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NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Common Veterinary Vaccines Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 44 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 44: Common Veterinary Vaccines Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Describe Anthrax vaccine Describe Bovine P asteurellosis vaccine Describe Contagious C aprine PleuroPneumonia (CCPP) vaccine Describe Foot and Mouth disease vaccine Describe Newcastle disease vaccine Describe Avian coccidiosis vaccine Describe Fowlpox vaccine Describe Fowltyhoid vaccine Activity: Buzzing •What is veterinary Vaccines? Anthrax Vaccine Description Freeze-dried live bacterial vaccine produced by using Sterne 34 F2 strain of Bacillus anthracis adjuvated with saponin 4% skimmed milkstabilizer is produced at NVI, Debre Zeit Each field dose contains 107 viable spores Indication For prevention or control of anthrax in domestic animals Anthrax Vaccine Cont … Presentation The freeze-dried vaccine is available in 20 ml vials of 100 doses Dosage and administration Reconstitute the product in 100 ml of sterile saline water. Cattle & equines: 1 ml SC in the loose skin of the neck just in front of the shoulder. Sheep & goats: 0.5 ml SC in the loose skin or in the inner face of the thigh Anthrax Vaccine Cont … Booster Vaccination should be carried out every year before the anthrax season. Immunity Develops in 10 days and lasts for one year Side-effect Swelling at the injection site. It normally disappears in 2-3 days Anthrax Vaccine Cont … Precautions Inject SC only & animals above 3 months of age. Pregnant animals should not be vaccinated. Antibiotic should not be given shortly before and 14 days after vaccination. Destroy empty bottles or if unusable by incinerations . Withdrawal period Meat- for six weeks after vaccination Storage Store in refrigerator at 4˚C Bovine Pasteurellosis Vaccine (Haemorrhagic Septicaemia) Description Prepared from a whole broth culture of Pasteurella multocida type B and Mannheimia haemolytica & P. trehalosi (208 germs/ml), killed by 0.3% formalin and Precipitated by 1% aluminium potassium sulphate (both final concentration ) Dosage and administration For best results vaccinate animals at least 21 days before the hemorrhagic septicemia season Shake the product vigorously before use; inject adult and calves with 2 ml SC . Bovine Pasteurellosis Vaccine (Haemorrhagic Septicaemia ) Cont.…. Immunity Immunity appears in 10 days after vaccination and lasts for 6 to 8 months. Revaccination is advised after 6 months . Side-effects Anaphylactic reactions may appear occasionally after vaccination of Zebus; serious in and very often on cattle breeds, particularly on animals, which have been vaccinated many times against foot-and-mouth disease, Blackleg or Anthrax. Thus sensitiveness should be checked in these breeds before use. In case of reaction, immediate injectioin of antihistamine is recommended Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) Vaccine Description It is an inactivated bacterial vaccine produced using F-38 Kenyan strain of Mycoplasma capricolum capripneumoniae ( MccP ) Wellgrown Mycoplasma culture is inactivated by saponin , which has also an adjuvant effect The minimum protein content in each field dose is 0.15 mg/ml Indication To control or prevent CCPP in goat Dosage and administration Shake the vaccine before use and vaccinate 1 ml/goat subcutaneously (thoracic area is advisable) Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) Vaccine Cont … Immunity CCPP vaccine confers immunity for 1 year Revaccination should be made after a year Side-effect Slight edematous reaction is induced by the adjuvant, saponin , which disappears in 48hours Storage The vaccine should be stored at +4˚C at least for one Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine Description A bivalent vaccine manufactured from locally isolated from A and O serotypes are produced by the NVI The virus is propaged from cell culture. It is absorbed into aluminium hydroxide gel and inactivated with 0.3% formaldehyde and adjuved with saponin Indication Control or prevention of Foot and Mouth Disease in cattle Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine Cont … Dosage and administration Shake the bottle before use and inject 4 ml/head of cattle SC, preferably in dewlap region The first vaccination requires two injections at 6 months of interval Booster Annually and consider the outbreak season Immunity 2-3 weeks after vaccination and may last for one year Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine Cont.…. Side-effects Swelling may occur at the site of inoculation and persist for few weeks. Precautions After puncture of the stopper the whole bottle of the vaccine must be used within 24 hours Do not vaccinate the cattle under 6 months of age. It is better not to associate other vaccination with FMD and not to make another vaccination one month before and after FMD vaccination Vaccine should be stored at 4˚C Newcastle Vaccine Cont … Description It is a live viral vaccine produced in an embryonated specific pathogen free (SPF) eggs using the relatively heat stable variant strain Each field dose contains at least log 107 ELD 50 viral particles Indication To control or prevent Newcastle disease in poultry Presentation The vaccine is available in vials of 250, 100 and 50 doses . Newcastle Vaccine Cont … Dosage and administration Ocular route Use an eyedropper To calculate the volume of water required to dilute the vaccine into the recommended dose per vial, follow the instructions below Measure 1 ml of water to the dropper Count the number ofdrops in this 1 ml of water Newcastle Vaccine Cont … Ocular route…. Calculate the volume of diluents required to dilute the number of doses of the vaccine per vial with the eyedropper in use Volume of diluents (ml) = No. of doses of vaccine per vial/ No. of drops formed per ml Example, how much diluents should be added to a vial containing 250 doses of NCD vaccine given that 1 ml of water in the eyedropper yielded 50 drops. The answer is; Volume of diluents (ml) = 250 doses per vial/50 drops per ml = 5 ml per vial Newcastle Vaccine Cont … Oral drench Dissolve the

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Introduction to Vaccination in Veterinary Medicines Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 43 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 43: Introduction to Vaccination in Veterinary Medicines Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define common terms in veterinary vaccination Describe types of vaterinary vaccines Describe route of vaccination Describe vaccination schemes Describe contraindications veterinary vaccines Activity: Buzzing • What is veterinary Vaccines? Definition of Common Terms in Veterinary Vaccination Veterinary vaccines These are preparations containing antigenic substances which are administered for the purpose of inducing a specific and active immunity against disease provoked by bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms, by parasites, or antigenic fractions or substances produced by these organisms and rendered harmless whilst retaining all or part of their antigenic properties Definition of Common Terms in Veterinary Vaccination Cont.…. Vaccination It is the introduction of a vaccine into the body to produce immunity to a specific disease The vaccine may be administered by subcutaneous, intradermal, or intramuscular injection, by mouth, by inhalation or by scarification Activity: Brainstorming • What are the types of Veterinary Vaccines? Types of veterinary vaccines Killed vaccines Killed vaccines are produced by inactivating the infectious agent (so that it can not replicate in the host) without altering the immunogenicity of the protective protein(s) They induce predominantly humoral type of immunity, i.e. antibody mediated Generally they require two doses with an appropriate interval These vaccines contain adjuvants that enhance the immune reaction Booster doses of inactivated vaccines are often administered annually e.g. black leg, pasteurellosis Types of veterinary vaccines Cont.… Live vaccines This type of vaccine could be prepared either by using less virulent or by attenuating highly virulent strain/type of an infectious organism Attenuation is usually made by growing of an infectious organism under abnormal culture condition These types of vaccines induce complete type of immune response (both humoral and cellular) and confer higher level and longer period of protection than killed vaccines Live vaccine especially attenuated ones may revert to full virulence after inoculation into an animal and elicit disease e.g PPR, rinder pest, lumpy skin disease Types of veterinary vaccines Cont.… Toxoid Vaccines They are vaccines prepared from toxins obtained from microorganisms and has been treated by heat or chemical agents to destroy its deleterious properties without destroying its abilities to stimulate the formation of antibody e.g. tetanus vaccine Types of veterinary vaccines Cont.… Autogenous Vaccine It is a vaccine prepared from cultures of material derived from a disease lesion of the animal to be vaccinated e.g bovine papiloma Serovaccine It is a combination of antisera with a vaccine to produce passive and active immunity e.g. rabies Routes Of Vaccination Subcutaneous injection (S/C) Subcutaneous injection is particularly convenient in small companion animals where the loose skin at the back of the neck is a commonly used route Potential disadvantages are slower uptake of antigen as compared to a more vascular site such as muscle Lower antibody response has been obtained with the S/C route as compared to intramuscular injection Routes Of Vaccination Cont.…. Intramuscular injection (I/M) This route delivers vaccine into location of high vascularity and provides efficient exposure of antigen to the immune system. Attention must be paid to the anatomical choice of vaccination site to ensure adequate delivery and exposure to responsive cells Intradermal injection (I/D) Intradermal injection is very efficient immunizing route due to antigen capture and lymphatic drainage to regional lymph nodes Smaller doses of antigen are required to achieve responses equivalent to I/M injection Routes Of Vaccination Cont.…. Oral route This route offers a convenient, powerful route for stimulating local immunity Mass oral vaccination via drinking water has been used primarily in poultry Intranasal vaccination Intranasal inoculation is an alternate mucosal route and has been advocated as a means of avoiding interference from maternal antibody. Routes Of Vaccination Cont.…. Intraperitoneal vaccination (I/P) Intraperitoneal vaccination represents a serosa delivery and a method intermediate between mucosal and intramuscular/subcutaneous vaccination. In ovo vaccination Chickens develop immunological responsiveness well before hatching, and early protection against infection, such as Marek’s disease, Infectious bronchitis, Infectious bursal and Newcastle disease has been demonstrated Aquatic immersion Mass vaccination of small fish could be accomplished by immersion in vaccine baths Activity: Brainstorming •What are vaccination Schemes ? Vaccination Schemes Primary and Secondary Immune Response Initial immunization with a specific antigen induces ‘primary immune response’ with low levels of both Ig M and Ig G production evident by 7 days When antigen is given again after 2 or more weeks, a more rapid and higher ‘secondary immune response’ is generated, with a rising Ig G antibody beginning 2-3 days Vaccination Schemes Cont.…. Booster vaccination Booster vaccination needs to be given at intervals to ensure immunological memory for a rapid immune response to pathogens The time may vary, depending on whether the vaccine is inactivated or living Therefore for most killed vaccines yearly revaccination is recommended There are some exceptions including some diseases which have seasonal incidence whereby vaccination should be planned for a time prior to the expected disease outbreak Vaccination Schemes Cont.…. Group vaccination Vaccinating a high percentage of a population is desirable whether dealing with the control of disease in individual animal or herds or flocks Curative and/or preventive vaccination Vaccination is primarily given pre-exposure; however, post- exposure vaccine is also administered for diseases with very long incubation period e.g. Rabies Precautions and Contraindications of Vaccines Sick animals should not be vaccinated Animals under immunosuppressive drug treatment should not be vaccinated within three to four weeks Care should be taken in the use of antibiotics when a vaccine containing live bacteria is administered During mass vaccination of multi-age group with live vaccines, the transmission of infection due to the organisms in the vaccine to susceptible young animals should be considered Precautions and

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Cyanide Poisoning in Cattle and Goat Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 42 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 42: Pharmacotherapy of Cyanide Poisoning in Cow and Goat Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define cyanide poisoning in cow and goat List signs and symptoms of cyanide poisoning in cow and goat Describe pharmacological treatment of cyanide poisoning in cow and goat Describe control and prevention of cyanide poisoning in cow and goat Activity: Buzzing • What is Aspergillosis in Dog? Definition of cyanide Poisoning in Cow and Goat Cyanogenic glycosides accumulate in some plants (e.g. Johnson grass, Sudan grass, Sorghum etc.,) whenever their cycle of vegetation is interrupted which happen when they wither after a sudden removal of water, after application of herbicides or under special climatic influences Cyanide interferes with oxygen transport to tissues Signs and Symptoms of Cyanide Poisoning in Cow and Goat Excitement Staggering Dyspnoea with tachycardia Cattle stand with their mouths wide open Salivation and frothy foam Nystagmus Lacrimation Muscle tremors and finally tonic- clonic convulsions and vomiting and death Activity: Brainstorming • What are the Treatment and Preventive measures for Cyanide Poisoning in Cow and Goat?? Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Cyanide Poisoning in Cow and Goat Initial Dose Sodium nitrite 10% (in distilled water or saline), 20 mg/kg, IV Maintenance Sodium thiosulfate 20%, ≥500 mg/kg, IV Sodium nitrite therapy may be carefully repeated at 10 mg/kg, q2-4 h or as needed, or Sodium thiosulfate ≥500 mg/kg, IV plus 30 g/cow, PO, to detoxify any remaining HCN in the rumen Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Cyanide Poisoning in Cow and Goat Prevention The best preventive step is to test suspect feed and/or pastures before allowing consumption Pasture and forage sorghums ( eg , Sudan grass and sorghum-Sudan grass hybrids) should not be grazed until they are >60 cm tall or have been proved by testing to have acceptable cyanide levels, to reduce danger from prussic acid poisoning Key Points In acute cyanide poisoning, cyanide ions (CN–) bind to, and inhibit, the ferric (Fe 3+) heme moeity form of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase This blocks the fourth step in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (reduction of oxygen to water), resulting in the arrest of aerobic metabolism and death from histotoxic anoxia The goal of treatment is to break the cyanide-cytochrome c oxidase bond and reestablish the mitochondrial electron transport chain Evaluation What is cyanide poisoning in Cow and Goat? What are the common signs and symptoms of cyanide poisoning in Cow and Goat? What is the pharmacological treatment of cyanide poisoning in Cow and Goat? What are the control measures against cyanide poisoning in Cow and Goat? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Saprolegnia Infection of Fish Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 41 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 41: Pharmacotherapy of Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Saprolegnia infection of fishes List signs and symptoms of saprolegnia infection of fishes Describe pharmacological treatment of saprolegnia infection of fishes Describe control and prevention of saprolegnia infection of fishes Activity: Buzzing • What is Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes ? Definition of Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes It is a myocotic disease known to potentially may affect all fish species in fresh water like Tilapia, Clarias , Mugil and rainbow trout etc It is also infective to eggs The fungi of the genus saprolegnia are considered as secondary invaders of fish skin already damaged by abrasions and scale loss due to handling, netting, transfer and also skin lesions caused by ectoparasites notably by argulids Infections frequently occur on incubated eggs and newborn fry of rainbow trout in hatcheries Signs and Symptoms of Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes The fungal mycelium will also penetrate into the muscle beneath the dermis resulting in; Extensive necrosis of invaded tissues Oedema Extensive haemmorrhages Activity: Brainstorming • What are the treatment and preventive measures for Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes? Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes Malachite green oxalate (Zinc-free), Dip, bath or flowing, applied to ponds at 0.15 ppm at holding tanks at a dose of 0.10 – 0.20 ppm for 1 h Bath treatment, 0.1 ppm ‘Permanent’ Local (swab), 1% Precautions: Highly toxic to juveniles of some fish species and some eggs very sensitive, especially at early stage Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes Cont.…. Prevention measures include; Removing dead infected fish from the ponds Proper sanitation of the ponds Do not feed pets with raw fish Key Points The Saprolegnia fungus infects fish (or its eggs), affecting its internal organs and deeper tissues Symptoms include light gray , cottony growths on the skin, fins, gills, and eyes The Saprolegnia fungal infection is caused by having an unclean environment containing dead and decaying organic matter Treatment of the Saprolegnia infection is accomplished by medicating the water with potassium permanganate, after removing skin pathogens Evaluation What is Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes? What are the common signs and symptoms of Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes? What is the pharmacological treatment of Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes? What are the control measures against Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes ? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 40 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 40: Pharmacotherapy of Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define enteric septicaemia of catfish List signs and symptoms of enteric septicaemia of catfish Describe pharmacological treatment of enteric septicaemia of catfish Describe control and prevention of enteric septicaemia of catfish Activity: Buzzing What is Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish? ? Definition of Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish It is caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri primarily Channel Catfish but has also been seen in carp, bass and others The bacteria enter via the gut or snares The bacteria can survive for long periods outside the host but is commonly found within the gut of apparently normal fish It is highly contagious and pathogenic and causes losses of up to 50% Signs and Symptoms of Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish Usually the condition has the appearance of typical hemorrhagic septicemia However, acutely affected fish can be seen standing vertically in the water and spinning Chronically affected fish may suffer from the open lesion on the head that earned the name “hole in the head disease” Activity: Brainstorming • What are the treatment and preventive measures for Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish? Pharmacological Treatment of Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish Trimethoprim / Sulfonamide , 30 mg/kg fish/day in feed, or Oxytetracycline , 100 mg/kg fish Pharmacological Treatment of Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish Cont.…. Prevention The disease is prevented by; Routine hygiene precautions are very important to control the disease. Managing water quality, Practicing biosecurity in the hatchery, Using proper nutrition and feeding practices, Administering drugs and chemicals appropriately Vaccination with immersion vaccines Key Points Enteric septicaemia of catfish, or Hole-in-the-Head disease, is caused by the bacterium Edwardsiella ictaluri , which belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae Infected fish often show lethargic swimming, abnormal behaviouralternating listlessness and chaotic swimming, disorientation and swimming in spirals Antibiotics should be administered under the guidance of a fish health professional or veterinarian Evaluation What is Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish? What are the common signs and symptoms of Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish? What is the pharmacological treatment of Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish? What are the control measures against Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater Fish Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 39 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 39: Pharmacotherapy of Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater fish Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define monogenean trematodes in freshwater fish List signs and symptoms of monogenean trematodes in freshwater fish Describe pharmacological treatment of monogenean trematodes in freshwater fish Describe control and prevention of monogenean trematodes in freshwater fish Activity: Buzzing What is Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater fish? Definition of Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater Fish Monogenean trematodes , also called flatworms or flukes, commonly invade the gills, skin, and fins of fish They have a direct life cycle and are host and site-specific Gyrodactylus and Dactylogyrus are the two most common genera of monogeneans that infect freshwater fish Signs and Symptoms of Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater fish Freshwater fish infested with skin-inhabiting flukes become lethargic, swim near the surface, seek the sides of the pool or pond, and their appetite dwindles Areas of attachment show scale loss and may ooze a pinkish fluid, swollen and pale gills, Respiration rate may be increased, and fish will be less tolerant of low oxygen conditions with piping and gulping air at the water surface High mortality may occur if large numbers (>10 organisms per low power field) of monogeneans infest the skin or gills Secondary infection by bacteria and fungus is common on tissue with monogenean damage Activity: Brainstorming •What are the pharmacological treatment and preventive measures for Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater fish? Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater fish Bath or dip of organophosphorus compounds like ‘Dipterex’, ‘Trichlorofon’ are used In permanent bath 0.25 – 0.5 ppm (0.1 ppm in cold-water ponds) Dip 1%, 2- 3 minutes For Gyrodactylus Benzalkonium chloride, 2 ppm for an hour, q 24 h for 3 days Use 0.5 ppm at temperatures over 270C (rapid breakdown in warm water ) Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater fish Alternative Formalin Potassium permanganate Prevention Proper sanitation A control method include emptying , drying, and disinfecting tanks or ponds before restocking the fishes Key Points There are four types of drug receptors Prolonged use of drugs can result into up or down regulation of receptors Drug receptor- interaction exhibit specific properties Evaluation What is Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater fish? What are the common signs and symptoms of Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater fish? What is the pharmacological treatment of Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater fish? What are the control measures against Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater fish References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Pneumonia in Dogs and Cats Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 38 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 38: Pharmacotherapy of Pneumonia in Dog and Cat Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Pneumonia in dog and cat List signs and symptoms of pneumonia in dog and cat Describe pharmacological treatment of pneumonia in dog and cat Describe control and prevention of pneumonia in dog and cat Activity: Buzzing What is Pneumonia in Dog and Cat? Definition of Pneumonia in Dog and Cat Pneumonia is an acute or chronic inflammation of the lungs and bronchi characterized by disturbance in respiration and hypoxemia and complicated by the systemic effects of associated toxins The primary aetiologic agents include canine distemper virus, adenovirus types 1 and 2, parainfluenza virus, and feline calicivirus that predispose to secondary bacterial invasion of the lungs Others are parasites such as Filaroides , Aelurostrongylus , or Paragonimus spp., protozoa e.g. Toxoplasma gondii , tuberculosis or mycotic pneumonia Signs and Symptoms of Pneumonia in Dog and Cat Lethargy and anorexia are common with deep cough Progressive dyspnea and cyanosis may be evident, especially on exercise Body temperature is increased moderately, and there may be leukocytosis Auscultation usually reveals consolidation, which may be patchy but more commonly is diffuse In the later stages of pneumonia, the increased lung density and peribronchial consolidation caused by the inflammatory process can be visualized radiographically Complications such as pleuritis , mediastinitis , or invasion by opportunistic organisms may occur Activity: Brainstorming •What are the pharmacological treatment and preventive measures for Bacterial Pneumonia in Dog and Cat? Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Pneumonia in Dog and Cat For Bacterial Pneumonia Benzathine Benzylpenicillin or Procaine Benzylpenicillin , by Intramuscular Injection, 1 ml/10 kg bodyweight, repeat after 3–4 days if required, or Amoxicillin with clavulanic acid by mouth, 10–20 mg/kg twice daily, or by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, 7 mg/kg once daily, or Combination of; Ampicillin and a fluoroquinolone Ampicillin and an aminoglycoside Clindamycin and a third generation cephalosporin Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Pneumonia in Dog and Cat Prevention Provide well-ventilated facilities. Keep dogs dry and well-bedded. Provide good nutrition Key Points Pneumonia is an acute or chronic inflammation of the lungs and bronchi characterized by disturbance in respiration and hypoxemia and complicated by the systemic effects of associated toxins Symptoms of bacterial pneumonia include cough, fever, difficulty breathing, lack of appetite and consequent weight loss, sluggishness, nasal discharge, dehydration, and rapid breathing Medication is necessary in cases of bacterial pneumonia; the proper antimicrobial can be selected based on results of bacterial cultures taken Evaluation What is Pneumonia in Dog and Cat? What are the common signs and symptoms of Pneumonia in Dog and Cat? What is the pharmacological treatment of Pneumonia in Dog and Cat? What are the control measures against Pneumonia in Dog and Cat? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260