennett, R. (1998). Human resources management. London: Pitman. Heller, R. and Hindle, T. (1998). Essential managers manual. London: Dorling Kindersley. Mashimi J B. (2006). Uongozi na Utawala Bora na maendeleo ya Afrika. Business Image Graphic & Promotions. Saleemi N.A. and Bogonko J. B. (1997). Management (Principles and Practice) Simplified. N. A. Saleemi Publishers. PST

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06101 Management Concepts Leadership and Management • Source Session/Topic 4 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 4: Management Concepts Total Session Time: 120 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define management • Describe management concept • Reasons for Managers to Study Management Concepts and Management Theories Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer • Note books and Pens SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 10 minutes Presentation 2 Definition of Management Buzzing 3 40 minutes Presentation Management Concept 40 minutes Presentation Reasons for Managers to Study Management 4 Small Group Concepts and Management Theories discussion 20 minutes Presentation 5 Key Points 6 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 22 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (05 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of Terms (05 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) Ask students to pair and buzz in 3 minutes on the following: • What is management? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • Definition of terms o Management is the process of making things done through people to meet organizational objectives. In that process a number of resources like time, human resource, funds, materials and others will be used. Among of those resources human resource is the master of all or management is the best use of resources to realize result. o A manager is a person who is vested a role of ensuring things are happening as planned and to realize results or meeting organizational goal. Or a manager is a person who makes best use of resources to meet set goals. o Process is a series of events taking place and mainly is ongoing occurrences. STEP 3: Management Concept (40 minutes) • The practice of management is key to the successful performance of professional responsibilities. Managing people, information, and systems allows the creation of an environment suitable to carry out the mission of providing pharmaceutical care. PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 23 • Often considered a second-rate subject by pharmacists, management is considered by students to be less important than traditional topics such as pharmacology or pharmacotherapeutics. • However, without the organizational structures and wherewithal of management, it would not be possible to carry out professional duties. Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 30 minutes) DIVIDE students into small manageable groups ASK students to discuss on the following question • What is management concept? ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below • The concept is an organized ideas related to organizational management. It may be of Management theories which as well are divided into old and modern theories. • The old theories are those which tell the foundation of management like Max Weber with Bureaucratic Management and • Modern theories like System Theory of Organization. The modern theories were the improvement of the old ones. Or • Model which represents ideas in a systematic way to lead ending in meaningful message. Example of a management model is Leadership and Management Conceptual Model PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 24 Fig. 4.1: Leadership and Management Conceptual Model Management Sciences for Health, 2005 By careful observing the model it shows key functions played by leaders and managers which all ends in improving services to respective organizations. STEP 4: Reasons for Managers to Study Management and Management Theories (20 minutes) Reasons for managers to study management and management theories • Updating managers understanding to management concepts and management theories • Gives them room to merge the theories and working environment • For those who will have time, they may conduct operational research to critique the theories; example Theory X by Mc Gregory advocates that people dislike work if you want them to work they should be controlled and there after reach conclusion. • Generally, the theories guide managers to improve thinking abilities related to institutional challenges. STEP 5: Key Points (05 minutes) • Management is the best use of resources to realize result • a manager is a person who makes best use of resources to meet set goals. • The concept is an organized ideas related to organizational management • Management history started way back during industrial revolution • The theories have both shortcomings and benefits to date. STEP 6: Evaluation (05 minutes) • What is management? • Who is a manager? • What are the shortcomings of old management theories? • What are the benefits of management theories? PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 25 References Peterson A.M, Kelly N.W (2014); Leadership and management in pharmacy practice, 2nd edition, CRC press Cole, G. A (2000) Management Theory and Practice, 6th Edition: Continuum Marquis, B. L and Huston, C. J (1996) Leadership Roles and Management Functions in Nursing – Theory and Application, 2nd Edition: Lippincott, Philadelphia. Graham, H. T. and Bennett, R. (1998). Human resources management. London: Pitman. Heller, R. and Hindle, T. (1998). Essential managers manual. London: Dorling Kindersley. Mashimi J B. (2006). Uongozi na Utawala Bora na maendeleo ya Afrika. Business Image Graphic & Promotions. Saleemi N.A. and Bogonko J. B. (1997). Management (Principles and Practice) Simplified. N. A. Saleemi Publishers. PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 26 ← Previous

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06101 Management Theories Leadership and Management • Source Session/Topic 5 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 5: Management Theories Total Session Time: 120 minutes Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define the term theory • List management theories • Explain management theories Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer • Note books and Pens SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 10 minutes Presentation 2 Definition of Theory Buzzing 15 minutes Presentation 3 Small Group Management Theories Discussion 4 40 minutes Presentation Explanation of Management Theories 30 minutes Presentation 5 The Role of Theories to Managers Brainstorming 6 10 minutes Presentation Key Points 7 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 27 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (05 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of Terms (10 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) Ask student to pair and buzz in 3 minutes on the following: • What are Theory and Management theories? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • A theory is a set of ideas expresses certain facts. • Management theories are set ideas referring to management issues occurring to organizations. • The theory of management takes a variety of forms, following are few o Classical management  Deals with the traditional five responsibilities of a manager: planning, organizing, directing, coordinating, and controlling. This is coupled with the science of management, which deals with studying the impact of people and systems on productivity, or output o Behavioral management  Deals with organizational and individual responses to situations. Instead of considering workers as machines and attempting to improve productivity through improving processes, behavioral management looks at environmental, interpersonal, and group interactions and their impacts on productivity. Systems management involves taking a holistic approach to all aspects involved in the process of producing a product or a service. This theory not only looks at processes and human or environmental influences but also focuses on interactions and how they affect the organization o Systems theory of management PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 28  Systems theory provides a model in which a manager can understand the interactions among various components of an organization STEP 3: Management Theories (40 minutes) Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 20 minutes) DIVIDE students into small manageable groups ASK students to discuss on the following question • What are the management theories? ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below The following are few selected theories of management Classical theory of management • Henri Fayol believed that management was a process consisting of five different functions. He saw a manager‘s job to include the processes of planning, organizing, directing, coordinating, and controlling. These five functions are part of classical management theory and are at present important components in the daily functions of a manager. o Planning The planning process is designed to help the organization minimize uncertainty in the future. Planning helps determine future success as well as anticipate potential pitfalls o Organizing Organizing is the second function of a manager. It encompasses assigning responsibilities to employees and determining how and when things are to be accomplished. One of the primary organizing functions is to determine the organizational chart. o Directing One of the most important functions of a manager is directing — leading, delegating, and motivating employees to accomplish their jobs. This function relies primarily on the interpersonal skills of a manager because directing involves dealing with people o Controlling The controlling function of a manager is regulatory in nature, by which the manager assures that the functions of the department are progressing in accordance with predefined plans. Behavioral theory of management • Also known as human relations theory, behavioral theory developed as a consequence of the application of the scientific theory. PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 29 • In the late 1920s, Elton Mayo conducted individual productivity experiments at the Hawthorne Works plant of the Western Electric Company (Reshef, Elton Mayo & the Human Relations Movement). By varying environmental conditions such as lighting, rest breaks, and lengths of workdays, Mayo attempted to determine which conditions were conducive to the most efficient productivity. Systems theory of management • Systems theory provides a model in which a manager can understand the interactions among various components of an organization. • In contrast to scientific management which analyzes processes by breaking them into smaller parts, systems theory contends that the product of a system is due to the interactions of its parts — if the parts are separated, the system no longer produces the desired output. • Systems theory takes a holistic approach instead of an analytical approach to better understand the factors affecting the desired output. STEP 5: Role of Theories to Managers (30 minutes) • The theories guide managers to organize way of thinking to address organizational challenges example when practicing OPRAS in assigning work and evaluating performance we are applying the theory of peace work to raise institutional productivity through each organizational staff. • Documentation and record keeping when are maintained in offices is the application of Max Weber‘s principle of keeping all office correspondence for future reference. • Trait theory as well guides managers on how to make use staff talents as people differs in

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06101 Management Roles to Pharmaceutical Services Leadership and Management • Source Session/Topic 6 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 6: Management Roles to Pharmaceutical Services Total Session Time: 120 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • List roles of management to pharmaceutical services in the health service delivery. • Identify management challenges in pharmaceutical health delivery • Explain roles of a manager at pharmaceutical unit in the health service delivery • Enumerate duties of pharmaceutical staff to clients. • Explain responsibilities of pharmaceutical clients Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer • Note books and Pens SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 15 minutes Presentation Roles of Managers and Roles of 2 Buzzing Pharmaceutical 3 25 minutes Presentation Roles of Managers to Pharmaceutical Services 4 30 minutes Presentation Roles of Managers at Pharmaceutical Unit 30 minutes Presentation and 5 Duties of Pharmaceutical Staff to Clients Brainstorming 6 25 minutes Presentation Responsibilities of Pharmaceutical Clients 7 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 8 5 minutes Presentation Evaluation PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 32 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of Terms (5 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) Ask students to pair and buzz on the following: • What is pharmaceutical client? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • A role is a responsibility vested to a person by nature of his position. • Pharmaceutical is a unit dealing with pharmaceutical services • Pharmaceutical client are all clients served by pharmaceutical service providers. STEP 3: Roles of a Manager to Pharmaceutical Services (20 minutes) • The key responsible areas for a director or manager of a pharmacy are as follows: o Safe and effective drug use control—Are drugs secure, in-date, and available when needed? o People—do you have the right people in the right positions? o Productivity—Are people being used effectively and efficiently? o Fiscal resources/budget management—Are you spending too much? Too little? o Compliance—are you practicing consistently with applicable laws, rules, regulations, standards, and guidelines? o Vigilance—Do you know what is going on in your area? Learn to manage by walking around. • Managing in Pharmacy o Managers must have a strong commitment to patient care. o Managers must design systems that achieve comprehensive drug-use control and appropriate drug therapy outcomes. o A departmental organizational structure should recognize, empower, and encourage the growth of practitioners and practice leaders. PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 33 o The department‘s culture must reward innovation, nurture human interaction, and result in a thoughtful, creative vision. STEP 4: Roles of Managers at Pharmaceutical Unit (20 minutes) • Pharmaceutical services need to be planned ahead of time. It is the task of a manager to plan. • Resources like medical supplies, financial resources, human resources which render services at pharmaceutical unit and other resources need to be mobilized from various suppliers or sources to that particular pharmaceutical unit. • Pharmaceutical clients‘ needs keep changing from time to time hence managers are obliged to search product which addresses clients need. If some products are phased out it is the responsibility of a manager to share that message to team members • Training staff members on each update so that they can cope with technological and other emerging changes related to pharmaceutical industry. • Supervising pharmaceutical service providers and during that process managers will keep coaching and mentoring their staff at the same time may identify training needs from his subordinates. • At the end of the year he should be part of the stock taking team to know the available staff and their status • It is the role of a manager to market their pharmaceutical products and services rendered to their clients. • Reporting is another role of pharmaceutical manager to higher authorities or stakeholders to share and exchange information STEP 5: Roles of Pharmaceutical Staff to Clients (20 minutes) Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: • What are the Roles of Pharmaceutical Staff to Clients? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • Abiding with pharmaceutical ethics when providing services to clients • Providing clear instruction to pharmaceutical clients • Using friendly language to clients • Labelling medical staff packed for clients in advance and clarifying to clients. PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 34 STEP 6: Responsibilities of Pharmaceutical Clients (20 minutes) • Receiving services from pharmaceutical service provider • Abiding with instructions provided by pharmaceutical staff • Asking pharmaceutical staff to clarify issues which is not clear or familiar with. • Report back immediately in case of any abnormalities noticed due to use of medical products or supplies • Keeping medical supplies given to them by pharmaceutical staff appropriately. STEP 7 Key Points (5 minutes) • A role is a task or responsibility of an actor. • Pharmaceutical unit plays a significant role on pharmaceutical staff and products to clients • Managers on the other hand play several roles to pharmaceutical unit like planning, mobilizing resources, marketing their services and products to clients. STEP 8: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What are pharmaceutical services? • What are the manager‘s roles to pharmaceutical services? • What is a role of pharmaceutical staff to clients? PST 06101 Leadership and

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06101 Management Functions Leadership and Management • Source Session/Topic 7 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 7: Management Functions Total Session Time: 120 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define management functions • List management function performed by pharmaceutical heads • Describe the relationship between management function and pharmaceutical services • List three key management functions • Differentiate Management skills and management roles • Explain importance of planning and reporting to a manager of the health system. Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer • Handout 7.1: Management Functions SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 05 minutes Presentation 2 Definition of Management Function Buzzing 20 minutes Presentation 3 Small Group Management Function Discussion 30 minutes Presentation Relationship of Management Function 4 and Pharmaceutical Services 05 minutes Presentation 5 Three Key Management Function Brainstorming 6 30 minutes Presentation Management Skills and Roles 15 minutes Presentation Importance of Planning and Reporting 7 to Pharmaceutical Staff. 8 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 9 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 37 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of Terms (5 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) Ask students to pair and buzz on the following: • What is management function? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • Management function is definition as a set of functions carried out by managers by nature of their jurisdiction in their respective organizations. STEP 3: Management Functions (20 minutes) Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 15 minutes) DIVIDE students into small manageable groups ASK students to discuss on the following question • What are the management functions? ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below: • Management Functions can be abbreviated by the term PODSCBERS which stand for: o Planning o Organizing PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 38 o Directing o Staffing o Controlling o Budgeting o Evaluating o Reporting o Supervising Refer learners to Hand-out 7.1: Management Functions STEP 4: Relationship of Management Functions with Pharmaceutical Services (35 minutes) • Staff serving at pharmaceutical staff is similar to other staff in other areas of service. • Planning function is necessary to pharmaceutical services. As through planning is where all needs to be used in pharmaceutical unit will be realised. • Organizing is vital at pharmaceutical services since all staff and supplies used at pharmaceutical unit need to be well organized to address client‘s needs • Staffing as said above at pharmaceutical unit need human resource who will be delivering services. All issues related to staffing will as well be applied at pharmaceutical unit. • Controlling as a mechanism for management to monitor people providing services at pharmaceutical unit and all supplies used should be well controlled for best use. • Budgeting is a fundamental function in management as through that is where needs planned above will be converted into monetary terms at pharmaceutical which will reflect the actual value of money to be used at pharmaceutical unit. • Evaluating function is very important to pharmaceutical services as the supplies at that point is very tempting hence need close evaluation from time to time. Not only how they were being used but need further deep evaluation to know the result realised after being used in terms of cure. • Reporting function is a very vital function to management similar to pharmaceutical services as through that all records experienced will be documented. The report will be shared with all stakeholders: management, funders, community etc. That will portray the immerge of the service provided by pharmaceutical unit. • Supervising function as well needed to be practiced at pharmaceutical services as through that are where managers can provide support needed and through that managers will build capacity of staff. • Generally, all management functions are practiced at pharmaceutical unit or services. PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 39 STEP 5: Three Key Management Functions (5 minutes) Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: • Three Key Management Functions? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • Informational function • Interpersonal function and • Decisional function. STEP 6: Difference Between Management Skills and Roles (15 Minutes) • Management skills – is the practice of understanding, developing and deploying people and their skills to enable a manager perform assigned duties. o Management skills o Time management skills o Communication skills o Resource management skills o Problem solving skills o Interpersonal relationship skills. • Management roles – Are those roles performed by a manager. For the sake of the learning the roles are grouped into the following three major roles: o Interpersonal roles – A manager in deals with people both in the organization like employees, students, visitors and those who are outside the organization customers, stakeholders, neighbours, suppliers, etc. He is as well an organization representative or figure heads who meets with various stakeholders on behalf of the organization. o Informational role – A manager manages many things information inclusive. Information management includes collecting information, receiving information, filtering information and disseminating information to various users. o Decisional role – On day to day

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06101 Principles of Management Leadership and Management • Source Session/Topic 8 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 8: Principles of Management Total Session Time: 120 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define management principles • Enumerate fourteen principles by Henry Fayol • Describe relationship between fourteen principles by Henry Fayol in pharmaceutical services • List advantages of management principles to our current work Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer • Note books and Pens SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 15 minutes Presentation 2 Defining Terms Brainstorming 3 20 minutes Presentation Fourteen Management Principles 30 minutes Presentation Relationship Between Fourteen Principles by 4 Small Group Henry Fayol Discussion 30 minutes Presentation Management Styles in Relation to 5 Pharmaceutical Services 20 minutes Presentation Advantages of Management Principles to our 6 Current Work 7 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 8 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 46 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of Management Principles (5 minutes) Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: • What are the management principles? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • Management principles are those philosophies or ideologies which were laid down by management founders like Henry Fayol which to date are still very useful to all management perspective pharmaceutical services inclusive. STEP 3: Fourteen Management Principles by Henry Fayol (20 minutes) • Division of Work • Authority and Responsibility • Discipline • Unity of Command • Unity of Direction • Subordination of Individual Interest • Remuneration • The Degree of Centralization • Scalar Chain • Order • Equity • Stability of Tenure of Personnel • Initiative • Esprit de Corps PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 47 STEP 4: Relationship Between Management Principles and Pharmaceutical Services (40 minutes) Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 20 minutes) DIVIDE students into small manageable groups ASK students to discuss on the following question • What is the relationship between management principles and pharmaceutical services? ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below: • Division of work – To date in pharmaceutical services work is divides to different actors either in line with specialties or to share workload to increase productivity. • Authority and Responsibility – At pharmaceutical unit staff are appointed and charged with authority and responsibilities to perform. The two should commensurate to enable an actor to perform. • Discipline – This principle refers on obedience of subordinates which smoothen working environment. The principle is as well applied to pharmaceutical staff. • Unity of Command – At pharmaceutical unit each staff is supposed to receive order from one unit boss similar to other organizations. • Unity of Direction – A unit has one objective regardless of different activities or functions. However, all will be focusing on one meeting unit objective which finally addressed common organization objectives. This applies to pharmaceutical unit. • Subordination of Individual Interest – Staff at pharmaceutical unit similar to other organizational staff their personal interest should be subordinate to organizational interest. • Remuneration – Motivation is very fundamental to all staff at work place pharmaceutical staff inclusive. • The Degree of Centralization – That refers to decision making sharing following from to to lower level. Top levels (executives) make decision and lower level implement. Delegation of that power to lower level is decentralization. It is applicable to pharmaceutical services as well. • Scalar Chain – Is a flow of power from top to down forming a structure. The head of institution is one while followers are many. This applies to in pharmaceutical services. • Order – Staff at working environment should have accessed resources to work well in organization pharmaceutical staff the same. PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 48 • Equity – Equal and fair treatment should be practiced to all staff in organization pharmaceutical staff same to give them room to perform. • Stability of Tenure of Personnel – This function refers deployment and managing human personnel. At pharmaceutical unit staff are hired and managed similar to other staff. • Initiative – The function encourages involvement and creativity to add value for the company. Even at pharmaceutical services new ideas are encouraged. • Esprit de Corps – The function encourages mutual trust and cooperating among actors. In other words, team work. At pharmaceutical unit cooperation as well is vital for productivity. STEP 6: Advantages of Management Principles in Favour of Pharmaceutical Services (20 minutes) • All fourteen management principles are useful to all management of pharmaceutical services • The principles guide leaders of pharmaceutical plan services, remunerate staff, making decision, divide work among pharmaceutical staff, treating staff equally, etc. • The principles assist in maintaining disciplines and levels of actors at pharmaceutical services. STEP 7: Key Points (05 minutes) • Management principles are those philosophies or ideologies which were laid down by management founders like Henry Fayol. • Fourteen management principles are useful to pharmaceutical services as they guide managers at those levels to apply them accordingly to address pharmaceutical services. • The principles show levels of hierarchy at pharmaceutical unit similar to other organization levels. STEP 8: Evaluation (5 minutes) •

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06101 Planning Concepts Leadership and Management • Source Session/Topic 9 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 9: Planning Concepts Total Session Time: 120 minutes Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define Planning • Explain planning concepts • List importance of planning • Enumerate steps observed during planning process in your organization Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer • Note books and Pens SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 20 minutes Presentation 2 Definition of Terms Buzzing 3 10 minutes Presentation Explanation of Planning Concept 30 minutes Presentation / 4 Small Group Importance of Planning Discussion 5 20 minutes Method Y Steps of Planning 6 25 minutes Presentation Describe Planning Steps 7 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 8 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 51 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of Terms (20 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) Ask students to pair in two and buzz for 3 minutes on the following • What is planning? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • Planning is a process of thinking in advance what activities required to achieve set objective, who will perform them, what resources to be used, when to be done and how are the results to be known. Or • Planning is forecasting by identifying level you are, where you what you want to achieve, what means will you use to achieve your goal (Resources) and how will you know you have achieved your goal. or • Planning is the process of thinking about and organizing the activities required to achieve a desired goal. • Planning is an important property of intellectual behavior leading a planner to think beyond the surrounding wall or darkness and see light beyond. STEP 3: Planning Concept (10 minutes) • Planning concepts are those ideas used by planners to address challenges surrounding them in their working or living environment. • The concepts may be of theories, models, or key ideas which when applied they end up producing positive results. PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 52 STEP 4: Importance of Planning (30 minutes) Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 15 minutes) DIVIDE students into small manageable groups ASK students to discuss on the following question • What is the importance of planning to pharmaceutical services? ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below: • It gives room to assess existing situation at pharmaceutical that given time or identifying the surrounding challenges • Planning leads a planner to iron out how to address the identified challenges • Through planning a planner will know in advance what resources to be used to address the identified challenges at pharmaceutical. (Human, money, etc.) • Through planning a planner will foretell time to do the tasks planned • Planning guides a planner in advance know how to evaluate progress in implementing his schedule. STEP 5: Stages Observed During Planning (20 minutes) • Situational analysis – Assessing the general status of the organization • Develop objectives and develop tasks to meet those objectives (Setting priorities) • Determine resources needed to implement tasks (Budgeting) • Create a timeline benchmarking key areas to guide the monitoring and evaluation • (Implementation) • Determine tracking and assessment method. (Monitoring and Evaluation) STEP 6: Steps Involved in Planning (25 minutes) • Situational Analysis is the assessment of the current situation of an Institution where the institution looks seriously at itself as well as outside environment. Critically you assess the population characteristics like demographic information, religious, educational and culture, Infrastructures like Geographical, infrastructure, socio economic situation, public and private sector structurer, Overall National policies, existing Health policies and political context and Health needs – Medical professional perceived health needs and community health needs. Services provided by and plan of the PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 53 Non Health Sector, Resources available, Efficiency, effectiveness, equity and quality of current services. • Priority setting – It is an important stage of setting priorities as per needs vs. competing limited resources. At this stage interventions or possible solutions to address the identified problems and determining resource allocation, action plan and budgeting should be properly indicated. • Budgeting and Fund allocation – At this stage interventions or possible solutions to address the identified problems and resource to be used are costed, action plan are put in place and allocation of the budget are done ready for implementation. • Implementation Is the stage whereby all identified solutions to the problems identified are put into practice by using the available resources. • Monitoring & Evaluation o Monitoring – Is an assessment of activities done in line with inputs used versus output realized in a particular given time for further action. Monitoring is carried out throughout the task or process at all levels. o Evaluation – Is the final stage of the planning step. Evaluation can be formative during the implementation or summative at the final stage of implementation Fig.9.1 Planning steps (Cycle) PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 54 STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes) • Planning is forecasting • Planning steps are those key steps to be followed during planning process namely: • Planning is important

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06101 Participatory Planning Concept in Provision of Health Care Services Leadership and Management • Source Session/Topic 10 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 10: Participatory Planning Concept in Provision of Health Care Services Total Session Time: 120 minutes Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define participatory planning • List partners involved in planning in pharmaceutical services at your health facility • Describe importance of participatory planning in provision of health care services • Explain principles observed when planning pharmaceutical services • Enumerate roles of planning team leader. Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer • Note books and Pens SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Objectives 05 minutes Presentation 2 Participatory Planning Buzzing 20 minutes Presentation Partners Involved in Planning in 3 Brainstorming Pharmaceutical Services Presentation 4 30 minutes Small group Importance of Participatory Planning Discussion 30 minutes Presentation Principles of Planning in Pharmaceutical 5 Services 6 20 minutes Presentation Roles of Planning Team Leader in Planning 7 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 8 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 57 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of Participatory Planning (5 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (5minutes) Ask students to pair in two and buzz on the following • What is participatory planning? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below Definition of participatory planning • Participatory planning is a type of planning which is involving all key partners or players. Or • Is a planning which not one planner involved in the planning process of a given entity or organization. • Partners ranges from a person, organization, professional bodies, funders, etc. who share same interest and collaborate together to address the existing situation. PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 58 STEP 3: Partners Involved in Planning in Pharmaceutical Services (20 minutes) Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: • Who is the planning partners working with your pharmaceutical unit? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content belowCLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • Partners involved in planning in pharmaceutical unit. • The involvement will be determined with the planners‘ choice and need. • The possible partners are: o Management team within same organization o Pharmaceutical firms with and outside the environment o Council authorities o Neighbors o Pharmaceutical industries o Business firms o Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children etc. STEP 4: Importance of Participatory Planning (30 minutes) Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 20 minutes) DIVIDE students into small manageable groups ASK students to discuss on the following question • What is the Importance of participatory planning? ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below: Importance of participatory planning • Participatory planning is shared planning of different actors. • It gives room of sharing expertise of know how resulting to good plan • It minimizes errors in the plan PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 59 • It involves a range of ideas hence portrays sense of ownership • During implementation resistance is very minimal • Widen range of know how about the planning process STEP 5: Principles Observed when Planning Pharmaceutical Services (30 minutes) • To abide with pharmaceutical professional ethics • Focus to public interest or consumers interest • Involvement of reasonable stakeholders • Sharing non-confidential information to various levels STEP 6: Roles of Planning Team Leader in Planning (30 minutes) • Planning team leader leads group individuals of the planning team for the purpose of achieving a key result or group of aligned results. • Provides guidance during planning process • Provides instruction when needed • Directs planning team members • Monitors the quantitative and qualitative achievements of the team • Reports results to a management • Often works within the team, as a member, carrying out the same roles but with the additional leadership responsibilities • Motivate the team to use their knowledge and skills to achieve the shared goals. • Applies his capability and expertise to influence performance within a planning team STEP 7: Key Points (5 minutes) • Planning is a process of thinking in advance about your current situation to identify your existing challenges, where you want to go, how will you go and how will you know that you are there. • Participatory planning is process of planning by involving key stakeholders sharing same interest with your unit • Through planning is where you can think across the wall leading you to address the impossible to be the possible ones. STEP 8: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What is planning? • What is participatory planning? • Who are planning team of pharmaceutical services? • What are the advantages of participatory planning in pharmaceutical services? PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 60 References Peterson A.M, Kelly N.W (2014); Leadership and management in pharmacy practice, 2nd edition, CRC press Marquis, B. L and Huston, C. J (1996) Leadership Roles and Management Functions in Nursing – Theory and Application, 2nd Edition: Lippincott, Philadelphia. Graham, H. T. and Bennett, R. (1998). Human resources management. London: Pitman. Heller, R. and Hindle, T. (1998). Essential managers

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06101 Health Care Team Leadership and Management • Source Session/Topic 11 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 11: Health Care Team Total Session Time: 120 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define a team in the context of pharmaceutical • List types of teams • Explain steps in team formation • Enumerate advantages of teams • Describer disadvantages of a team Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer • Note books and Pens SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 05 minutes Presentation 2 Definition of Health Care Team Buzzing 3 10 minutes Presentation Types of Teams 30 minutes Presentation 4 Small Group Steps Involved in Team Formation Discussion 30 minutes Presentation 5 Advantages of Teams Brainstorming 6. 30 minutes Presentation Shortcoming of Teams 7 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 8 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 62 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of Team (5 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) Ask students to pair and buzz in 3 minutes on the following: • What is pharmaceutical team? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • A team is a group of people working together to attain set goal • Pharmaceutical team is a team formed by pharmaceutical staff to address pharmaceutical established objective • Health care team is a composition of various staff working in the health sector of various disciplines to address set health goal. STEP 3: Types of Teams (5 minutes) • Working Teams are teams that are basic to any organization. Example pharmaceutical team, academic team, football team etc. • Special Purpose Teams. Special purpose teams are teams that are formed to fulfil a special assignment like evaluation, consultancy, research, etc. • Multi-functional Teams. These teams consist of members formed from different areas of expertise sharing tasks. • Self-Directed Teams. Self-Directed Teams do not have a clear leader. Members define the division of labor, responsibilities and the distribution of tasks sometimes no need of having a team leader. PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 63 STEP 4: Steps in Team Formation (30 minutes) Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 20 minutes) DIVIDE students into small manageable groups ASK students to discuss on the following question • What are the steps involved in team formation? ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below: Bruce Tuckman developed a Tuckman Model in the mid-1960s commonly referred as Tuckman framework for team development there are five steps in team formation or development: • Forming – Is an early stage which expresses feelings like excitement, Eagerness, Curiosity, where members will keep asking questions and create structure, goals, direction, roles of the team. Is a stage of build trust among team members. • Storming – Is a stage of frustration as no trust to each other every one studying on his fellows, challenging each other‘s ideas. • Norming – Is a stage where members know each other build trust, agree on goals work and measure results. • Performing – Is a stage where members will gain satisfaction and confidence on each other and focus on task accomplishment. • Transformation – Is a stage where some member leaves the team for a number of reasons like retirement, transfer etc. The performance at that stage may be reduced but after a while they will be proud of their achievement. STEP 5: Advantages of Teams (30 minutes) Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: • What are advantages of teams? ALLOW few students to respond? WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below PST 06101 Leadership and Management NTA L 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 64 • Shared responsibility among different actors • Motivates each other leading to achieving the goal • Facilitates learning process through others • Allows other actors to share workload (delegate) to give room for others do other tasks. • Work done by a team creates sense of ownership at the as it is a team achievement rather than individual achievement. • Proactive Approach which means involvement of various actors leads to gain experience from the more experienced ones especially when involve practical assignments. • Skill development through complementarity from skilled member to less skilled member. STEP 6: Shortcomings of Teams (30 minutes) • Time consuming due to misunderstandings or unnecessary jokes during the process of performing assigned tasks • Can lead to some actors feel uncomfortable in case end result is not positive • Confusing if no trust or others are trouble makers. • Causes conflict among members during the process when things are not going right as expected • May require change due to a number of factors like when some members are transferred, retire or causes unnecessary troubles to other team members. STEP 7: Key Points (5 minutes) • Team is a group of people working together to achieve a set goal. • Pharmaceutical team is a team formed by pharmaceutical members • Teams have benefits of increasing productivity and supplement learning process from each other. • Teams as well may have disadvantages like time wastage, frustration, conflict among team members, etc. STEP 8: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What is pharmaceutical