Structure and Functions of the Respiratory
Session 24: Structure and Functions of the Respiratory
System
Total Session Time: 120 minutes
Prerequisites
Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
Resources Needed:
SESSION OVERVIEW
|Step |Time |Activity/ |Content |
| | |Method | |
|1 |05 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks |
|2 |05 minutes |Presentation |Definition of Respiratory System |
| | |Brainstorming | |
|3 | |Presentation |Structure and Functions of the Upper|
| |60 minutes |Small Group |Respiratory System |
| | |Discussion | |
|4 | |Presentation |Structure and Functions of the Lower|
| |40 minutes |Small Group |Respiratory System |
| | |Discussion | |
|5 |05 minutes |Presentation |Key Points |
|6 |05 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation |
SESSION CONTENTS
STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes)
READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify
ASK students if they have any questions before continuing
STEP 2: Definition of Respiratory System (5 minutes)
|Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) |
| |
|Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: |
| |
|What is respiratory system? |
| |
|ALLOW few students to respond |
| |
|WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board |
| |
|CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below |
the process of respiration in human body
carbon dioxide is expelled from the body
and the lower respiratory tract.
STEP 3: Structure and Functions of the Upper Respiratory System
(60 minutes)
|Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 30 minutes) |
| |
|DIVIDE students into small manageable groups |
| |
|ASK students to discuss on the following question |
|What are the structures and functions of upper respiratory system? |
| |
|ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes |
| |
|ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned |
| |
|CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below |
thorax and consists of the nose, pharynx and larynx
o Is made up of bone and cartilage covered with skin, and lined with hairs
within the nostrils. The hairs help to block dusts entry
o The two nasal cavities are within the skull, separated by the nasal
septum, which is a bony plate made of the ethmoid bone and vomer
o The nasal mucosa is ciliated epithelium with goblet cells which produce
mucus
o The mucus produced help to trap bacteria and particles from the air
o There are three shelve like bones called conchae project from the lateral
wall of each nasal cavity
o In the upper nasal cavities are the olfactory receptors, which detect
vaporized chemicals that have been inhaled.
o Paranasal sinuses:
into the nasal cavities.
provide more vibrating air for the voice.
o Respiration (breathing)
o Reception and elimination of secretions from the nasal mucosa, paranasal
sinuses, and nasolacrimal ducts
o Olfaction (smelling) – is the organ of sense of smell
o It aids speech- this is enhanced by the presence of paranasal sinuses
o It is a muscular tube posterior to the nasal and oral cavities and
anterior to the cervical vertebrae.
o It is divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx.
o Nasopharynx lies behind the nasal cavity.
columnar epithelium and the intermediate layer is fibrous tissue.
o Oropharynx; lies behind the oral cavity.
with lining of the mouth and oesophagus.
o Laryngopharynx also known as the hypopharynx, this is also lined with
moist stratified squamous epithelium.
o Passageway for air and food
o Warming and humidifying air
o Protection
o Taste
o Facilitates Hearing
o The pharynx is also important in vocalization and Speech
o The larynx houses the vocal folds, and is situated just below the pharynx
between the root of the tongue and upper end of the trachea.
o The larynx consists of cartilages attaches to each other by ligaments and
membranes.
o The framework of the larynx is formed by nine cartilages (e.g. thyroid,
epiglottis) connected to one another by muscles, ligaments and membranes.
o The epiglottisis the uppermost cartilage. During swallowing, the larynx
is elevated, and the epiglottis closes over the top to prevent entry of
saliva and food to the larynx
o Speaking (speech)
o Respiration (is the air passageway between pharynx and the trachea)
o Swallowing
moving into the larynx
STEP 4: Structure and Functions of the Lower Respiratory System
(40 minutes)
|Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 30 minutes) |
| |
|DIVIDE students into small manageable groups |
| |
|ASK students to discuss on the following question |
|What are the structures and functions of lower respiratory system? |
| |
|ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes |
| |
|ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned |
| |
|CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below |
thorax and consists of the trachea, bronchial tree and lungs
o The trachea is about 4 to 5 inches long and extends from the larynx to
the primary bronchi.
o The wall of the trachea contains 16 to 20 C-shaped pieces of cartilage,
which keep the trachea open.
o The gaps in these incomplete cartilage rings are posterior, to permit the
expansion of the esophagus when food is swallowed.
o The mucosa of the trachea is ciliated epithelium with goblet cells.
o Are the branches of trachea that enters the lungs (primary bronchi)
o Their structures are like those of trachea, with C-shaped cartilages and
ciliated epithelium
o Within the lungs, the primary bronchus branches to secondary bronchi that
forms lobes of each lungs (three right, two left)
o The further branching of the bronchial tube if called bronchial tree
o The smallest branches are called bronchioles and are clinically important
in asthma
o Bronchioles have no cartilages and the smallest ones terminate in
clusters of alveoli, the air sacs of the lungs.
o Lungs are located on either side of the heart in the chest cavity and are
encircled and protected by the rib cage
o The base of each lung rests on the diaphragm below; the apex (superior
tip) is at the level of the clavicle.
o On the medial surface of each lung there is an indentation called the
hilus, where the primary bronchus and the pulmonary artery and veins
enter the lung.
o The pleural membranes are the serous membranes of the thoracic cavity.
o The parietal pleura line the chest wall, and the visceral pleura are on
the surface of the lungs.
o Between the pleural membranes is serous fluid, which prevents friction
and keeps the two membranes together during breathing.
o Alveoli
tissue, which is important for exhalation.
other foreign material that may not have been swept out by the
ciliated epithelium of the bronchial tree.
[pic]
Source: Tortora G.J (2009)
Figure 20:1. Anterior
view of respiratory system
STEP 7: Key Points (5 minutes)
carbon dioxide) in human body
microorganisms and dusts
STEP 8: Evaluation (5 minutes)
References
Seeley, R. R., Stephens, T. D., &Tate, P. (2003). Anatomy and Physiology.
(5th ed.).Boston:
McGraw-Hill.
Standring, S. (2008). Grays’s Anatomy; the anatomical basis of clinical
practice.(40th ed.).
Elservier: Churchill Livingstone.
Thibodeau, G. A., & Patton, K. T. (1999). Anatomy & Physiology. Mosby:
Hoffman
Press, Inc.
Tortora, G.J & Derrickson, B (2009). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology
12th Edition,
USA, John Wiley & Sons Inc, USA
Waugh, A., & Grant, A. (2006). Ross and Willson Anatomy and physiology in
Health and
illness. China: Churchill Livingstone Elservier
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