NTA Level 4 • Semester 1 • PST04103

Common Disorders of the Cardiovascular

Human Anatomy and Physiology • Source Session/Topic 23

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Session 23: Common Disorders of the Cardiovascular

System

Total Session Time: 60 minutes

Prerequisites

• None

Learning Tasks

By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

• Define Common Terms in Cardiovascular Disorders

• List Common Cardiovascular Disorders

• Explain Common Cardiovascular Disorders

• Identify Common Risk Factors Associated with Cardiovascular Disorders

Resources Needed:

• Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape

• Black/white board, chalk and whiteboard markers

• Overhead Projector and Transparencies or Slide Projector/LCD and

Computer

SESSION OVERVIEW

SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing

STEP 2: Definition of the Cardiovascular Disorder (10 minutes)

|Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) |

| |

|Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: |

| |

|What is the cardiovascular disorder? |

| |

|ALLOW few students to respond |

| |

|WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board |

| |

|CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below |

• Cardiovascular disorders are the disorders of the heart and blood

vessels

o Vascular disease is responsible for more morbidity and mortality than any

other category of human disease

o Cardiovascular disorders are due to ,such as age, genetics, and lifestyle

STEP 3: Common Disorders of Cardiovascular System (25 minutes)

|Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) |

| |

|Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: |

| |

|What are the common disorders of cardiovascular system? |

| |

|ALLOW few students to respond |

| |

|WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board |

| |

|CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below |

The common disorders of the cardiovascular system include:

• Hypertension

• Hypotension

• Cardiac failure

• Ischaemic heart diseases

• Angina pectoris

• Myocardial infarction

• Arrhythmias

• Shock

• Varicose veins

• Aaneurisms

• Arteriosclerosis

• Atherosclerosis

Arteriosclerosis

• Arteriosclerosis literally means hardening of the arteries

• Is the term used to describe degenerative changes in small arteries,

commonly occurring in older individuals and diabetics

• Elasticity is lost, and the walls become thick and hard

• The lumen gradually narrows and may become obscured

• This leads to diffuse ischemia and death in various tissues such as

those of the: heart, kidneys, or brain

Atherosclerosis

• It is the condition in which an artery wall thickens as the result of

a build-up of fatty

• materials such as cholesterol( accumulation of lipids in blood vessels

causing occlusion)

• Is differentiated by the presence of atheromas (plaques consisting of

lipids, cells, and cell debris, often with attached thrombi, which

form inside the walls of large arteries)

• Atheromas form primarily in large arteries such as the aorta and the

coronary arteries

Angina pectoris

• It is an episodic, reversible oxygen insufficiency

• This condition is the most common form of IHD

• Angina pectoris is applied to varying forms of transient chest pain

that are attributable to insufficient myocardial oxygen

• Atherosclerotic lesions that produce a narrowing of the coronary

arteries are the major cause of angina

• However, tachycardia(increased heart rate), anaemia, hyperthyroidism,

and hypotension can cause an oxygen imbalance

Myocardial Infarction

• Myocardial infarction (MI) is an area of dead cardiac muscle tissue,

with or without haemorrhage

• Myocardial infarction is produced by an obstruction of the coronary

artery, which results in a lack of oxygen to the tissue

• For those who survive an myocardial infarction, there is a notably

greater risk of a second myocardial infarction, congestive heart

failure, or a stroke occurring within a short time

Cardiac Arrhythmias (dysrhythmias)

• They are deviations from the normal cardiac rate or rhythm

• They may result from damage to the heart’s conduction system or from

systemic causes such as electrolyte abnormalities, fever, hypoxia,

stress, and drug toxicity

Congestive heart failure (CHF)

• Is one of the most common cardiovascular disorders

• This condition occurs when the heart is not able to pump enough blood

to meet the body’s metabolic demands.

• Heart failure may be caused by any disorder that affects the heart’s

ability to receive or eject blood

Aneurysm

• It is a localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel or the heart

• When an aneurysm involves all three layers of the arterial wall

(intima, media, and adventitia) or the attenuated wall of the heart,

it is called a true aneurysm

o Atherosclerotic, syphilitic, and congenital aneurysms, and ventricular

aneurysms that follow transmural myocardial infarctions, are examples of

this type

STEP 4: Hypertension and its Risk Factors (10 minutes)

Hypertension is elevation of blood pressure (B.P) usually systolic blood

pressure is ≥ 140mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure is ≥ 90mmHg measured

on three separate occasions.

There are three classifications of hypertension:

Primary or essential hypertension

• It is idiopathic (occurring spontaneously from an unknown cause)

• Essential hypertension develops when the blood pressure is consistently

above 140/90 mmHg

Secondary hypertension

• It results from renal (e.g., nephrosclerosis) or endocrine (e.g.,

hyperaldosteronism) disease, or pheochromocytoma, a benign tumor of the

adrenal medulla

• In this type of hypertension, the underlying problem must be resolved

Malignant hypertension

• It is an uncontrollable, severe, and rapidly progressive form of

hypertension with many complications

Hypertension is sometimes classified as systolic or diastolic depending on

the measurement that is elevated

For example, elderly persons with loss of elasticity in the arteries

frequently have high systolic pressure and a low diastolic value

Risk Factors for Hypertension

• Risk factors for hypertension include:-

o Family history,

o Stress,

o Obesity,

o Smoking,

o Life style,

o Diabetes mellitus and

o Excessive lipid blood levels.

• Hypertension must be diagnosed in early stages

• When it is not properly treated, the risk of stroke, coronary artery

disease, congestive heart failure, and renal failure increases

STEP 5: Key Points (5 minutes)

• The common disorders of the cardiovascular system includes hypertension,

hypotension, cardiac failure, ischaemic heart diseases, angina pectoris,

myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, shock, varicose veins, aneurisms,

arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis

• There are many factors that contribute to heart disease, such as age,

genetics, and lifestyle.

• Proper diet, exercise, avoiding cigarette smoking, and getting enough

rest can do a lot to keep the heart functioning for a long time

• Hypertension is elevation of blood pressure (B.P) usually systolic blood

pressure is ≥ 140mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure is ≥ 90mmHg

measured on three separate occasions

STEP 6: Evaluation (5 minutes)

• What is cardiovascular disorders?

• Identify common cardiovascular diseases?

• What is congestive heart failure?

• What are the risk factors of hypertension?

References

Kumar, A. et al (2004). Robbins Basic Pathology. WB: Saunders.

Spector, T.D. & Axford, J. S. (1999). Introduction to General Pathology.

Edinburgh:

Seeley, R. R., Stephens, T. D.& Tate, P. (2003). Anatomy and Physiology.

New York:

McGraw-Hill

Shier, A., Butler, J., & Lewis, R. (2004). Hole’s Human Anatomy &

Physiology. New York:

McGraw-Hill

Standring, S. (2008). Grays’s Anatomy The anatomical basis of clinical

practice. United

Kingdom: Churchill Livingstone Elservier.

Thibodeau, G. A., & Patton, K. T. (1999). Anatomy & Physiology. Saint

Louis: Mosby,

Von Hoffman Press, Inc.

Tortora, G.J & Derrickson, B (2009). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology

12th Edition,

USA, John Wiley & Sons Inc, USA

Walter, J.B, & Talbot, I. C. (1996). General Pathology. New York: Churchill

Livingstone

Waugh, A. & Grant, A. (2006). Ross and Willson Anatomy and physiology in

Health and

illness. United Kingdom: Churchill Livingstone Elservier

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