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NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Feline Respiratory Complex Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 37 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 37: Pharmacotherapy of Feline Respiratory Complex Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define feline respiratory complex List signs and symptoms of feline respiratory complex Describe pharmacological treatment of feline respiratory complex Describe control and prevention of feline respiratory complex Activity: Buzzing What is Feline Respiratory Disease Complex? Definition of Feline Respiratory Complex Feline respiratory disease complex is characterized by rhinitis, conjunctivitis, lacrimation, salivation, and oral ulcerations The principal diseases, feline viral rhinotracheitis (FVR) and feline calicivirus infections (FCV), affect exotic as well as domestic species Transmission occurs via aerosol droplets and fomites; convalescent cats may continue to harbor virus for many months Calicivirus is shed continuously, while infectious FVR virus is released intermittently. Stress may precipitate a secondary course of illness Signs and Symptoms of Feline Respiratory Complex Feline Rhinotracheitis Fever (40.5°C) Frequent sneezing Conjunctivitis Rhinitis Serous to mucoupurulent nasal discharge and often salivation which may be induced by excitement or movement Severely debilitated cats may develop ulcerative stomatitis, and ulcerative keratitis Signs may persist for 5-10 days in milder cases and up to 6 wk in severe cases Signs and Symptoms of Feline Respiratory Complex Cont … Calicivirus An acute febrile response, inappetence , and depression are common signs. Serous rhinitis and conjunctivitis also can occur Chlamydia psittaci infections characteristically produce conjunctivitis and cats sneeze occasionally Fever, serous lacrimal discharge to mucopurulent conjunctivitis, lymphoid infiltration, and epithelial hyperplasia may occur Convalescent cats may undergo relapses Activity: Brainstorming • What are the treatment and preventive measures for Feline Respiratory Complex? Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Feline Respiratory Complex Chloramphenicol 40mg, q 8 h, PO for 3-5days, or Tetracycline 1% eye drops, 5 to 6 times daily against C. psittaci , plus Nebulization or saline nose drops to remove tenacious secretions, plus Vasoconstrictor ( eg , two drops of ephedrine sulfate [0.25% solution] in each nostril, q 12h, plus Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Feline Respiratory Complex Cont.…. Lysine 250 mg, PO, q 12 h to q 8 h interferes with herpetic viral replication and may help reduce the severity of FVR infection, plus Oxygen supply (if dyspnea is severe). Fluids may be indicated to correct dehydration, and force-feeding may be necessary. Esophagostomy may be indicated in severe cases, Plus Antihistamines eg , chlorpheniramine maleate, 8 mg for adults,4 mg for kittens, PO, q 12 h, early in the course of the disease may be used Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Feline Respiratory Complex Cont.…. Prevention Vaccination against calicivirus (FCV) and feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) Key Points Feline respiratory disease complex is characterized by rhinitis, conjunctivitis, lacrimation, salivation, and oral ulcerations Transmission occurs via aerosol droplets and fomites; convalescent cats may continue to harbor virus for many months Prevention is through vaccination Evaluation What is Feline Respiratory Complex? What are the common signs and symptoms of Feline Respiratory Complex? What is the pharmacological treatment of Feline Respiratory Complex? What are the control measures against Feline Respiratory Complex? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Tracheobronchitis in Dogs Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 36 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 36: Pharmacotherapy of Tracheobronchitis in Dogs Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define tracheobronchitis in dogs List signs and symptoms of tracheobronchitis in dogs Describe pharmacological treatment of tracheobronchitis in dogs Describe control and prevention of tracheobronchitis in dogs Activity: Buzzing What is Tracheobronchitis in dogs? Definition of Tracheobronchitis in Dogs Infectious tracheobronchitis (Kernel cough) is a self-limiting mild disease of dogs that results from inflammation of the upper airways The disease may progress to fatal bronchopneumonia in puppies or to chronic bronchitis in debilitated adult or aged dogs The illness spreads rapidly among susceptible dogs housed in close confinement Infections involved include Canine parainfluenza virus, canine adenovirus 2 (CAV-2), or canine distemper virus, can be the primary or sole pathogen involved Definition of Tracheobronchitis in Dogs Cont.… Secondary infection may be caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica especially in dogs of less than 6 months old Other bacteria such as Pseudomonas sp , Escherichia coli , and Klebsiella pneumoniae may also cause secondary infections after viral injury to the respiratory tract Stress and extremes of ventilation, temperature, and humidity apparently increase susceptibility to, and severity of, the disease Signs and Symptoms of Tracheobronchitis in Dogs Paroxysms of a harsh dry and easily induced cough, followed by retching and gagging to more severe signs such as fever, purulent nasal discharge, depression, anorexia, and a productive cough, especially in puppies indicates a complicating systemic infection such as distemper or bronchopneumonia. Disease relapses after stress, particularly due to adverse environmental conditions and improper nutrition Severity diminishes during the first 5 days, but the disease persists for 10-20 days Pharmacological Treatment of Tracheobronchitis in Dogs Codeine phosphate 0.25 mg/kg, q 6-12 h, PO to control persistent nonproductive coughing In severe chronic cases: Tetracycline 10-22 mg/kg, PO, q 8 h for 5 days, or Sulfamethazine -Trimethoprim (200:40mg) 5- 30 mg/kg, IM, q 24 h, for 3-5days, or Chloramphenicol, 30-50 mg/kg, IM, IV or PO q 8 hr for 3-5 days In more severe cases: Gentamicin sulfate (50 mg) diluted in 3 mL of saline may be administered by aerosolization q 12 h for 3 days, plus Phenylbutazone 20gm in 100ml, 1ml/15kg IM, q 24 h for 1-4 days Activity: Brainstorming • What are the preventive and control measures for Tracheobronchitis in Dogs? Prevention and Control of Tracheobronchitis in Dogs Immunization with modified live virus vaccines against distempe Key Points Infectious tracheobronchitis is a self-limiting mild disease of dogs that results from inflammation of the upper airways Symptoms and signs include paroxysms of a harsh dry and easily induced cough, followed by retching and gagging Evaluation What is Tracheobronchitis in dogs? What are the common signs and symptoms of Tracheobronchitis in dogs? What is the pharmacological treatment of Tracheobronchitis in dogs? What are the control measures against Tracheobronchitis in dogs? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Cryptococcosis in Dogs Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 35 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 35: Pharmacotherapy of Cryptococcosis in Dog Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define cryptococcosis in dog List signs and symptoms of cryptococcosis in dog Describe pharmacological treatment of cryptococcosis in dog Describe control and prevention of cryptococcosis in dog Activity: Buzzing What is Cryptococcosis in dog? Definition of Cryptococcosis in Dog Cryptococcosis is a fungal disease of dogs and cats caused by Cryptococcus neoformans It may be systemic affecting the respiratory tract, central nervous system (CNS), eyes, and skin particularly the face and neck of cats) Transmission occurs by inhalation or wound contamination from the environment Signs and Symptoms of Cryptococcosis in Dog Symptoms vary and depend greatly on the organ systems affected by the fungus More severe is disseminated disease and most have CNS or ocular involvement. Clinical signs are usually related to meningoencephalitis , optic neuritis, and granulomatous chorioretinitis . About 50% of dogs have lesions in the respiratory tract, usually the lungs, and most have granulomas throughout the body. Structures often involved in order of decreasing frequency are kidneys, lymph nodes, spleen, liver, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, bone, GI tract, muscle, myocardium, prostate, heart valves, and tonsils . Pharmacological Treatment of Cryptococcosis in Dog Amphotericin B 0.25-0.5 mg/kg , IV with 5-20ml of 5% dextrose solution 3 times a week until a cumulative dose of 4-10 mg/kg is reached, or Ketoconazole 10-20, mg/kg, q 24 h, PO has been used to successfully treat cats for a week, or Itraconazole 11-27 mg/kg, q 24 h, PO for a week Activity: Brainstorming • What are the prevention and control measures for Cryptococcosis in dog? Prevention and Control of Cryptococcosis in Dog Proper sanitation including keeping dogs away from areas with large volumes of pigeon droppings Key Points Cryptococcosis is a localized or systemic fungal infection caused by Cryptococcus neoformans Transmission occurs by inhalation or wound contamination from the environment Clinical signs are usually related to meningoencephalitis, optic neuritis, and granulomatous chorioretinitis Fluconazole or itraconazole are considered the treatments of choice for this disease Evaluation What is Cryptococcosis in dog? What are the common signs and symptoms of Cryptococcosis in dog? What is the pharmacological treatment of Cryptococcosis in dog? What are the control measures against Cryptococcosis in dog? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Aspergillosis, Campylobacteriosis and Amoebiasis in Dogs Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 34 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 34: Pharmacotherapy of Aspergillosis, Campylobacteriosis, and Amoebiasis in Dogs Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define aspergillosis , campylobacteriosis and amebiasis in dogs List signs and symptoms of aspergillosis , campylobacteriosis and amebiasis in dogs Describe pharmacological treatment of aspergillosis , campylobacteriosis and amebiasis in dogs Describe control and prevention of aspergillosis , campylobacteriosis andamebiasis in dogs Activity: Buzzing What is Aspergillosis in Dog? Definition of Aspergillosis in Dogs Aspergillosis is caused by a number of Aspergillus spp , especially A . fumigatus . It is primarily a respiratory infection that may become generalized. Nasal and paranasal tissues of dogs are most commonly infected Sign And Symptoms Of Aspergillosis In Dogs Lethargy Nasal pain Ulceration of the nares, sneezing, unilateral or bilateral sanguinopurulent nasal discharge, frontal sinus osteomyelitis, and epistaxis Lesions may involve the eyes A layer of gray-black necrotic material and fungal growth may cover the mucosa of the nasal and paranasal sinuses Pharmacological Treatment of Aspergillosis in Dog Griseofulvin 15-20 mg/kg, PO with fatty food, q 24 h for 7-14 days, or Ketoconazole 15 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h for dogs and 10 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h to cats for 6-8 wk Activity: Brainstorming What are the prevention and control measures for Aspergillosis in Dog? Prevention and Control of Aspergillosis in Dog General good health will help ensure a strong healthy immune system to ward off this opportunistic disease Keeping dogs indoors may be helpful, as it will limit access to grass clippings, hay, straw, and other substances where the Aspergillus fungus can be found Dogs with the nasal version should be monitored for reduced nasal discharge, while those with disseminated disease need to be monitored with urine analysis and via X-ray every one to two months Key Points Aspergillosis is an infection, growth, or allergic response caused by the Aspergillus fungus This fungus grows on dead leaves, stored grain, compost piles, or other decaying vegetation Treatment varies depending on whether the disease is nasal or disseminated Evaluation What is Aspergillosis in Dog? What are the common signs and symptoms of Aspergillosis in Dog? What is the pharmacological treatment of Aspergillosis in Dog? What are the control measures against Aspergillosis in Dog? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Swine Influenza Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 33 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 33: Pharmacotherapy of Swine Influenza Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define swine influenza List signs and symptoms of swine influenza Describe pharmacological treatment of swine influenza Describe control and prevention of swine influenza Activity: Buzzing What is Swine Influenza? Definition of Swine Influenza Swine influenza is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza viruses that regularly cause outbreaks of influenza in pigs Influenza viruses that commonly circulate in swine are called “swine influenza viruses” or “swine flu viruses.” Like human influenza viruses, there are different subtypes and strains of swine influenza viruses The main swine influenza viruses are; swine triple reassortant (tr) H1N1 influenza virus trH 3 N 2 virus trH 1 N 2 virus Signs and Symptoms of Swine Influenza Fever Depression Coughing (barking) Discharge from the nose or eyes Sneezing Breathing difficulties Eye redness or inflammation, and going off feed Some pigs infected with influenza, however, may show no signs of illness at all Activity: Brainstorming What are the preventive and control measures for Swine dysentery ? Treatment, Prevention and Control of Swine Influenza There is no specific treatment, although antimicrobials may reduce secondary bacterial infections Vaccination and strict import controls are the only specific preventive and control measures Good management practices and freedom from stress, particularly due to crowding and dust, help to reduce losses. Key Points Swine influenza is a highly contagious viral infection of pigs Swine influenza is caused by influenza A viruses in the family Orthomyxoviridae It is characterised by fever, lethargy, anorexia, weight loss, nasal discharge, laboured breathing, coughing, sneezing, and nasal discharge An effective immunisation programme will likely need to induce protection against both H 1 and H 3 subtypes Evaluation What is Swine Influenza? What are the common signs and symptoms of Swine Influenza? What is the pharmacological treatment of Swine Influenza? What are the control measures against Swine Influenza? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Swine Dysentery Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 32 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 32: Pharmacotherapy of Swine Dysentery Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define swine dysentery List signs and symptoms of swine dysentery Describe pharmacological treatment of swine dysentery Describe control and prevention of swine dysentery Activity: Buzzing What is Swine Dysentery? Definition of Swine Dysentery A contagious disease of pig caused by Treponema characterized by mucohemorrhagic diarrhoea affecting the large intestine The transmission occurs through ingestion of contaminated food Signs and Symptoms of Swine Dysentery The acute form of the disease is characterized by severe and often fatal bloody diarrheal. Affected pigs may be wobbly in the hindquarters and show evidence of abdominal pain, such as stretching and kicking at the belly The faeces may be red, resembling tomato ketchup, or may have a black, tarry appearance. Death usually results from dehydration caused by severe diarrheal Pharmacological treatment of Swine Dysentery Lincomycin hydrochloride 10-15 mg/kg, IM, q 12 h for 3 days, or Tylosin 8.8 mg/kg, IM, q 24 h for 3 days Activity: Brainstorming What are the prevention and control measures for Swine Dysentery? Prevention and Control of Swine Dysentery Optimizing sanitation by maintaining pigs on concrete floors that are washed down daily. Adhering to a rodent control program using a professional exterminator Segregating affected pigs in a sick pen, away from healthy pigs, and culling poor-doers Medicating water and/or feed with antimicrobials Stringent sanitation of the premises Vaccination for prevention of swine dysentery may represent a viable alternative; however, the effectiveness of commercially available vaccines appears to be less than optimal Prevention and Control of Swine Dysentery Cont.…. Develop an all-in all-out housing system with disinfection. Slurry channels should be separate Where solid dung passages are used it may be necessary to depopulate the whole house, clean and disinfect and bring in new pigs at weaning time that have not been contaminated Control flies, they can transmit the organism from one group of pigs to another Reduce the movement and handling of pigs to as little as possible particularly at weighing time when transfer of faeces is likely to take place and stress is likely to cause clinical flare ups Do not overcrowd pigs and endeavour to keep a dry environment; the organism will die out quickly on drying. Poor sanitation and wet pens enhance the disease Key Points Swine dysentery (SD), which is caused by a small snake-like bacteria called Brachyspira hyodysenteriae can be one of the most expensive diseases of the growing pig The early symptom is sloppy diarrhoea, which stains the skin of the perineum under the anus, and a rapid hollowing of the flanks In infected herds control is aimed at preventing the movement of the organism between groups of pigs Evaluation What is Swine Dysentery? What are the common signs and symptoms of Swine Dysentery? What is the pharmacological treatment of Swine Dysentery? What are the control measures against Swine Dysentery? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Tuberculosis and Ectoparasite Infections in Poultry Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 30 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 30: Pharmacotherapy of Tuberculosis and Ectoparasites Infections in Poultry Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Tuberculosis and Ectoparasites in Poultry List signs and symptoms of Tuberculosis and Ectoparasites in Poultry Describe pharmacological treatment of Tuberculosis and Ectoparasites in Poultry Describe Control and Prevention of Tuberculosis and Ectoparasites in Poultry Activity: Buzzing • What is Tuberculosis in Poultry? Definition of Tuberculosis in Poultry Tuberculosis is a slowly spreading, chronic, granulomatous bacterial infection, characterized by gradual weight loss Mycobacterium avium serovars 1 and 2 are the usual causes Infected birds excrete the organism in their feces Cadavers and offal may infect predators and cannibalistic flockmates Signs and Symptoms of Tuberculosis in Poultry Signs usually develop late in the infection when birds become thin and sluggish, and lameness may be seen In chickens, granulomatous nodules of varying size are usually found in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and intestine Pharmacological Treatment of Tuberculosis in Poultry Antituberculosis drugs are not often used to treat chicken. Isoniazid 30 mg/kg plus Ethambutol 30 mg/kg plus rifampin 45 mg/kg, PO, for 18 months are effective for the treatment of exotic birds Activity: Brainstorming What are the prevention and control measures against Tuberculosis in Poultry?? Prevention and Control of Tuberculosis in Poultry Depopulation and good biosecurity practices including rodent control and screening Addition of exotic birds to an exhibit should originate from a closed collection with no history of tuberculosis, ie , tuberculosis has not been reported previously or diagnosed on necropsy during the past 5 years If no history is available, the birds should be quarantined or maintained in a separate exhibit away from the bird aviary Prevention and Control of Tuberculosis in Poultry Cont.…. Therefore, it is recommended that endangered and valuable species be housed in individual exhibits to prevent transmission which is through ingestion of food or water contaminated with M. avium ss , i.e , feces from contagious birds Infected poultry should be destroyed, and housing facilities thoroughly cleaned and disinfected using cresylic compounds Key Points Avian tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease characterized by the formation of granulomatous lesions in viscera, a progressive weight loss and death The aetiological agent is Mycobacterium avium , a very resilient and acid-resistant micro¬organism Improved general sanitation has largely eliminated this infection Evaluation What is Tuberculosis in Poultry? What are the common signs and symptoms of Tuberculosis in Poultry? What is the pharmacological treatment of Tuberculosis in Poultry? What are the control measures against Tuberculosis in Poultry? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Ulcerative Enteritis in Poultry Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 29 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 29: Pharmacotherapy of Ulcerative Enteritis in Poultry Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry List signs and symptoms of Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry Describe pharmacological treatment of Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry Describe Control and Prevention of Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry Activity: Buzzing What is Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry? Definition of Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry Ulcerative enteritis is an acute bacterial infection in young chickens, poults and game birds characterized by sudden onset and rapidly increasing mortality It is caused by Clostridium colinum Outbreaks of the disease occur following coccidiosis, aplastic anemia, and infectious bursal disease or stress conditions It is transmitted through droppings and birds are infected by feeding or via drinking water Signs and Symptoms of Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry Infected birds become listless and humped up, with eyes partly closed, and feathers dull and ruffled The lesions include hemorrhagic enteritis in duodenum followed by necrosis and ulcerations The livers vary from light yellow to large, irregular yellow areas along the edges Pharmacological Treatment of Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry Streptomycin 60g/ton of feed or 1 g/gal in water Furazolidone (0.02%) in the feed Activity: Brainstorming What are the prevention and control measures against Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry? Prevention and Control of Ulcerative Enteritis in Poultry Streptomycin , 0.006% in feed Remove contaminated droppings and disinfect the house Avoid stress Earlier treatment is advisable Key Points Ulcerative enteritis (UE) is an inflammation of the digestive tract, caused by the Clostridium colinum bacterium Birds that develop chronic ulcerative enteritis or that have recovered from the disease remain carriers Prevention involves prompt removal of sick and dead birds Total clean up between flocks, pest control in and around the premises, and periodic treatment of watering systems with innocuous chemicals that dissolve mineral and or biofilm build-up are good preventive measures Evaluation What are the common signs and symptoms of Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry? What is the pharmacological treatment of Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry? What are the control measures against Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Aflatoxicosis in Poultry Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 28 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 28: Pharmacotherapy of Aflatoxicosis in Poultry Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Aflatoxicosis in Poultry List signs and symptoms of Aflatoxicosis in Poultry Describe pharmacological treatment Aflatoxicosis in Poultry Describe Control and Prevention of Aflatoxicosis in Poultry Activity: Buzzing What is Aflatoxicosis in Poultry ? Definition of Aflatoxicosis in Poultry Aflatoxins are highly toxic, carcinogenic fungal metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus , A. parasiticus , and others Aflatoxicosis in poultry primarily affects the liver, but immunologic, digestive, and hematopoietic functions may be involved Weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion efficiency, pigmentation, processing yield, egg production, male and female fertility, and hatchability may be affected Some effects are a direct result of intoxication, while others are related indirectly to factors such as reduced feed intake Susceptibility varies, but in general, chickens, ducklings, turkeys, and pheasants are susceptible Signs and Symptoms of Aflatoxicosis in Poultry Unthriftiness to high morbidity and mortality The liver may be acutely reddened due to necrosis and congestion or yellow discolouration due to lipid accumulation; it may have hemorrhages of various sizes and patterns In chronic aflatoxicosis , the liver may be discolored yellow to gray and atrophied. Although the aflatoxins are carcinogenic, tumor formation is rare with the natural disease, probably because the birds do not live long enough for this to occur. A more typical gross finding is the yellowish to yellow-earth colour of the liver, the multiple haemorrhages and a characteristic reticular appearance of the capsular surface in Aflatoxicosis . Activity: Brainstorming What are the prevention and control measures against Aflatoxicosis in Poultry ? Treatment, Prevention and Control of Aflatoxicosis in Poultry There is no specific pharmacological treatment Toxic feed should be removed and replaced with unadulterated feed. Concurrent diseases (parasitic, infectious, and nutritional) should be treated to alleviate additive or synergistic disease interactions, and substandard management practices corrected In individual birds, give activated charcoal in the feed Treatment, Prevention and Control of Aflatoxicosis in Poultry Inspect feed mills regularly and clean any feed residues Poultry houses should have sufficient ventilation to avoid high relative humidity Antifungal agents such as organic acids (propionic acid 0.5-1.5 g/kg) are effective inhibitors Key Points Aflatoxins are very toxic and carcinogenic mycotoxins, produced by moulds of the Aspergillus and Penicillium genera Aflatoxicosis is associated with grains and other feed sources such as maize, soyabeans , peanuts and millet The liver is most affected and toxicity can result in severe liver necrosis Good hygiene and the regular cleaning of storage bins, silos and feeding equipment are extremely important Control is best achieved by the avoidance of contaminated feeds Evaluation What are the common signs and symptoms Aflatoxicosis in Poultry? What is the pharmacological treatment of Aflatoxicosis in Poultry? What are the control measures against Aflatoxicosis in Poultry? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260