DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER ONE Introduction To Human Anatomy And Organization Of Organism CRT04101 · Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology START READING NOTES Study Introduction To Human Anatomy And Organization Of Organism using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology. Contents of This Topic Term Used in Anatomy and Physiology Is generally divided into three components:- iii.Developmental anatomy Subdivisions of gross anatomy Subdivision of microscopic anatomy Introduction To Human Anatomy And Organization Of Organism Anatomical Position and Planes Upper limbs by the sides with the palms facing anteriorly Anatomical Planes . Transverse planes (horizontal) are planes passing through the body at right angles to the median and frontal planes. Terms of Relationship and Comparison Ventral …. Combined terms describing intermediate positional arrangements Terms of Laterality Structural Organization Levels of Organism Chemical level Tissue level Organ system level CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING ORGANISM Organization: Metabolism Other characteristics includes Life depend upon the following environmental factors Oxygen: is a gas used in the process of releasing energy from nutrients SUMMARY EVALUATION References INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY AND ORGANIZATION OF ORGANISM Term Used in Anatomy and Physiology Definition of Terms The word anatomy is derived from a Greek word ( Ana-Tome): meaning cutting up into sections. Anatomy: It is a study of the body structures and physical relationship involved in between body systems. OR Is the study of the structures and relation between body parts. Is generally divided into three components:- i.Gross (macroscopic) anatomy: It is the study of structure as they appear in human body. ii.Microscopic anatomy: It is the study of structures by using microscope.The structures include cells ,tissues and molecules iii.Developmental anatomy It is the study of the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood. Subdivisions of gross anatomy i.Surface anatomy It is the study of the external form of the body and its relation to deeper structures. ii.Regional anatomy It is the study of specific regions of the body iii.systemic anatomy It is the study of specific organ systems Subdivision of microscopic anatomy Cytology: The study of the structural features of cells using microscope. Histology: The study of tissues, which are group of cells and the material surrounding them. Is the study of tissue at microscopic level. Introduction To Human Anatomy And Organization Of Organism Physiology: The science of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of humans in good health, their organs and the cells of which they are composed. Pathology: The medical science dealing with all aspects of disease, with an emphasis on the cause and development of abnormal conditions as well as the structural and functional impairement resulting from disease. Anatomical Position and Planes Anatomical Position All anatomical descriptions are expressed in relation to the anatomical position. The anatomical position refers to people regardless of the actual position they may be in as if they were standing erect, with their: Head, eyes (gaze), and toes directed anteriorly (forward) Upper limbs by the sides with the palms facing anteriorly Lower limbs close together with the feet parallel and the toes directed anteriorly ANATOMICAL POSITION … Anatomical Planes Anatomical descriptions are based on four imaginary planes that intersect the body in the anatomical position. There are many sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes, but there is only one median plane Introduction To Human Anatomy And Organization Of Organism Median (median sagittal) plane is the vertical plane passing longitudinally through the centre of the body, dividing it into right and left halves Sagittal planes are vertical planes passing through the body parallel to the median plane. Introduction To Human Anatomy And Organization Of Organism It is helpful to give a point of reference to indicate the position of a specific plane for example, a sagittal plane through the midpoint of the clavicle=mid clavicular line Any plane parallel and near the median plane may be referred to as a Para median plane Frontal (coronal) planes are vertical planes passing through the body at right angles to the median plane, dividing it into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portion for example, a frontal plane through the heads of the mandible. . Transverse planes (horizontal) are planes passing through the body at right angles to the median and frontal planes. A transverse plane divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) part for example, a transverse plane through the umbilicus is called transumbilical plane Terms of Relationship and Comparison The following terminologies describe the relationship of parts of the body in the anatomical position and compare the position of two structures relative to each other Anterior In front of, front Posterior After, behind, following, toward the rear Distal Away from, farther from the origin (trunk) Proximal Near, closer to the origin Dorsal Near the upper surface, toward the back Ventral Toward the bottom, toward the belly Superior Above, over or near to the head Inferior Below, under or near to the foot (in relation to other structure) Lateral Toward the side, away from the mid-line Medial Toward the mid-line, middle, away from the side Rostral Toward the front of the head (nose/mouth) Caudal Toward the back, toward the tail …. Cranial Combined terms describing intermediate positional arrangements Inferomedial Nearer to the feet and closer to the median plane for example, the anterior parts of the ribs run inferomedially Superolateral Nearer to the head and farther from the median plane Proximal and distal Directional terms used when describing positions for example, whether structures are nearer to the trunk or point of origin (i.e. proximal) Dorsum Superior or dorsal (back) surface of any part that protrudes anteriorly from the body, such as the dorsum of the foot, hand, penis, or tongue Terms of Laterality Paired structures having right and left members (e.g., the kidneys) are bilateral, whereas those occurring on one side only (e.g., the spleen) are unilateral. Ipsilateral means occurring on the same side of the body e.g. the right thumb and right great toe. Contra-lateral means occurring on the opposite side of
