Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI) Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal Constraints/ Challenges to Ruminant Production Low access to improved breeds to the farmers Low access to farm inputs( seeds, machinery) High cost of inputs( seeds, medicine, machinery& equipments) Insufficient storage plants(chilling vats) Lack of technical know- how Seasonal Market Long process to get government services( subsidies)

Risky business Ineffective insurance policy Ineffective government policies 05/26/2017 Krishna Aryal

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI) Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal Digestion of Ruminants (Digestive system consists of Mouth, Oesophagous, Stomach Compartments, Small Intestine, Large Intestine) 05/26/2017 Krishna Aryal

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI) Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal Consists of lips, teeth, tongue Dental Formulae Deciduous 0 0 3 3 1 3 = 10 Permanent 0 0 3 3 3 1 3 3 = 16 The front consists of 6 incisors and 2 canines No incisors on top, but a dental pad Six premolars and six molars on top and bottom jaws Teeth used for grinding, tongue used to gather grass (pinched off between incisors and dental pad)

05/26/2017 Krishna Aryal

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI) Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal Esophagus Tube like structure Passes food materials from mouth to rumen of stomach No spincher valve 05/26/2017 Krishna Aryal

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI) Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal Digestion in mouth and esophagus Process of digestion starts from mouth. Tongue and the lips help ruminant animals to pick and roll the plant material into the mouth Teeth helps in the mastication or chewing of the plant material. The mouth has salivary gland that secret saliva with pH of about 8.2.

The esophagus is a tubular column through which food is swallowed and regurgitated for re-chewing. It has no sphincter valves and the muscles contracts in both direction to allow movement of food. 05/26/2017 Krishna Aryal

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI) Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal Stomach compartments Rumen ( Towel like) First compartment Located on left side of the animal Largest part of the stomach( makes up 80% of stomach) Within these reside bacteria( Lactobacillus, Streptococus) and protozoa(Entodinium) that perform a large portion of the digestion These organisms

digest the fibers, producing volatile fatty acids (acetic acid, butyric acid, propaionic acid) which are absorbed through the rumen These acids account for 60% to 80% of the cow’s energy Produce protein and vitamins B and C 05/26/2017 Krishna Aryal

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI) Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal Reticulum Second compartment Many folds( honey comb like) Hardware stomach: trap and foreign material that animal may pick up Very thick therefore harder to damage Makes up 5% of the stomach Absorbs nutrients 05/26/2017 Krishna Aryal

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI) Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal Digestion in rumen and reticulum Ruminants’ microbes employ anaerobic digestion, specifically, fermentation Fermentation is the break down of a substrate without the use of oxygen Fermentation Consists of the four steps illustrated below 05/26/2017 Krishna Aryal