PST Level 5 Semester 1

NTA Level 5 • Semester 1 • PST05103 Pneumonia Pharmaceutical Microbiology • Source Session/Topic 11 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 11: Pneumonia Total Session Time: 120 minutes Pre-requisites • Human anatomy and physiology Students Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Describe common cause of pneumonia (causative agents, transmission, signs and symptoms) • Describe treatment, prevention and control of common bacterial diseases Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |5 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks | |2 |20 minutes |Brainstorming/|Introduction to Pneumonia | | | |Presentation | | |3 |10 minutes |Presentation |Signs and Symptoms of Pneumonia | |4 |15 minutes |Presentation |Treatment, Prevention and Control | | | | |of Pneumonia | |5 |5 minutes |Presentation |Key Points | | 6|5 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation | SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: Introduction to Pneumonia (20 minutes) |Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) | | | |Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: | | | |What is pneumonia? | | | |ALLOW few students to respond? | | | |WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below | • Pneumonia causes inflammation in the alveoli of one or both lungs. The alveoli fill with fluid or pus, making it difficult to breathe. • Pneumonia is caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, aspiration and chemicals (chemical pneumonia) • Bacterial pneumonia is the most common type of pneumonia. o The common causative organisms for pneumonia are bacterial (e.g. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Hemophilus influenza, Staphylococcus aureus, and Mycoplasma pneumoiae) viral or parasitic e.g. Pneumocystis jirovecii o Streptococcal pneumonia is caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae • Aspiration pneumonia is lung infection caused by inhaling mouth secretions, stomach contents, or both –these contents usually contain microorganisms • Chemical pneumonitis is lung irritation caused by inhalation of substances toxic to the lungs • Pneumonia can be community acquired or hospital (nosocomial) acquired o Community acquired pneumonia is the type of pneumonia that is acquired outside hospital settings o Hospital acquired (nosocomial) pneumonia is pneumonia that occurs more than 48 hours after hospital admission but that was not incubating at the time of admission. • Pneumonia is transmitted through respiratory droplets, aspiration of particles containing microorganisms into the lungs or inhalation of chemicals into the lungs which cause irritations (and hence inflammation) of the lung tissue • Pneumonia has different clinical presentations in children and in adults • In children pneumonia is classified into no pneumonia, pneumonia and severe pneumonia depending on age, rate of breathing and presence of chest in-drawing STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Pneumonia (10 minutes) • The important clinical features are o High fever 39°C o Chills o Dry or productive cough o Central cyanosis o Respiratory distress o Chest pain and tachypnea o Chest in-drawing (in children) STEP 4: Treatment, Prevention and Control of Pneumonia (15 minutes) Treatment • General management o Oxygen therapy o Lowering fever e o Bronchodilators • Medications o Antibiotics ▪ Penicillins • Benzyl penicillin • Ampicillin • Amoxicillin • Cloxacillin ▪ Aminoglycosides • Gentamycin ▪ Other antibiotics • Clindamycin • Chloramphenicol Preventive and control measures • Immunization • Practicing Good hygiene • By avoiding or stopping to smoke STEP 5: Key Points (5 minutes) • Pneumonia causes inflammation in the alveoli of one or both lungs. The alveoli fill with fluid or pus, making it difficult to breathe. • Pneumonia is caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, aspiration and chemicals (chemical pneumonia) • Streptococcal pneumonia is caused by S. pneumonia STEP 6: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What is pneumonia? • Mention the types of pneumonia • How is pneumonia treated? • How is pneumonia prevented? References Hugo and Russell (2011), Pharmaceutical Microbiology 8th Edition, Willey- Blackwel publications Karen C. Carroll et al (2013); Jawetz, Melnick and Adelberg’s Medical Microbiology 26th Ed. McGraw Hill Co. Inc. Greenwood et al (2012); Medical Microbiology, 18th edition Churchill Livingstone ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Pharmaceutical Microbiology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 5 • Semester 1 • PST05103 Neisseria, Gonorrhoea and Meningococcal Meningitis Pharmaceutical Microbiology • Source Session/Topic 12 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 12: Neisseria, Gonorrhoea and Meningococcal Meningitis Total Session Time: 120 minutes Pre-requisites • Human anatomy and physiology Students Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Describe common bacterial diseases (causative agents, transmission, signs and symptoms) • Describe treatment, prevention and control of common bacterial diseases Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |5 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks | |2 | 25 |Presentation |Characteristics of Neisseria | | |minutes | | | |3 |10 minutes|Buzzing/ |Cause and Transmission of | | | |Presentation |Gonorrhoea | |4 | |Small group |Signs and Symptoms of | | |15 minutes|discussion/ |Gonorrhoea | | | |Presentation | | |5 |10 minutes|Brainstorming/ |Treatment, Prevention and | | | |Presentation |Control of Gonorrhoea | |6 | |Presentation |Cause and Transmission of | | |15 minutes| |Meningococcal Meningitis | |7 |10 minutes|Presentation |Signs and Symptoms of | | | | |Meningococcal Meningitis | |8 |20 minutes|Presentation |Treatment, Prevention and | | | | |Control of Meningococcal | | | | |Meningitis | |9 |5 minutes |Presentation |Key Points | | |5 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation | |10 | | | | SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: Characteristics of Neisseria (25 minutes) • The genus Neisseria belongs to the family Neisseriaceae • The typical Neisseriae are gram-negative, nonmotile, kidney-shaped diplococci • The neisseriae grow best under aerobic conditions, but some grow in an anaerobic environment. o Most neisseriae oxidize carbohydrates, producing acid but not gas, and their carbohydrate patterns are a means of distinguishing them ▪ N. gonorrhoeae does not oxidize maltose (only oxidizes glucose) but N. meningitides does o They are oxidase positive • Some neisseriae are normal inhabitants of the human respiratory tract, rarely if ever cause disease, and occur extracellularly • Medically important Neisseria are; o Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococci), which causes gonorrhoea o Neisseria meningitidis (meningococci) which causes Meningococcal meningitis o Both are typically found associated with or inside polymorphonuclear cells • Gonococci and meningococci are closely related (70% DNA homology) o Meningococci have polysaccharide capsules but gonococci do not o meningococci rarely have plasmids but most gonococci do o Meningococci typically are found in the upper respiratory tract and cause meningitis, but gonococci cause genital infections STEP 3: Cause and Transmission of Gonorrhoea (10 minutes) |Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) | | | |ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 | |minutes | | | |What are the cause and transmission of gonorrhea? | | | |ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points not | |mentioned | | | |WRITE their response on the flip chart/board | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below | • Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae • The disease is transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected person and from an infected mother to the baby during delivery • Gonococci attack mucous membranes of the genitourinary tract, eye, rectum, and throat, producing acute suppuration that may lead to tissue invasion • The infection may progress to the epididymis • In women, primary infection is in the endocervix and entends to the urethra and vagina. It may progress to the uterine tubes and cause salpingitis, fibrosis and obliteration of the tubes. Infertility occurs in 20% of women with gonococcal salpingitis STEP 4: Signs and Symptoms of Gonorrhoea (15 minutes) |Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) | | | |Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: | | | |What are the signs and symptoms of gonorrhoea? | | | |ALLOW few students to respond? | | | |WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below | • Female are usually asymptomatic but may have the following signs and symptoms; o Most infections are asymptomatic o Cervicitis ▪ Abnormal vaginal discharge, intermenstrual bleeding, dysuria, lower abdominal pain, or dyspareunia ▪ Mucopurulent or purulent cervical discharge, easily induced cervical bleeding ▪ At least 50% of women with clinical cervicitis have no symptoms o Urethritis ▪ Dysuria however, most women are asymptomatic • Ii male Incubation period is commonly 2-5 days and the following are common signs and symptoms; o Typically, purulent or mucopurulent urethral discharge (Yellow, creamy pus from the penis) o Often accompanied by dysuria o Urethral infection in men can be asymptomatic o Symptoms associated with epididymitis ▪ Unilateral testicular pain and swelling ▪ Infrequent, but most common local complication in males ▪ Usually associated with overt or subclinical urethritis • Gonococcal bacteremia leads to skin lesions (especially hemorrhagic papules and pustules) on the hands, forearms, feet, and legs and to tenosynovitis and suppurative arthritis, usually of the knees, ankles, and wrists STEP 5: Treatment, Prevention and Control of Gonorrhoea (10 minutes) • Treatment o Antibiotics ▪ Fluoroquinolones e.g. ciprofloxacin ▪ Cephalosporins e.g. ceftriaxone ▪ Macrolides e.g. Azithromycin or Tetracyclines e.g. doxycycline should be added if chlamydial infection is not ruled out. • Prevention and control o Avoiding multiple sexual partners o Early diagnosis and treatment o Mechanical prophylaxis e.g. condoms o Gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum is prevented by local application of 0.5% erythromycin ophthalmic ointment or 1% tetracycline ointment to the conjunctiva of newborns STEP 6: Cause and Transmission of Meningococcal Meningitis (15 minutes) • Meningococcal meningitis is a serious bacterial infection that causes inflammation of the layers (meninges)

NTA Level 5 • Semester 1 • PST05103 Introduction to Bacilli Pharmaceutical Microbiology • Source Session/Topic 13 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 13: Introduction to Bacilli Total Session Time: 60 minutes Pre-requisites • Human anatomy and physiology Students Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Describe medical bacilli Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |5 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks | |2 |10 minutes|Presentation |Characteristics of Bacilli | |3 |20 minutes |Presentation |Classification of Gram Positive | | | | |Bacilli | | |15 minutes |Presentation |Classification of Gram Negative | | | | |Bacilli | |4 |5 minutes |Presentation |Key Points | | 5|5 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation | SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: Characteristics of Bacilli (10 minutes) • Bacilli are rod shaped bacteria. They are not spherical as cocci. • Bacilli should not be confused with bacillus which is a genus in the spore forming gram positive bacilli • Bacilli are groped into two major groups depending on their staining properties with Gram stain o Gram postive bacilli o Gram negative bacilli • Bacilli consist of a large number of bacteria some of which cause serious diseases in humans and others are normal flora of humans STEP 3: Classification of Gram Positive Bacilli (25 minutes) • Spore forming Gram Positive Bacilli o These bacilli are ubiquitous, and because they form spores, they can survive in the environment for many years o The gram-positive spore-forming bacilli are the Bacillus and Clostridium species ▪ Genus Clostridium • Anaerobic spore-forming bacilli • Members of the genus Clostridium are obligate anaerobic to spore forming bacilli • Found in soil as well as in normal intestinal flora of man and animals • There are both gram-positive and gram-negative species, although the majority of isolates are gram-positive • Produce exotoxin(s) which play an important role in disease production • Pathogenic members include; o Corynebacterium perfringes which causes gas gangrene o Clostridium tetani which causes tetanus o Clostridium botulinum which causes botulism o Clostridium difficile which causes pseudomembraneous colitis o Clostridium perfringes which causes food poisoning and necrotizing enteritis ▪ Genus Bacillus • Consists of aerobic or facultatively anaerobic gram positive spore-forming bacilli • Some may turn Gram negative with age • Most members of the genus bacillus are saprophytic • They are able to survive in harsh environment • They include thermophilic, psychrophilic, acidophilic, alkaliphilic, halotolerant, and halophilic representatives, which are capable of growing at temperatures, pH values, and salt concentrations at which few other organisms could survive • Pathogenic bacteria in this genus include o Bacillus anthracis which causes anthrax o Bacillus cereus which causes bacillus food poisoning • The non–spore-forming gram-positive bacilli are a diverse group of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria o They are grouped into acid-fast bacilli and non-acid fast bacilli o The acid fast bacilli include Mycobacterium and Nocardia ▪ Mycobacterium e.g. Mycobacterium tuberculosis that cause tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae that causes leprosy • The non-acid fast bacilli include regular bacteria and pleomorphic bacteria o The regular acid fast bacilli include Lactobacillus and Listeria ▪ Listeria e.g. Listeria monocytogenes which causes meningitis and sepsis o The pleomorphic acid fast bacilli include Corynebacterium and Propionibacterium ▪ Corynebacterium e.g. Corynebacterium diphteriae causes Diphtheria ▪ Propionibacterium acnes is associated with acne vulgaris STEP 4: Classification of Gram Negative Bacilli (15 minutes) • The Gram negative bacilli are grouped into two groups; the aerobic non enteric bacilli and the enteric bacilli • Aerobic Gram-Negative Nonenteric Bacilli o Do not ferment sugars o They include ▪ Pseudomonas e.g. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a dangerous opportunistic pathogen ▪ Brucella e.g. Brucella species which cause brucellosis ▪ Francicella e.g. Francicella tularensis which causes Tularemia ▪ Bordetella e.g. Bordetella pertussis which cause whooping cough ▪ Legionella e.g. Legionella pneumophilia which causes legionnaire’s disease • Enteric Gram-Negative Bacilli (Enterobacteriaceae) o These are gram negative rods o They ferment glucose with acid production o Reduce nitrates into nitrites o They are oxidase positive o They are catalase positive o They are facultative anaerobic o They are motile except Shigella, Klebsiella, and Yersinia o They are non-capsulated except Klebsiella o They are non-fastidious o They grow on bile-containing agar (MacConkey agar) o Most members are opportunistic or cause secondary infections of wounds, the urinary tract and the circulatory system o They are grouped into two groups ▪ Lactose fermenters e.g. E. coli ▪ Lactose non fermenters e.g. Salmonella, Shigella, Proteus, Yersinia STEP 5: Key Points (5 minutes) • Gram positive bacilli are grouped into spore forming and non spore forming • The spore forming gram positive bacilli are grouped into bacillus and clostridia, all are pathogenic to humans • The non-spore forming are grouped into acid fast and non acid fast • Gram negative bacilli are grouped into two groups namely non enteric gram negative bacilli and the enterics (enterobacteriaceae) • Non enteric gram negative bacilli do ferment any sugar while the enterobacteriaceae ferment a varieties of sugar STEP 6: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What are the features of gram positive bacilli? • List some bacteria that are gram positive bacilli • Mention some diseases caused by gram positive bacilli • Differentiate non enteric gram negative bacilli from the enteric gram negative bacilli References Hugo and Russell (2011), Pharmaceutical Microbiology 8th Edition, Willey- Blackwel publications Karen C. Carroll et al (2013); Jawetz, Melnick and Adelberg’s Medical Microbiology 26th Ed. McGraw Hill Co. Inc. Greenwood et al (2012); Medical Microbiology, 18th edition Churchill Livingstone ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Pharmaceutical Microbiology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE

NTA Level 5 • Semester 1 • PST05103 Anthrax and Bacillus Food Poisoning Pharmaceutical Microbiology • Source Session/Topic 14 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 14: Anthrax and Bacillus Food Poisoning Total Session Time: 120 minutes Pre-requisites • Human anatomy and physiology Students Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Describe Anthrax and bacillis food poisoning (causative agents, transmission, signs and symptoms) • Describe treatment, prevention and control of common bacterial diseases Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |5 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks | |2 | 25 minutes|Presentation |Cause and Transmission of Anthrax | |3 |5 minutes |Presentation |Signs and Symptoms of Anthrax | |4 |25 minutes |Presentation |Treatment, Prevention and Control | | | | |of Anthrax | |5 | |Presentation |Cause and Transmission of Bacillus| | |25 minutes | |Food Poisoning | |6 |15 minutes |Presentation |Signs and Symptoms of Bacillus | | | | |Food Poisoning | |7 |10 minutes |Presentation |Treatment, Prevention and Control | | | | |of Bacillus Food Poisoning | |8 |5 minutes |Presentation |Key Points | | 9|5 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation | SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: Cause and Transmission of Anthrax (25 minutes) • Anthrax is a serious infectious disease caused by spore-forming, gram- positive, rod-shaped bacteria Bacillus anthracis • Anthrax is a disease of animals. However, man is infected directly through contact with infected hides or inhalation of spores in the lungs or ingestion of infected meat. • There three forms of anthrax; cutaneous anthrax, pulmonary anthrax and intestinal anthrax o A cutaneous anthrax infection enters the body through a cut or other lesions on the skin o Gastrointestinal anthrax is acquired by consumption of undercooked meat from an infected animal o Inhalation anthrax enters the body inhalation of anthrax spores. It is the most deadly form of anthrax and even with treatment, it is often fatal. STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Anthrax (5 minutes) • Signs and symptoms • Clinical presentation of depend on the route of entry. • Entry through scratches on the skin • Cutaneous anthrax infection in humans shows up as a boil-like skin lesion that eventually forms an ulcer with a black center. • The black center is known as and eschar, papule or malignant pustule often shows up as a large, painless necrotic ulcer. • It begins as an irritating and itchy skin lesion or blister that is dark and usually concentrated as a black dot at the site of infection. Cutaneous infections generally form within the site of spore penetration between 2 and 5 days after exposure and is usually painless. • Black central necrosis, extensive oedema and painless swelling are the late signs. • • Entry through inhalation • -Respiratory infection in humans initially presents with cold or flu- like symptoms for several days, followed by severe respiratory collapse.. • -Serious respiratory distress (pneumonia) are the late symptoms. • -Shock due to internal haemorrhage may also occur. • • Entry though ingestion • – Gastrointestinal infection in humans is most often caused by eating anthrax-infected meat and is characterized by serious gastrointestinal difficulty, • – Vomiting of blood, severe diarrhea, acute inflammation of the intestinal tract, and loss of appetite. • – Fever and sepsis in the GIT are the late signs. STEP 4: Treatment, Prevention and Control of Anthrax (25 minutes) • Many antibiotics are effective against anthrax in humans, but treatment must be started early. o Penicillins ▪ Benzyl penicillin ▪ Phenoxymethylpenicillin o Macrolides ▪ Erythromycin o Fluoroquinolones ▪ Ciprofloxacin o Tetracyclines ▪ Doxycycline • Prevention and control measures include; o Disposal of animal carcasses by burning or by deep burial in lime pits o Decontamination (usually by autoclaving) of animal products o Protective clothing and gloves for handling potentially infected materials o Active immunization of domestic animals with live attenuated vaccines. o Immunization of persons at risk STEP 5: Cause and Transmission of Bacillus Food Poisoning (25 minutes) • Bacillus food poisoning is a disease caused by toxins produced by Bacillus cereus in foods • Bacillus cereus is a spore-forming, Gram positive bacillus that belong to the genus Bacillus • Food poisoning caused by B. cereus has two distinct forms, o Emetic type ▪ Which is associated with fried rice, milk, and pasta ▪ The toxin is preformed and indigested with food o Diarrheal type ▪ which is associated with meat dishes and sauces ▪ it is due to the production of heat labile enterotoxins during growth of vegetative cells in the small intestine of the host STEP 6: Signs and Symptoms of Bacillus Food Poisoning (15 minutes) • Emetic type o Nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and occasionally diarrhea o It is self-limiting, with recovery occurring within 24 hours o It begins 1–5 hours after ingestion of emetic toxin in the contaminated food products • Diarrheal type o The incubation period is1–24 hours o Profuse diarrhea with abdominal pain and cramps STEP 7: Treatment, Prevention and Control of Bacillus Food Poisoning (10 minutes) • Most people recover without treatment. • The administration of fluids and electrolytes is recommended if the diarrhea or vomiting is severe. • Antibiotics are not indicated as the symptoms are caused by the toxins and not the bacteria. Antibiotics may however, reduce toxin production in the diarrhea type. • Preventive and control measures include: o Proper handling of food by ensuring that ▪ Food is maintained either at a temperature above 60°C or refrigerated below 4°C ▪ Cooked foods that is not immediately consumed is cooled to below

NTA Level 5 • Semester 1 • PST05103 Tetanus Pharmaceutical Microbiology • Source Session/Topic 15 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 15: Tetanus Total Session Time: 60 minutes Pre-requisites • Human anatomy and physiology Students Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Describe Tetanus diseases (causative agents, transmission, signs and symptoms) • Describe treatment prevention and control of tetanus Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |5 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks | |2 |15 minutes |Presentation |Cause and Transmission of Tetanus | | |15 minutes |Buzzing/ |Signs and Symptoms of Tetanus | | | |Presentation | | |3 |15 minutes |Presentation |Treatment and Prevention of | | | | |Tetanus | |4 |5 minutes |Presentation |Key Points | | 5|5 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation | SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: Cause and Transmission of Tetanus (15 minutes) • Tetanus is an acute, often fatal disease caused by an exotoxin produced by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium tetani. Tetanus can occur in adults, children and in neonates. • Tetanus is transmitted through wounds contaminated with spores of the bacteria. • Neonatal Tetanus is acquired through the umbilical stump o Usually occurs through introduction of tetanus spores via the umbilical cord during delivery through the use of an unclean instrument to cut the cord, or after velivery by “dressing” the umbilical stump with substances heavily contaminated with tetanus spores. • Tetanus toxin (Tetanospasmin) binds to receptors on the presynaptic membranes of motor neurons and is transported to the spinal cord and brainstem where it blocks the release of inhibitory glycine and Gamma aminoburyric acid (GABA). • The motor neurons are therefore not inhibited resulting in continuous stimulation. • Extremely small amounts of toxin can be lethal for humans. • Hyperreflexia, muscle spasms, and spastic paralysis result. STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Tetanus (15 minutes) |Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) | | | |ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 | |minutes | | | |What are the signs and symptoms of Tetanus? | | | |ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points not | |mentioned | | | |WRITE their response on the flip chart/board | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below | • The incubation period of Tetanus may range from 4 to 5 days up to 3 weeks. Signs and symptoms Signs and symptoms differ depending on the form of tetanus affecting the patient. There are about three forms of the disease Generalized tetanus is the most common type of tetanus, representing about 80% of cases. The first sign of generalized form is trismus, or lockjaw, and the facial spasms called risus sardonicus, followed by stiffness of the neck, difficulty in swallowing, and rigidity of pectoral and calf muscles. Other symptoms include elevated temperature, sweating, elevated blood pressure, and episodic rapid heart rate. Local tetanus is an uncommon form of the disease, in which patients have persistent contraction of muscles in the same anatomic area as the injury. The contractions may persist for many weeks before gradually subsiding. Local tetanus is generally milder; only about 1% of cases are fatal, but it may precede the onset of generalized tetanus. Cephalic tetanus is a rare form of the disease, occasionally occurring with otitis media (ear infections) in which C. tetani is present in the flora of the middle ear, or following injuries to the head. There is involvement of the cranial nerves, especially in the facial area. Death usually occurs due to exhaustion. STEP 4: Treatment and Prevention of Tetanus (15 minutes) Treatment • Supportive Therapy o Nursing the patient in the dark, quiet room to avoid unnecessary external stimuli which can trigger spasms o Protecting the airway o Thorough cleaning of the site of entry (wound/umbilicus), leaving it exposed without dressing o Pain management with Paracetamol (via NGT) as the spasms can be very painful o Maintenance of fluid balance and nutrition (via NGT) ▪ Use of the IV/IM route should be avoided as injections can trigger spasms o Sedation • Medications used o To prevent further absorption of toxin from the wound ▪ Human tetanus immunoglobulin ▪ Antibiotics • Amoxycillin • Metronidazole o To control spams and contractions ▪ Diazepam ▪ Chlorpromane ▪ Phenobarbitone Prevention • Immunization with Tetanus o Childhood immunization with Tetanus Toxoid (TT) o Immunize women of reproductive age (in pregnancy or outside pregnancy) • Hygienic practices when caring for wounds and during delivery STEP 5: Key Points (5 minutes) • Tetanus is a very dangerous disease caused by an exotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani. • The disease occurs both in adults and neonates. In neonates it is called neonatal tetanus. • Transmission of tetanus is through contaminated wounds or umbilical stumps • Treatment involves supportive to control muscle contractions and provision of antibiotics and sedatives • Tetanus is prevented by vaccination and hygienic practices when caring for wounds STEP 6: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What are the treatment options for Tetanus? • What is neonatal tetanus? • Who is at risk of acquiring tetanus? References Hugo and Russell (2011), Pharmaceutical Microbiology 8th Edition, Willey- Blackwel publications Karen C. Carroll et al (2013); Jawetz, Melnick and Adelberg’s Medical Microbiology 26th Ed. McGraw Hill Co. Inc. Greenwood et al (2012); Medical Microbiology, 18th edition Churchill Livingstone ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Pharmaceutical Microbiology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe

NTA Level 5 • Semester 1 • PST05103 Diphtheria Pharmaceutical Microbiology • Source Session/Topic 16 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 16: Diphtheria Total Session Time: 60 minutes Pre-requisites • Human anatomy and physiology Students Learning Tasks By The End Of This Session Students Are Expected To Be Able To: • Describe Diptheria (causative agents, transmission, signs and symptoms) • Describe treatment, prevention and control of Diptheria Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |5 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks | |2 |15 minutes|Presentation |Cause and Transmission of | | | | |Diphtheria | |3 |15 minutes|Presentation |Signs and Symptoms of Diphtheria | |4 |15 minutes|Presentation |Treatment, Prevention and Control | | | | |of Diphtheria | |5 |5 minutes |Presentation |Key Points | | 6|5 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation | SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: Cause and Transmission of Diphtheria (15 minutes) • Diphtheria is an infectious disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae • The disease is directly transmitted from person to person by respiratory droplets. • Children between 1-5 years of age are most susceptible although non- immune adults are also at risk. • The disease primarily infects the throat and upper airways, and produces a toxin affecting other organs STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Diphtheria (15 minutes) • There are two types of clinical diphtheria, nasopharyngeal and cutaneous. • Symptoms of pharyngeal diphtheria vary from mild pharyngitis to hypoxia due to airway obstruction by the pseudomembrane o The involvement of cervical lymph nodes may cause swelling of the neck (bull neck diphtheria), and the patient may have a fever • Symptoms of cutaneous diphtheria include lesions on the skin that are usually covered by a gray-brown pseudomembrane. • Life-threatening systemic complications, principally loss of motor function (e.g., difficulty in swallowing) and congestive heart failure, may develop as a result of the action of diphtheria toxin on peripheral motor neurons and the myocardium. • STEP 4: Treatment, Prevention and Control of Diphtheria (15 minutes) • Supportive therapy o May need tracheotomy for airway obstruction o Oxygen if airway obstruction is present o NGT for feeding if patient is unable to swallow • Medications o Diphtheria antitoxin o Penicillins e.g. penicillin V, Penicillin G o Macrolides e.g. Erythromycin, Azithromycin • Prevention and control o Immunization o Isolation of the sick STEP 4: Key Points (5 minutes) • Diphtheria is a contagious bacterial infection of the airways caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae • The disease is transmitted through respiratory droplets from an infected person • The disease is treated by supportive therapy and provision of medication including diphtheria antitoxin and antibiotics • Isolation of the sick and immunization are key to prevention and control of diphtheria STEP 5: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What is diphtheria? • How is diphtheria transmitted? • Who are more at risk? References Hugo and Russell (2011), Pharmaceutical Microbiology 8th Edition, Willey- Blackwel publications Karen C. Carroll et al (2013); Jawetz, Melnick and Adelberg’s Medical Microbiology 26th Ed. McGraw Hill Co. Inc. Greenwood et al (2012); Medical Microbiology, 18th edition Churchill Livingstone ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Pharmaceutical Microbiology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 5 • Semester 1 • PST05103 Mycobacterial Infections Pharmaceutical Microbiology • Source Session/Topic 17 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 17: Mycobacterial Infections Total Session Time: 120 minutes Pre-requisites • Human anatomy and physiology Students Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Describe mycobacterium infection(causative agents, transmission, signs and symptoms) • Describe treatment, prevention and control of mycobacterial infection Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |5 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks | |2 | |Buzzing/ |Cause and Transmission of | | |25 minutes |Presentation |Tuberculosis | |3 |10 minutes |Presentation |Signs and Symptoms of Tuberculosis| |4 |25 minutes |Brainstorming/|Treatment, Prevention and Control | | | |Presentation |of Tuberculosis | |5 |15 minutes |Presentation |Cause and Transmission of Leprosy | |6 | 10 minutes|Presentation |Signs and Symptoms of Leprosy | |7 |20 minutes |Presentation |Treatment, Prevention and Control | | | | |of Leprosy | |9 |5 minutes |Presentation |Key Points | | |5 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation | |10 | | | | SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: Cause and Transmission of Tuberculosis (25 minutes) |Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) | | | |ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 | |minutes | | | |What is the cause and transmission of Tuberculosis?? | | | |ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points | |not mentioned | | | |WRITE their response on the flip chart/board | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below | • • Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic, progressive airborne mycobacterial infection, often with a period of latency following initial infection. TB most commonly affects the lungs • Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (for which humans are the main reservoir) o Similar disease occasionally results from the closely related mycobacteria, M. bovis, M. africanum, and M. microti—which together with M. tuberculosis are known as the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex • Tuberculosis is transmitted through inhalation of airborne particles (droplet nuclei) containing M. tuberculosis. o Mycobacteria disperse primarily through coughing, singing, and other forced respiratory maneuvers by people who have active pulmonary or laryngeal TB • Mycobacteria are slender, curved, acid-fast bacilli that belong to the family Mycobacteriaceae • Types of Tuberculosis o Pulmonary TB ▪ It is the most common and infectious affecting the lungs o Extra pulmonary TB ▪ This type of TB occurs when bacteria spread outside the lung to cause damage in any organ such as meninges, lymphnodes, kidneys, spine, intestinal and ostearticular ▪ It common among people with HIV/AIDS • Tuberculosis occurs in three forms, primary infection (usually asymptomatic), latent infection (dormant stage) and active infection. STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Tuberculosis (10 minutes) • Cough of more than two weeks • Fever • Excessive Night sweats • Haemoptysis (sputum mixed with blood stains) • Loss of weight • Fatigue • Chest pain • Anorexia STEP 4: Treatment, Prevention and Control of Tuberculosis (25 minutes) • Combination of antituberculosis drugs is used to avoid emergence of drug resistance • Compliance must be ensured before initiation of therapy • Antituberculosis (Anti-TB) drugs are; o First line drugs ▪ Isoniazid ▪ Rifampicin ▪ Pyrazinamide ▪ Ethambutol ▪ Streptomycin o Second line drugs include; ▪ Kanamycin ▪ Capreomycin ▪ Ethionamide ▪ Cycloserin ▪ Ofloxacin • According to National TB and Leprosy programme (NTLP) patients are grouped into three categories namely category I, II and III o Combination of anti-Tb drugs into regimens is based on these categories • Considerations in provision of anti-Tb drugs o HIV/AIDS and other chronic diseases e.g. liver failure o Oral contraceptive use o Pregnancy o Breastfeeding o Drug resistance ▪ Multidrug resistance tuberculosis • Prevention and control o Treatment of patients with active tuberculosis o Treating causes of immune suppression o Immunization with BCG vaccine o Pasteurization of milk o Isolation of patients |Activity: Take home Assignment (10 minutes) | | | |DIVIDE students in groups or individual. | | | |ASK the students to work on the following assignment | | | |What are the regimens (drug, dose and schedule) used for treatment of | |tuberculosis in different patients? | | | |ALLOCATE time for students to do the assignment and submit | | | |REFER students to recommended references | STEP 5: Cause and Transmission of Leprosy (15 minutes) • Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae • The disease mainly affects the skin, the peripheral nerves and the mucous memberanes, usually affecting the cooler parts of the body such as skin, nose and upper respiratory tract • Leprosy is a disease mainly of human beings, which affects people of all races, all ages and both sexes • Leprosy is the commonest cause of peripheral neuritis in the world • Leprosy is transmitted through prolonged contact with patients with lepromatous leprosy who discharge large numbers of M. leprae in nasal secretions and from skin lesions • There three forms of leprosy namely tuberculoid leprosy, lepromatous leprosy and a mixture of the two o Tuberculoid leprosy the disease is non-progressive and benign o Lepromatous leprosy the disease is progressive and malignant STEP 6: Signs and Symptoms of Leprosy (10 minutes) • The major clinical features therefore include hypopigmented anaesthetic macula or nodular and erythematous skin lesions and nerve thickening • Patients is suspected of having leprosy when they show one or more of the following signs of symptoms: o Burning sensations in the skin o Pale patches on the skin with loss of feeling o

NTA Level 5 • Semester 1 • PST05103 Cholera and Plague Pharmaceutical Microbiology • Source Session/Topic 18 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 18: Cholera and Plague Total Session Time: 120 minutes Pre-requisites • Human anatomy and physiology Students Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Describe Cholera and Plague (causative agents, transmission, signs and symptoms) • Describe treatment, prevention and control of Cholera and Plague e Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |5 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks | |2 | 25 minutes|Presentation |Cause and Transmission of Cholera | |3 |5 minutes |Presentation |Signs and Symptoms of Cholera | |4 |25 minutes |Presentation |Treatment, Prevention and Cholera | |5 | |Presentation |Cause and Transmission of Plague | | |25 minutes | | | |6 |15 minutes |Presentation |Signs and Symptoms of Plague | |7 |10 minutes |Presentation |Treatment, Prevention and Control | | | | |of Plague | |8 |5 minutes |Presentation |Key Points | | 9|5 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation | SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: Cause and Transmission of Cholera (10 minutes) • Cholera is an acute gastrointestinal infection caused by Vibrio cholerae. • Cholera is transmitted by faecal-oral route through ingestion of contaminated water or food by human faeces leading to severe diarrhoea and emesis associated with body fluid and electrolyte depletion • Vibrio cholerae is a Gram negative bacterium that is oxidase positive and motile via a polar flagellum STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Cholera (10 minutes) • Cholera is characterized by o Profuse watery diarrhoea, vomiting, severe dehydration and muscular cramps, leading to hypovolemic shock and death o The stool has a characteristic “rice water” appearance ▪ non-bilious, grey, slightly cloudy fluid with flecks of mucus, no blood and inoffensive odour • Cholera may result in the following complications o severe dehydration o shock o renal failure STEP 4: Treatment, Prevention and Control of Cholera (15 minutes) • Treatment options o Replacement of fluids and electrolytes ▪ Lactated Ringer solution or, Normal saline ▪ Oral rehydration salts (ORS) if patient can drink o Antibiotics ▪ Macrolides e.g. erythromycin ▪ Sulphonamides –co-trimoxazole ▪ Fluoroquinolones e.g. ciprofloxacin ▪ Tetracyclines –doxycycline o Vitamins and minerals ▪ Zinc ▪ Folic acid • Prevention and control measures include; o Drinking water from safe sources (taps, decontaminated deep wells, bottles) o Boiling or treating of water to kill bacteria and make it safe for drinking and other domestic uses o Washing hands with liquid soap and running water after visiting the toilet, before preparing foods, and before eating o Avoiding consumption of uncooked street food or cooked food that is no longer hot. o Avoiding consumption of street prepared fresh fruits STEP 5: Cause and Transmission of Plague (30 minutes) • Plague is an infectious disease of wild rodents transmitted from one rodent to another and occasionally from rodents to humans by the bites of an infected flea. It can also be transmitted to humans through direct contact with infected materials or by inhalation • Plague is caused by the bacteria Yersinia pestis which is short, pleomorphic Gram-negative rod that can exhibit bipolar staining with special staining such as Giemsa. • The genus Yersinia where Y. pestis belongs, is in the family Enterobacteriaceae • The bacteria are catalase positive, oxidase negative, and microaerophilic or facultatively anaerobic. • The ability of this organism to be transmitted by aerosol and the severity and high mortality associated with pneumonic plague make Y. pestis a potential biological weapon. • There are 3 forms of plague infection, depending on the route of infection: o Bubonic plague ▪ This is the most common, caused by the bite of an infected flea ▪ Y. pestis, enters at the bite and travels through the lymphatic system to the nearest lymph node, replicates itself and causes the lymph node to be inflamed, tense and painful, turning into open sores with pus o Septicaemic plague ▪ This occurs when infection spreads through the bloodstream, following untreated bubonic plague causing bleeding, tissue necrosis and shock o Pneumonic plague ▪ This is the most virulent form and is rare ▪ It is typically caused by spread to the lungs from advanced bubonic plague ▪ However, any person with pneumonic plague may transmit the disease via droplets to other humans ▪ Untreated pneumonic plague can be fatal A bubo in bubonic plague [pic] • Life cycle o When a flea feeds on a rodent infected with Y pestis, the ingested organisms multiply in the gut of the flea and, helped by the coagulase, block its proventriculus so that no food can pass through. o Subsequently, the “blocked” and hungry flea bites ferociously, and the aspirated blood, contaminated with Y pestis from the flea, is regurgitated into the bite wound. o The inoculated organisms may be phagocytosed by polymorphonuclear cells and macrophages. o The organisms are killed by the polymorphonuclear cells but multiply in the macrophages; because the bacteria are multiplying at 37°C, they produce the antiphagocytic protein and subsequently are able to resist phagocytosis o The pathogens rapidly reach the lymphatics, and an intense hemorrhagic inflammation develops in the enlarged lymph nodes, which may undergo necrosis and become fluctuant o Although the invasion may stop there, Y pestis often reach the bloodstream and become widely disseminated. o Hemorrhagic and necrotic lesions may develop in all organs; meningitis, pneumonia, and serosanguineous pleuropericarditis are prominent features o Primary pneumonic plague results from inhalation of infective droplets (usually from a coughing patient), and it is characterized by hemorrhagic consolidation, sepsis, and

NTA Level 5 • Semester 1 • PST05103 Haemophilus type b, Pertussis and Brucellosis Pharmaceutical Microbiology • Source Session/Topic 19 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 19: Haemophilus type b, Pertussis and Brucellosis Total Session Time: 120 minutes Pre-requisites • Human anatomy and physiology Students Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Describe Haemophilus type b, pertussis and brucellosis (causative agents, transmission, signs and symptoms) • Describe treatment, prevention and control of Haemophilus type b, pertussis and brucellosis Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |5 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks | |2 | 35 minutes|Presentation |Haemophilus type b (Hib) Disease | |3 |30 minutes |Presentation |Pertussis (Whooping Cough) | |4 |40 minutes |Presentation |Brucellosis | |6 |5 minutes |Presentation |Key Points | | 7|5 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation | SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: Haemophilus type b (Hib) Disease (35 minutes) • Cause and Transmission o Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib) is a bacterium that causes severe pneumonia, meningitis and other invasive diseases almost exclusively in children aged less than 5 years. o Hib disease can occur at any age, but is most common in unvaccinated kids younger than 5 years old and those who have not completed the full series of Hib vaccines during infancy. o Hib also causes potentially severe inflammatory infections of the face, mouth, blood, epiglottis, joints, heart, bones, peritoneum, and trachea o Hib disease also can be a concern for the elderly and people with weakened immune systems. o Although this problem occurs worldwide the burden of Hib disease was considerably higher in resource-poor countries, prior to the introduction of the vaccine into their national immunization programmes o The bacteria are short, Gram negative coccoid bacilli, sometimes occurring in pairs or short chains o Hib is transmitted through the respiratory tract from infected to susceptible individuals • Signs and Symptoms o Children with Hib disease present with fever but other symptoms depend on the type of illness that results from the Hib disease: ▪ Meningitis symptoms include severe headache, stiff neck, and vomiting and may progress to coma and death if untreated ▪ Pneumonia symptoms include coughing and breathing difficulty ▪ Epiglottitis symptoms include sore throat and breathing difficulty due to swollen and inflamed epiglottitis ▪ Cellulitis symptoms include red, tender skin ▪ Arthritis symptoms include severe pain, swelling, and redness in a joint ▪ Ear infections cause ear pain o Each illness caused by Hib also has its own specific complications o Meningitis can cause permanent brain damage and death o Epiglottitis can quickly lead to life-threatening breathing difficulties o The other infections, like pneumonia, cellulitis, and arthritis, can cause organ failure if not promptly treated • Treatment, Prevention and Control o Treatment of Haemophilus infections depends on nature, severity and location of the infection, but beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitors, fluoroquinolones, 2nd and 3rd generation cephalosporins, and carbapenems are used for invasive disease o The disease is prevented by immunization with Hib conjugate vaccine in childhood. STEP 3: Pertussis (Whooping Cough) (30 minutes) • Cause and Transmission o Pertussis or Whooping cough is a highly infectious bacterial disease of childhood caused by Bordetella pertussis o The disease is most severe in young infants who have not yet been immunized o Whooping cough is transmitted through respiratory droplets (the bacilli spread in the air through cough or sneezes) o The bordetellae are small, Gram-negative, aerobic coccobacilli o Bordetella pertussis produces a number of virulence factors, including pertussis toxin • Signs and Symptoms o After an incubation period of 7 to 10 days, whooping cough begins with the catarrhal phase usually characterized by low-grade fever, rhinorrhea (nasal discharge), and progressive cough; the patient is highly infectious o Paroxysmal phase, lasting 2 to 4 weeks, is characterized by severe and spasmodic (paroxysmal) cough episodes o The episodes of coughing can continue for 3 months or longer o The main clinical feature is paroxysmal cough associated with a ‘whoop’ during breathing in • Treatment and Prevention o Antibiotics ▪ Erythromycin ▪ Chloramphenicol • This does not shorten the illness but reduces the period of infectiousness o Supportive therapy ▪ Oxygen is given to children with apnoea or cyanosis, or severe paroxysms of coughing o Pertussis is preventable by immunization by pertussis toxoid vaccine STEP 4: Brucellosis (40 minutes) • Cause and Transmission o Brucellosis is a severe acute febrile disease caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella ▪ Brucella melitensis –affects sheep and goats ▪ Brucella suis –occurs in area where pigs are kept ▪ Brucella abortus –occurs where cattle are kept ▪ Brucella canis –occurs in dogs o Brucellae are facultative intracellular parasites, multiplying mainly in monocyte-macrophage cells o In animals, Brucellae typically affect the reproductive organs, and abortion is often the only sign of the disorder. o Human brucellosis is either an acute febrile disease or a persistent disease with a wide variety of symptoms o It is a true zoonosis in that virtually all human infections are acquired from animals o Brucellosis is transmitted to humans through skin lesions, mucous membranes, inhalation and by consumption of contaminated meat or other animal-derived foods o There are six species in the genus but B abortus, B melitensis and B suis are serious pathogens in humans B canis causes mild disease and the other two species have not affected humans o Brucella melitensis in sheep and goats is the most important source of brucellosis in humans o The bacteria can survive inside human cells and spread to many different organs • Signs and symptoms o Early

NTA Level 5 • Semester 1 • PST05103 Urinary Tract Infection and E-coli associated Diarrheal Pharmaceutical Microbiology • Source Session/Topic 20 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 20: Urinary Tract Infection and E-coli associated Diarrheal Diseases Total Session Time: 120 minutes Pre-requisites • Human anatomy and physiology Students Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Describe Urinary Tract Infection and E-coli associated Diarrheal Diseases (causative agents, transmission, signs and symptoms) • Describe treatment, prevention and control of Urinary Tract Infection and E-coli associated Diarrheal Diseases Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |5 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks | |2 | 30 minutes|Presentation |Cause of Urinary Tract Infection | |3 | |Small group |Signs and Symptoms of Urinary | | |20 minutes |discussion/ |Tract Infection | | | |Presentation | | |4 |20 minutes |Presentation |Treatment, Prevention and Control | | | | |of Urinary Tract Infection | |5 |30 minutes |Presentation |E.coli associated Diarrheal | | | | |Diseases | |6 |10 minutes |Presentation |Key Points | | 7|5 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation | SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: Cause of Urinary Tract Infection (30 minutes) • Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the presence of an infection in the urinary tract. • Urinary tract infections (UTIs) can be divided into upper tract infections, which involve the kidneys (pyelonephritis) and lower tract infections, which involve the bladder (cystitis), urethra (urethritis) and prostate (prostatitis) • Urinary tract infection may be caused by fungi, viruses, and parasites • E. coli is the most common cause of urinary tract infection and accounts for approximately 90% of first urinary tract infections in young women • There are two types of UTI, complicated UTI and uncomplicated UTI • Uncomplicated UTI o Is usually considered to be cystitis or pyelonephritis that occurs in premenopausal adult women with no structural or functional abnormality of the urinary tract and who are not pregnant and have no significant comorbidity that could lead to more serious outcomes o In men, most UTIs occur in children or elderly patients, are due to anatomic abnormalities or instrumentation, and are considered complicated. • Complicated UTI o Occurs both in male and female following underlying cause such as structural or functional abnormality in the urinary tract, comorbidity, recent instrumentation or surgery of the urinary tract • Some risk factors for UTI include sexual intercourse, diaphragm and spermicide use, broad spectrum antibiotic use and new sex partner within the past year. STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Urinary Tract Infection (20 minutes) |Activity: Small Group Discussion (10 minutes) | | | |DIVIDE students into small manageable groups | | | |ASK students to discuss on the following; | |Write down the signs and symptoms of urinary tract infection (UTI) | | | |ALLOW students to discuss for 10 minutes | | | |ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not | |mentioned | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below | • The symptoms and signs include o Urinary frequency o Dysuria o Hematuria o Pyuria o Flank pain/tenderness (associated with upper tract infection) o Fever of 38°C or higher o Tachypnoea, Tachycardia, Confusion and Hypotension o Vomiting STEP 4: Treatment, Prevention and Control of Urinary Tract Infection (20 minutes) • Non pharmacological management o Adequate hydration • Pharmacological management o Antibiotics ▪ Fluoroquinolones e.g. ciprofloxacin ▪ Penicillin e.g. amoxicillin/clavulanic acid ▪ Cephalosporins e.g. ceftriaxone ▪ Aminoglycosides e.g. gentamycin • Prevention and control of UTI involves; o Increasing fluid intake o Avoiding spermicides and diaphragm use o Not delaying urination o Wiping front to back after defecation o Avoiding douching o Urinating immediately after sexual intercourse STEP 5: E. coli associated Diarrhoeal Diseases (30 minutes) • E. coli that causes diarrhea are extremely common worldwide. • The E. coli are classified by the characteristics of their virulence properties and each group causes disease by a different mechanism • Enteropathogenic E coli (EPEC) o Enteropathogenic E. coli are an important cause of diarrhea in infants, especially in developing countries o EPEC adhere to the mucosal cells of the small bowel and cause lesions which result in diarrhoea o The result of EPEC infection in infants is characterized by severe, watery diarrhea, vomiting, and fever, which are usually self-limited but can be prolonged or chronic o The duration of the EPEC diarrhea can be shortened and the chronic diarrhea cured by antibiotic treatment • Enterotoxigenic E coli (ETEC) o Enterotoxigenic E coli (ETEC) are a common cause of “traveler’s diarrhea” and a very important cause of diarrhea in children less than 5 years of age in developing countries o ETEC produce enterotoxins and Shiga-like toxins that are identical to the Shiga toxin of Shigella dysenteriae • Enteroinvasive E coli (EIEC) o Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) produce a disease very similar to shigellosis. o The disease occurs most commonly in children in developing countries and in travelers to these countries. o Similar to Shigella, EIEC strains are nonlactose or late lactose fermenters and are nonmotile o EIEC produce disease by invading intestinal mucosal epithelial cells • Enteroaggregative E coli (EAEC) o Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) causes acute and chronic diarrhea (>14 days in duration) in persons in developing countries o These organisms also are the cause of foodborne illnesses in industrialized countries and have been associated with traveler’s diarrhea and persistent diarrhea in patients with HIV o They are characterized by their specific patterns of adherence to human cells • These diarrheal diseases are treated by fluids and