PST NTA Level 6

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 4 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 4: Pharmacotherapy of Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat List signs and symptoms of Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat Describe pharmacological treatment of Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat Describe dose, dosage and course of drugs used to treat Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat List contraindications of drugs used to treat Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat List common side effects and adverse effects of drugs used to treat Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat Describe Control and Prevention of Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat Activity: Buzzing What is Anthrax? ? Definition of Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat Anthrax Anthrax is an acute, febrile (42 o C), septicemia , fatal bacterial disease of food animals caused by Bacillus anthracis Anthrax outbreak occurs irregularly and is commonly associated with neutral or alkaline, calcareous soils where the spores revert to the vegetative form and multiply to infectious levels if environmental conditions of soil, moisture, temperature, and nutrition are optimal Signs and Symptoms of Anthrax in Cattle and Goat The following are the signs and symptoms of Anthrax Acute illness is characterized by abrupt onset of; F ever , S igns of abdominal pain, T rembling , H ematuria , and blood-tinged diarrhea . Signs and Symptoms of Anthrax in Cattle and Goat Pregnant animals may abort Milk production in lactating animals often decline or is tinged with blood. Ventral subcutaneous edema may be present followed by death. Chronic infection is rare in cattle and is manifested by localized edematous swelling on the ventral neck, thorax, and shoulders. Areas most frequently involved are the ventral neck, thorax, and shoulders . Pharmacological Treatment of Anthrax in Cattle and Goat Indicated drugs Penicillin 22,000 IU/kg, IM, q 12 h for 2 days, then daily for 3 days or Benzathine q 48-72 h; or Oxytetracycline 6-11 mg/kg, IM or IV, q 12-24 h or Amoxicillin 5-10 mg/kg q 24 h for 3-5 days or Pharmacological Treatment of Anthrax in Cattle and Goat Cont … Ciprofloxacin 2.8 mg/kg, IV or PO, q 8 h for 4 days or Doxycycline, 20 mg/kg, IV Note: among the tetracyclines , doxycycline is highly lipophilic thus penetrates tissue with ease, is more completely absorbed & slowly excreted, or Erythromycin 12.5 mg/kg (adult), IM, IV or SC; 15-30 mg/kg (calves), IM, IV, or SC, or Dihydrostreptomycin or streptomycin, 10 mg/kg, q 12h IM, SC; Pharmacological Treatment of Anthrax in Cattle and Goat Cont … Contraindications Penicillins ; In animals with hypersensitivity reactions to penicillins Oxytetracyclines in animals with Renal impairment, Pregnant animals and up to 4 weeks of age in neonates. Erythromycin base in animals with impaired liver function Streptomycin or dihydrostreptomycin sulphate is contraindicated to myasthenia gravis Common Side Effects and Adverse Drug Reactions of Drugs Used in Treatment of Anthrax in Cattle and Goat Oxytetracycline Gastrointestinal symptoms are more severe with oxytetracycline among the tetracycline Discoloration of the teeth when used during pregnancy Streptomycin or dihydrostreptomycin sulfate Nephrotoxicity Ototoxicity Neuromuscular blockage At higher dosage calves may develop diarrheal Common Side Effects and Adverse Drug Reactions of Drugs Used in Treatment of Anthrax in Cattle and Goat Cont …. Ciprofloxacin Lameness and severe pain in some immature animals due to damage to weight-bearing joints when used at therapeutic doses in some immature animals. Activity: Brainstorming What are the prevention and control measures for Anthrax? Prevention and Control of Anthrax in Cattle and Goat Cut off infection source Moving other animals away from the affected area is an important early action. Vaccination Animals should not be vaccinated within 2 months of anticipated slaughter Antibiotics should not be administered within 1 wk of vaccination Animals that have died of anthrax should be burned in a closed incinerator Public health significance Anthrax is highly pathogenic to humans; thus care should be taken during handling of suspected cases For pharmacotherapy of Aspergillosis, REFER Students to Handout 4.1: Pharmacotherapy of Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat Key Points Anthrax is an acute infectious disease caused by bacteria called Bacillus anthracis . The anthrax bacterium produces spores (small resistant cells) which are capable of surviving for many years in the environment Anthrax may present as cutaneous, inhalational or intestinal anthrax Treatment with antibiotics is essential, particularly for inhalational anthrax Control of anthrax in livestock herds is essential for prevention of its spread to humans Evaluation What is anthrax? What are the common signs and symptoms of anthrax in cattle and goat? What is the pharmacological treatment of anthrax in cattle and goat? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Botulism and Calf Diphtheria in Cattle Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 5 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 5: Pharmacotherapy of Botulism and Calfdiptheria in Cattle Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Botulism and Calfdiptheria in Cattle List signs and symptoms of Botulism and Calfdiptheria in Cattle Describe pharmacological treatment of Botulism and Calfdiptheria in Cattle List contraindications of drugs used to treat Botulism and Calfdiptheria in Cattle List common side effects and adverse effects of drugs used to treat Botulism and Calfdiptheria in Cattle Describe control and prevention of Botulism and Calfdiptheria in Cattle Definition of Botulism and Calfdiptheria in Cattle This rapidly fatal motor paralysis is caused by ingestion of preformed toxin of Clostridium botulinum from decaying carcasses or vegetable materials such as decaying grass, hay, grain, or spoiled silage. Activity: Buzzing What is Botulism? ? The following are the signs and symptoms of Botulism Decreased tongue tone that protrudes out Problems associated with deglutition and prehension of food, Progressive muscular weakness until animals become recumbent in a parturient paresis-like posture, Ataxia and stumbling gait affecting the hind legs are commonly observed paralysis of the muscles of the face, jaw and tongue The following are the signs and symptoms of Botulism Cont.…. U nable to eat or drink T ongue hanging out of mouth and unable to control or withdraw the tongue D rooling Paralysis of the eye lids or drooping eyelids, animals otherwise alert Shallow and abdominal breathing Sudden death with a high fatality rate in unvaccined cattle population. Pharmacological treatment of Botulism in Cattle Ruminal lavage, followed by 50-80 ml lactic acid in 5-10 L of water per stomach tube in adult cattle Polyvalent anti-C and anti-D antisera Contraindications Hypersensitivity reactions Common Side effects Local lesions at the site of injection Activity: Brainstorming What are the prevention and control measures for Botulism? Prevention and Control of Botulism in Cattle Correction of dietary deficiencies Botulism vaccination Proper disposal of carcass. Removal of decaying grass or spoiled silage from cattle feed REFER Students to Handout 5.1: For pharmacotherapy of Calfidiphtheria , Pharmacotherapy of Calfdiptheria in Cattle and Goat. Key Points Botulism is a rapid onset, usually fatal disease caused by the botulinum toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum Typical signs include hindlimb weakness progressing to paralysis, collapse and death Common sources of toxin include animal carcasses, rotting organic material and poorly prepared silage Treatment is rarely attempted but vaccines are available for disease prevention in cattle Evaluation What is botulism diasease ? What are the common signs and symptoms of botulism? What is the pharmacological treatment of botulism disease? What are the control measures against anthrax disease? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Coccidiosis in Cattle, Goat and Pig Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 6 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 6: Pharmacotherapy of Coccidiosis in Cattle, Goat and Pig Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Coccidiosis disease in Cattle, Goat and Pig List signs and symptoms of Coccidiosis in Cattle, Goat and Pig Describe pharmacological treatment of Coccidiosis in Cattle, Goat and Pig Describe dose, dosage and course of drugs used to treat Coccidiosis in Cattle, Goat and Pigs List contraindications of drugs used to treat Coccidiosis in Cattle. Goat and Pig List common side effects and adverse effects of drugs used to treat Coccidiosis in Cattle, Goat and Pigs Describe Control and Prevention of Coccidiosis in Cattle, Goat and Pigs Activity: Buzzing What is Coccidiosis ? Definition of Coccidiosis in Cattle Cocciodiosis , a protozoan parasite of cattle, is caused by the genus Eimeria The most common species affecting cattle include E. bovis , E zuernii , and E auburnensis The disease is common in young cattle up to two years old. Signs and symptoms of Coccidiosis in cattle Watery feces, with little or no blood and shreds of epithelium and mucus Animals may die from secondary bacterial complications or concurrent infections (e.g. corona virus infection) that develop ; Fever become anorectic Signs and symptoms of Coccidiosis in cattle Cont … depressed dehydrated loss of weight Eimeria zuernii is highly pathogenic causing bloody diarrhea Coccidiosis in cattle Pharmacological Treatment of Coccidiosis in Cattle Amprolium 10 mg/kg, q 24 h, PO for 5 days, or Sulfamethazine 50-110 mg/kg, q 24 h, PO for 4 days, or Decoquinate 167g/10kg of feed for 28 days, or Monensin 100-360 mg/head/day PO for 7 days Do not mix with drugs having similar action Avoid direct contact with skin and wash thoroughly after handling the product Supportive therapy The most effective treatment for the already sick animal is fluids Contraindications in Treatment of Coccidiosis in Cattle Sulfamethazine Allergy and hypersensitivity Decoquinate Do not use in cases of hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients Monensin Hypersensitivity to Monensin Common Side Effects and Adverse Drug Reactions of Drugs Used in Treatment of Coccidiosis in Cattle Monensin high dose may result in reduced weight gain, Reduced voluntary feed intake Reduced milk fat percentage Increased incidence and treatment of cystic ovaries and metritis Reduced conception rates Activity: Brainstorming What are the prevention and control measures for Coccidiosis in Cattle? Prevention and Control of Coccidiosis in Cattle Prophylaxis Amprolium 5-10 mg/kg q 24 h for 21 days, PO Monensin 1 mg/kg in feed for 30 days Control Housing and ventilation deficiencies should be corrected Do not mix different age groups of calves, avoid fecal contamination of feed. Isolation of the affected animal(s) to prevent increased contamination of the premises Key Points Coccidiosis is caused by protozoan parasites of Eimeria species The most effective treatment for the already sickcattle is supportive therapy (fluids) and antibiotics to ward off secondary infections Prevention focuses on preventing fecal contamination of the cattle’s environment, feed and water Evaluation What is Coccidiosis? What are the common signs and symptoms of Coccidiosis? What is the pharmacological treatment of Coccidiosis? What are the control measures against Coccidiosis? REFER Students to Handout 6.1 For pharmacotherapy of Coccidiosis in Goats,: Pharmacotherapy of Coccidiosis in Goats REFER Students to Handout 6.2: For pharmacotherapy of Coccidiosis in Pigs, Pharmacotherapy of Coccidiosis in Pigs References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Candidiasis and Dermatophytosis in Cattle Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 7 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 7: Pharmacotherapy of Candidiasis and Dermatophytosis in Cattle Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Candidiasis and Dermatophytosis in Cattle List signs and symptoms of Candidiasis and Dermatophytosis in Cattle Describe pharmacological treatment of Candidiasis and Dermatophytosis in Cattle Describe dose, dosage and course of drugs used in the treatment of Candidiasis and Dermatophytosis diseases in Cattle List contraindications in the treatment of Candidiasis and Dermatophytosis in Cattle List common side effects and adverse effects of drugs in the treatment of Candidiasis and Dermatophytosis Diseases in Cattle Describe Control and Prevention of Candidiasis and Dermatophytosis in Cattle Activity: Buzzing What is Candidiasis? ? Definition of Candidiasis and Dermatophytosis in Cattle Candidiasis Candida species particularly C. albicans is normally present on the mucous membranes, especially the alimentary tract. It is an opportunistic pathogen resulting in systemic or local candida infections in cattle and calves secondary to prolonged antibiotic or corticosteroid therapy. Mastitis and abortion also occur in cattle. The following are the signs and symptoms of Candidiasis Calves with fore-stomach candidiasis have; Watery diarrhea Anorexia Dehydration, with gradual progression to prostration and death. Gross lesions of the skin and mucosae are generally single or multiple, raised, circular, white masses covered with scabs. The organism can penetrate keratinized epithelium and cause marked keratinous thickening of the mucosae of the tongue, esophagus, and rumen Gastrointestinal Candidiasis in Cow Activity: Brainstorming How is Candiasis treated in Cattle? Pharmacological Treatment Nystatin 10% ointment or topical application of 1% iodine solution may be useful in the treatment of oral or cutaneous candidiasis, or Ketoconazole 40 mg/kg q 8 h for two weeks Contraindications to Ketoconazole Hepatic impairment Pregnant and lactating animals Common Side Effects and Adverse Drug Reactions in Treatment of Candidiasis In Cattle Ketoconazole Hepatotoxicity, GI disturbances anorexia, nausea, vomiting Pruritus Alopecia Gynecomastia Sexual impotence and infertility Key Points Candidiasis is a localized mucocutaneous disease caused by species of the yeast-like fungus Candida, most commonly C albicans Candidiasis affects the oral, esophageal , and gastric mucosa, with diarrhea and emaciation the most consistent signs. Nystatin ointment may be useful in the treatment of oral or cutaneous candidiasis Evaluation What is Candidiasis? What are the common signs and symptoms of Candidiasis? What is the pharmacological treatment of Candidiasis? What are the common side effects of ketoconazole? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle, Goat, Pig, Dog and Cat Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 8 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 8: Pharmacotherapy of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle, Goat, Pig, Dog and Cat Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle, Goat, Pigs, Dogs and Cats List signs and symptoms of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle, Goat, Pigs, Dogs and Cats Describe pharmacological treatment of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle, Goat, Pigs, Dogs and Cats Learning Tasks Cont … Describe dose, dosage and course of drugs used in treatment of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle, Goat, Pigs, Dogs and Cats List contraindications in the treatment of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle, Goat, Pigs, Dogs and Cats List common side effects and adverse effects of drugs used in the treatment of Coccidiosis in Cattle, Goat and Pigs Describe Control and Prevention of Coccidiosis in Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle, Goat, Pigs, Dogs and Cats Activity: Buzzing What is Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle? Definition of Gastrointestinal Parasitism These are infestations of the gastrointestinal tract with nematodes, cestodes and trematodes The common stomach worms of cattle are Haemonchus placei , Ostertagia ostertagi and Trichostrongylus axeii . Life cycle of a worm in cattle Signs and Symptoms of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle The following are the signs and symptoms of Gastrointestinal Parasitism Ostertagia and Trichostronglyus infections are characterized by profuse, watery diarrhea that is usually persistent Anemia , hypoproteinemia and edema, particularly the lower jaw and sometimes along the ventral abdomen Stomach lining of a calf infected with O. ostertagi (right) compared to that of an uninfected animal (left) Pharmacological Treatment of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle Common Side Effects and Adverse Drug Reactions of Drugs Used in Treatment of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle Tetramisole Side effects Frothing, salivation, tremor, transient head shaking licks of lip, urination, defecation, vomiting, ataxia, collapse Common Side Effects and Adverse Drug Reactions of Drugs Used in Treatment of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle Cont.… Ivermectin Side Effects Ataxia, depression, tremors, mydriasis , oedema of the face or extremeties , Itching and popular rash Common Side Effects and Adverse Drug Reactions of Drugs Used in Treatment of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle Cont.… Praziquantel Side Effects: Occasional vomiting and transient pain at injection site. In cattle don’t exceed dose 4.5gm per animal Piperazine Occasional emesis and diarrhea Activity: Brainstorming What are the preventive and control measures for Gastrointestinal Parasitism? Prevention and Control of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle Knowing the types of worm that occur on your farm and the seasons of highest risk Monitoring the worm status of livestock regularly, especially higher risk stock during high risk seasons Preventing the introduction of new or resistant worms onto the property by quarantining all incoming stock and treating them with a quarantine drench Prevention and Control of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle Cont … Requesting an animal health statement when purchasing stock so you are aware of the disease status level of assurance that is being provided by the stock vendor Improving nutrition Grazing management to provide young animals that are most vulnerable to worms with pastures with lowest contamination REFER Students to Handout 8.1: For Pharmacotherapy of gastrointestinal parasitism in goats, Pharmacotherapy of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Goat REFER Students to Handout 8.2: For Pharmacotherapy of gastrointestinal parasitism in pigs, Pharmacotherapy of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Pig REFER Students to Handout 8.3: For Pharmacotherapy of gastrointestinal parasitism in cats, Pharmacotherapy of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Dog and Cats Key Points The common stomach worms of cattle are Haemonchus placei (barber’s pole worm, large stomach worm, wire worm), Ostertagia ostertagi (medium or brown stomach worm), and Trichostrongylus axei (small stomach worm) Stertagia and Trichostrongylus infections are characterized by profuse, watery diarrhea that usually is persistent In haemonchosis and Mecistocirrus infection, there may be little or no diarrhea but possibly intermittent periods of constipation Benzimidazoles (such as fenbendazole , oxfendazole , and albendazole ) and the probenzimidazoles ( thiophanate , febantel , and netobimin ) are among the drugs used for treatment of Gastrointestinal parasitism in cattle Evaluation What is Gastrointestinal Parasitism? What are the common signs and symptoms of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in cattle? What is the pharmacological treatment of Gastrointestinal Parasitism? What are the control measures against Gastrointestinal Parasitism? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle, Goat and Pig Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 9 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 9: Pharmacotherapy of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle, Goat and Pig 11/14/2020 1 Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle, Goat and Pig List signs and symptoms of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle, Goat and Pig Describe pharmacological treatment of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle, Goat and Pig Describe Control and Prevention of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle, Goat and Pig 11/14/2020 2 Activity: Buzzing What is Foot and Mouth Disease? Definition of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle and Goat Foot-and-mouth disease (commonly referred to as FMD ) is a highly communicable viral infection of cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, buffalo, and artiodactyl wildlife species characterized by fever , vesicles in the mouth, on the muzzle, gums, pharynx, teats, and interdigital cleft It is caused by an Aphthovirus that is transmitted by contact and through milk. Recovered animals remain carriers for up to 2.5 year Pharmacotherapy of Foot and Mouth Disease is similar both in Goat and Cattle 11/14/2020 4 Signs and Symptoms of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle and Goat Drooling and vesicles on the nares, in the buccal cavity, and between the claws Dullness Inappetance Fever , and shivering followed by smacking of the lips, drooling saliva, and shaking or kicking of the feet are primary signs Pregnant animals may abort 11/14/2020 5 Foot Disease in Cattle 11/14/2020 6 Mouth Disease in Cattle 11/14/2020 7 Activity: Brainstorming What is the pharmacological treatment of Foot and Mouth Disease ? Pharmacological Treatment of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle and Goat No specific treatment Supportive treatments against secondary bacterial infection are necessary 11/14/2020 9 Control and Prevention of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle and Goat Export restrictions are often imposed on countries with known outbreaks. FMD outbreaks are usually controlled by quarantines and movement restrictions, euthanasia of affected and in-contact animals, and cleansing and disinfection of affected premises, equipment and vehicles Infected carcasses must be disposed of safely by incineration, rendering, burial or other techniques Milk from infected cows can be inactivated by heating to 100°C (212°F) for more than 20 minutes 11/14/2020 10 Control and Prevention of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle and Goat Cont.…. Rodents and other vectors may be killed to prevent them from mechanically disseminating the virus Good biosecurity measures should be practiced on uninfected farms to prevent entry of the virus 11/14/2020 11 Control and Prevention of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle and Goat Cont.…. Vaccination Vaccination can be used to reduce the spread of FMD or protect specific animals. Vaccines are also used in endemic regions to protect animals from clinical disease. FMDV vaccines must closely match the serotype and strain of the infecting strain. Vaccination with one serotype does not protect the animal against other serotypes, and may not protect the animal completely or at all from other strains of the same serotype Currently, there is no universal FMD vaccine 11/14/2020 12 Key Points Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly communicable viral disease caused by an Aphthovirus of the family Picornaviridae Clinical signs in cattle include pyrexia of ~104° F, followed by vesicular development on the tongue, hard palate, dental pad, lips, gums, muzzle, coronary band, interdigital cleft, and teats in lactating cows There is no specific treatment for FMD, but supportive care is allowed 11/14/2020 13 Evaluation What is Foot and Mouth diasease ? What are the common signs and symptoms of Foot and Mouth Disease? What is the pharmacological treatment of Foot and Mouth Disease? What are the common prevention and control measures against Foot and Mouth Disease? 11/14/2020 14 REFER Students to Handout 9.1: For Pharmacotherapty of FMD in pigs, Pharmacotherapy of Foot and Mouth in Pig 11/14/2020 15 References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Common Poultry Diseases Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 10 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. BASIC VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY Pharmacotherapy of Common Poultry Diseases Complete learning session 1 / 20 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Learning outcomes • Define Pharmacotherapy of Common Poultry Diseases. • Explain its main principles and classifications. • Apply the concept safely in pharmaceutical practice. • Recognise common errors and appropriate corrective action. 2 / 20 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Why this topic matters • Treatment begins with history, flock examination and likely diagnosis. • Biosecurity, sanitation, ventilation and vaccination reduce medicine dependence. • Correct understanding supports safe, effective and accountable practice. 3 / 20 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Core definition • Pharmacotherapy of Common Poultry Diseases is studied as a structured concept within Basic Veterinary Pharmacology. • Treatment begins with history, flock examination and likely diagnosis. • Use precise terms before attempting application or calculation. 4 / 20 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Foundational principles • Biosecurity, sanitation, ventilation and vaccination reduce medicine dependence. • Antimicrobials should be used only for susceptible bacterial disease under veterinary direction. • Each principle should be linked to a practical decision. 5 / 20 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Key components • Treatment begins with history, flock examination and likely diagnosis. • Antimicrobials should be used only for susceptible bacterial disease under veterinary direction. • Dose calculations consider body weight, water intake and product concentration. 6 / 20 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Classification and organisation • Group the subject by function, structure, source, risk or stage as appropriate. • Use one classification system consistently. • State the feature that separates one category from another. 7 / 20 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology How the process works • Biosecurity, sanitation, ventilation and vaccination reduce medicine dependence. • Antimicrobials should be used only for susceptible bacterial disease under veterinary direction. • Follow the sequence from input or cause to outcome. 8 / 20 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Professional terminology • Distinguish related terms that are often confused. • Use names, units and abbreviations consistently. • Define technical words before using them in explanations. 9 / 20 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Practical application • Dose calculations consider body weight, water intake and product concentration. • Prepare the required materials, information or records before starting. • Complete each step in order and document important observations. 10 / 20 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Quality requirements • Withdrawal periods protect consumers from medicine residues. • Check identity, accuracy, completeness and fitness for purpose. • Record deviations and take corrective action promptly. 11 / 20 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Safety and risk control • Identify hazards before beginning the task. • Use appropriate protective, ethical and legal safeguards. • Stop and refer when the situation exceeds competence or available resources. 12 / 20 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Common errors • Using an incorrect definition, unit, category or sequence. • Skipping verification, documentation or a final reasonableness check. • Applying a general rule without considering the patient, material or research context. 13 / 20 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Preventing avoidable mistakes • Use a written procedure or checklist. • Independently verify high-risk calculations and decisions. • Communicate unclear or abnormal findings before proceeding. 14 / 20 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Worked application • Start with a clearly stated problem related to Pharmacotherapy of Common Poultry Diseases. • Select the correct principle from the earlier slides. • Show the decision or calculation step by step. • Confirm that the final answer is reasonable and professionally usable. 15 / 20 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Practice scenario • A routine situation requires the learner to apply Pharmacotherapy of Common Poultry Diseases. • Identify the information that must be collected first. • Explain the safest action and the record that should be completed. 16 / 20 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Decision points • What finding confirms that the chosen approach is suitable? • What warning sign requires correction, referral or further investigation? • What evidence must be documented to support the decision? 17 / 20 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Connection to patient care • Accurate practice reduces preventable harm. • Clear communication helps patients and colleagues use information correctly. • Monitoring outcomes shows whether the intended benefit was achieved. 18 / 20 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session summary • Treatment begins with history, flock examination and likely diagnosis. • Biosecurity, sanitation, ventilation and vaccination reduce medicine dependence. • Antimicrobials should be used only for susceptible bacterial disease under veterinary direction. • Dose calculations consider body weight, water intake and product concentration. • Withdrawal periods protect consumers from medicine residues. 19 / 20 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Self-check questions • Define Pharmacotherapy of Common Poultry Diseases in your own words. • List three important principles or components. • Describe one practical application and one common error. • Explain one quality or safety control. 20 / 20 ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. 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NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Rabies in Dog and Cat Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 11 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 11: Pharmacotherapy of Rabies in Dog and Cat Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Rabies in Dog and Cat List signs and symptoms of Rabies in Dog and Cat Describe pharmacological treatment of Rabies in Dog and Cat Describe Control and Prevention of Rabies in Dog and Cat Activity: Buzzing What is Rabies in Dog? ? Definition of Rabies in Dogs and Cats Rabies is an acute viral encephalomyelitis caused by Rhabdoviridae that principally affects carnivores and insectivorous bats, although it can affect any mammal It is almost invariably fatal once clinical signs appear Rabies occurs throughout the world Transmission is almost always by introduction of virus-laden saliva i nto the tissues, usually by the bite of a rabid animal Contact with fresh wound or even intact mucous membrane may also transmit the disease. Virus may be present in the saliva and transmitted by an infected animal several days before onset of clinical signs (usually 3-5 days in domestic dogs and cats) Signs and Symptoms of Rabies in Dog and Cat Clinical signs of rabies are rarely definitive The most reliable signs are behavioral changes and unexplained paralysis Behavioral changes may include anorexia, signs of apprehension or nervousness, irritability, and hyperexcitability The animal may seek solitude, ataxia, altered phonation, and changes in temperament are apparent A normally docile animal may suddenly become vicious and the vice versa Signs and Symptoms of Rabies in Dog and Cat Cont …. Clinical phases Prodromal Form Lasts 1-3 days; animals show only vague CNS signs, which intensify rapidly Signs and Symptoms of Rabies in Dog and Cat Cont …. Furious Form This is the classical “ mad-dog syndrome ,” the animal becomes irrational and, with the slightest provocation, may viciously and aggressively use its teeth, claws, the posture and expression is one of alertness and anxiety, with pupils dilated Noise invites attack Such animals lose all caution and fear of natural enemies. Carnivores with this form of rabies frequently roam extensively, attacking other animals and people Signs and Symptoms of Rabies in Dog and Cat Cont …. Rabid dogs chew the wire and frame of their cages, breaking their teeth, and will follow a hand moved in front of the cage, attempting to bite Puppies usually become vicious in a few hours Rabid domestic cats and bobcats attack suddenly, biting and scratching viciously As the disease progresses, muscular incoordination and seizures are common Signs and Symptoms of Rabies in Dog and Cat Cont …. Paralytic Form Paralysis of the throat and masseter muscles, often with profuse salivation and inability to swallow Dropping of the lower jaw is common in dogs These animals are not vicious and rarely attempt to bite The paralysis progresses rapidly to all parts of the body, and coma and death follow in a few hour Activity: Brainstorming How is rabies prevented in dogs ? Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Rabies in Dogs and Gats Pharmacological Treatment There is no treatment for rabies Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Rabies in Dogs and Gats Cont … Comprehensive guidelines for control in dogs have been prepared by the World Health Organization and include the following Notification of suspected cases, and destruction of dogs with clinical signs other and dogs bitten by a suspected rabid animal Reduction of contact rates between susceptible dogs by leash laws, dog movement control, and quarantine Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Rabies in Dogs and Gats Cont … … Mass immunization of dogs by campaigns and by continuing vaccination of young dogs Stray dog control and destruction of unvaccinated dogs with low levels of dependency on, or restriction by man Dog registration Vaccination of dogs and cats with modified live virus and inactivated types If an exposed animal is currently vaccinated, it should be revaccinated immediately and closely observed for 45 days Key Points Rabies is a virus that may affect the brain and spinal cord of all mammals, including dogs, cats and humans Initially , a dog that’s become infected may show extreme behavioral changes such as restlessness or apprehension, both of which may be compounded by aggression There is no treatment or cure for rabies once symptoms appear Since rabies presents a serious public health threat, dogs that are suspected of having the virus are most often euthanized Vaccination against Rabbies is available Evaluation What is Rabbies ? What are the common signs and symptoms of Rabbies ? What is the pharmacological treatment of Rabbies ? What are the control measures against Rabbies ? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. 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NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Tetanus and Rift Valley Fever in Cattle and Goat Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 12 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 12: Pharmacotherapy of Tetanus and Rift Valley Fever in Cattle and Goat Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Tetanus and Rift Valley Fever in Cattle and Goat List signs and symptoms of Tetanus and Rift Valley Fever in Cattle and Goat Describe pharmacological treatment of Tetanus and Rift Valley Fever in Cattle and Goat Describe Control and Prevention of Tetanus and Rift Valley Fever in Cattle and Goat Activity: Buzzing What is Tetanus in Cattle? ? Definition of Tetanus in Cattle and Goat Tetanus toxemia is caused by a specific neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani growing in necrotic tissue. Almost all mammals are susceptible to this disease. Signs and Symptoms of Tetanus in Cattle and Goat The signs progress from stiff gait, prolapse of the third eyelid, and trismus (lockjaw) extending to the head, neck and all four extremities, and the tail. Other signs include; Exaggerated response external stimuli, Erection of the ears Drooling of saliva As the disease progresses, titanic convulsions accompanied by opisthotonos occur following external stimuli Pharmacological Treatment of Tetanus in Cattle and Goat If signs are detected very early and the disease is not too severe, treatment can be successful Cattle with early tetanus respond to treatment better than most other livestock Antitoxin is of very little use unless given in the very early states of infection In some cases sedatives and relaxants aid recovery. It is not worth treating cattle with fully developed tetanus Activity: Brainstorming What are the preventive measures for Tetanus in Cattle and Goat? Prevention and Control of Tetanus in Cattle and Goat Vaccines are available to protect against tetanus (can last as long as three years if given in correct doses at the correct times) Good hygiene is needed especially during and following operations such as castrations and calving. The spread of the disease can be reduced by ensuring that all surgical equipment are sterilized and the operation is undertaken in a clean area Barbed wire which has rusted should be replaced as these can also act as a source of infection and any open wounds cleaned immediately REFER Students to Handout 12.1: For pharmacotherapy of Rift Valley Fever in Cattle and Goat Pharmacotherapy of rift Valley Fever in Cattle and Goat Key Points Tetanus is a fairly common disease occurring in all types of livestock Tetanus is caused by toxins produced by the bacterium Clostridium tetani Stiffness and reluctance to move are normally the first signs Cattle with early tetanus probably respond to treatment better than most other livestock. Antitoxin is of very little use unless given in the very early states of infection. Undertaking surgical procedures (such as castration) properly, in a clean environment, with disinfected instruments and surgical area, significantly reduces the risk of tetanus Evaluation What is Tetanus? What are the common signs and symptoms of Tetanus in Cattle? What is the pharmacological treatment for tetanus in Cattle? What are the control measures against Tetanus in Cattle? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Tuberculosis in Cattle and Goat Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 13 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 13: Pharmacotherapy of Tuberculosis in Cattle and Goat Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Tuberculosis in Cattle and Goat List signs and symptoms of Tuberculosis in Cattle and Goat Describe pharmacological treatment of Tuberculosis in Cattle and Goat Describe control and prevention of Tuberculosis in Cattle and Goat Activity: Buzzing What is Tuberculosis in Cattle? ? Definition of Tuberculosis in Cattle and Goat Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious, granulomatous disease of animals and man caused by acid-fast bacilli of the genus Mycobacterium . The main tubercle bacillus in cattle is Mycobacterium bovis , though M. tuberculosis and M. avium are also involved Mycobacterium bovis can cause progressive disease in most warm-blooded vertebrates, including man The clinical signs, treatment methods and public health significance for goats are similar to that of cattle Signs and Symptoms of Tuberculosis in Cattle and Goat Tuberculosis has two clinical forms; pulmonary and extra pulmonary Pulmonary Tuberculosis In this respiratory form of the disease there are chronic, intermittent, moist cough with later signs of dyspnea and tachypnea Extra pulmonary tuberculosis In the extra pulmonary form, generalized signs including progressive emaciation, lethargy, weakness, anorexia, and a low-grade, fluctuating fever are observed Pharmacological Treatment of Tuberculosis in Cattle and Goat Treatment of bovine tuberculosis is not recommended because it is not economical However, in valuable animals Isonicotinic acid hydrazine/isoniazid (INH), 20 mg/kg, PO q 24 h for 8 weeks, maximum is 12g for bulls and 10g/day for cows Activity: Brainstorming What are the prevention and control measures for Tuberculosis in Cattle and Goat?? Prevention and Control of Tuberculosis in Cattle and Goat Control can be done through whole herd skin testing, slaughter surveillance and monitoring the movement of animals between herds Vaccinating cattle for the control of bovine TB is not currently used within any international control program This is because vaccines based on the TB, BCG vaccine, all interfere with the action of the tuberculin skin test which is used for the diagnosis of TB in cattle If the BCG vaccine is used then it is impossible to differentiate between cattle that have TB and cattle that have been vaccinated Key Points Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic disease of animals caused by a bacteria called Mycobacterium bovis , ( M. bovis ) which is closely related to the bacteria that cause human and avian tuberculosis TB usually has a prolonged course, and symptoms take months or years to appear. Treatment of infected animals is rarely attempted because of the high cost, lengthy time and the larger goal of eliminating the disease Disease eradication programs consisting of post mortem meat inspection, intensive surveillance including on-farm visits, systematic individual testing of cattle and removal of infected and incontact animals as well as movement controls have been very successful in reducing or eliminating the disease Evaluation What is Tuberculosis? What are the common signs and symptoms of Tuberculosis in Cattle? What is the pharmacological treatment of Tuberculosis in Cattle? What are the preventive measures for Tuberculosis in Cattle? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260