Haemophilus type b, Pertussis and Brucellosis
Session 19: Haemophilus type b, Pertussis and Brucellosis
Total Session Time: 120 minutes
Pre-requisites
Students Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
agents, transmission, signs and symptoms)
pertussis and brucellosis
Resources Needed:
SESSION OVERVIEW
|Step |Time |Activity/ |Content |
| | |Method | |
|1 |5 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks |
|2 | 35 minutes|Presentation |Haemophilus type b (Hib) Disease |
|3 |30 minutes |Presentation |Pertussis (Whooping Cough) |
|4 |40 minutes |Presentation |Brucellosis |
|6 |5 minutes |Presentation |Key Points |
| 7|5 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation |
SESSION CONTENTS
STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes)
READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify
ASK students if they have any questions before continuing
STEP 2: Haemophilus type b (Hib) Disease (35 minutes)
o Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib) is a bacterium that causes
severe pneumonia, meningitis and other invasive diseases almost
exclusively in children aged less than 5 years.
o Hib disease can occur at any age, but is most common in
unvaccinated kids younger than 5 years old and those who have not
completed the full series of Hib vaccines during infancy.
o Hib also causes potentially severe inflammatory infections of the
face, mouth, blood, epiglottis, joints, heart, bones, peritoneum,
and trachea
o Hib disease also can be a concern for the elderly and people with
weakened immune systems.
o Although this problem occurs worldwide the burden of Hib disease
was considerably higher in resource-poor countries, prior to the
introduction of the vaccine into their national immunization
programmes
o The bacteria are short, Gram negative coccoid bacilli, sometimes
occurring in pairs or short chains
o Hib is transmitted through the respiratory tract from infected to
susceptible individuals
o Children with Hib disease present with fever but other symptoms
depend on the type of illness that results from the Hib disease:
vomiting and may progress to coma and death if untreated
difficulty due to swollen and inflamed epiglottitis
redness in a joint
o Each illness caused by Hib also has its own specific complications
o Meningitis can cause permanent brain damage and death
o Epiglottitis can quickly lead to life-threatening breathing
difficulties
o The other infections, like pneumonia, cellulitis, and arthritis,
can cause organ failure if not promptly treated
o Treatment of Haemophilus infections depends on nature, severity and
location of the infection, but beta-lactam/beta-lactamase
inhibitors, fluoroquinolones, 2nd and 3rd generation
cephalosporins, and carbapenems are used for invasive disease
o The disease is prevented by immunization with Hib conjugate vaccine
in childhood.
STEP 3: Pertussis (Whooping Cough) (30 minutes)
o Pertussis or Whooping cough is a highly infectious bacterial
disease of childhood caused by Bordetella pertussis
o The disease is most severe in young infants who have not yet been
immunized
o Whooping cough is transmitted through respiratory droplets (the
bacilli spread in the air through cough or sneezes)
o The bordetellae are small, Gram-negative, aerobic coccobacilli
o Bordetella pertussis produces a number of virulence factors,
including pertussis toxin
o After an incubation period of 7 to 10 days, whooping cough begins
with the catarrhal phase usually characterized by low-grade fever,
rhinorrhea (nasal discharge), and progressive cough; the patient is
highly infectious
o Paroxysmal phase, lasting 2 to 4 weeks, is characterized by severe
and spasmodic (paroxysmal) cough episodes
o The episodes of coughing can continue for 3 months or longer
o The main clinical feature is paroxysmal cough associated with a
‘whoop’ during breathing in
o Antibiotics
period of infectiousness
o Supportive therapy
severe paroxysms of coughing
o Pertussis is preventable by immunization by pertussis toxoid
vaccine
STEP 4: Brucellosis (40 minutes)
o Brucellosis is a severe acute febrile disease caused by bacteria of
the genus Brucella
o Brucellae are facultative intracellular parasites, multiplying
mainly in monocyte-macrophage cells
o In animals, Brucellae typically affect the reproductive organs, and
abortion is often the only sign of the disorder.
o Human brucellosis is either an acute febrile disease or a
persistent disease with a wide variety of symptoms
o It is a true zoonosis in that virtually all human infections are
acquired from animals
o Brucellosis is transmitted to humans through skin lesions, mucous
membranes, inhalation and by consumption of contaminated meat or
other animal-derived foods
o There are six species in the genus but B abortus, B melitensis and
B suis are serious pathogens in humans B canis causes mild disease
and the other two species have not affected humans
o Brucella melitensis in sheep and goats is the most important source
of brucellosis in humans
o The bacteria can survive inside human cells and spread to many
different organs
o Early symptoms of brucellosis include fever, fatigue, sweating and
pain in the muscles and joints, pain in the back, and/or loss of
appetite
o Over time, fevers may become recurrent, organ damage may occur
(organ swelling), and skin changes such as rashes and/or micro-
abscesses may form
o Treatment
4 to 6 weeks
o Prevention and control
animal products
STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes)
kids younger than 5 years old and those who have not completed the
full series of Hib vaccines during infancy
of childhood caused by Bordetella pertussis
the genus Brucella
STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes)
References
Hugo and Russell (2011), Pharmaceutical Microbiology 8th Edition, Willey-
Blackwel publications
Karen C. Carroll et al (2013); Jawetz, Melnick and Adelberg’s Medical
Microbiology 26th Ed. McGraw Hill Co. Inc.
Greenwood et al (2012); Medical Microbiology, 18th edition Churchill
Livingstone
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