History Form One Notes – Evolution of Man
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‘The Meaning of Evolution of Man
Explain the meaning of evolution of man
Human evolution isthe lengthy process of change by which people originated from aplike
ancestors. Scientific evidence shows thatthe physical and behavioral traits shared by ll people
cxiginated from apelike ancestors and evolved over a period of approximately six million years.
(One ofthe ealet defining human traits, bipedalism ~ the ability to walk on two legs ~ evolved
cover 4 million years ago. Other important human characteristics ~ such a a large and complex
brain, the ability to make and use tools, and the capacity for language ~ developed more
recenly. Many advanced traits — including complex symbolic expression, art, and elaborate
cultural diversity ~ emerged mainly during the past 100,00 years.
The Theory of Evolution of Man and the Religious Theory of Creation of
Man
Explain the theory of evolution of man and the religious theory of creation of man
‘The Theory of Evolution of Man
The story of human evolution began in Africa about six million years ago and it describes the
very long process that our ancestors went trough to ultimately become modern humans, This
process has been uncovered by studying fossils and understanding the underlying theory of
evolution, and while new fossils are uncovered every decade revealing new chapters, scientists
age about the basic story
Evolution means the changes that occur in @ population over time. In this definition, a
“population” means a group of the samespeciesthat share a specific location and habit
Evolutionary changes always occur onthe genetic level. In other words, evolution is a process
that results in changes that are passed on or inherited fom generation to generation. It does no,
for example, describe how people can change their muscle mass by liting weighs
cy
‘When successful, these genetic changes or adaptations, which happen when genes mutate andlor
combine in different ways during reproduction, help organisms survive, reproduce, and raise
offpring, Some individuals inherit characteristics that make them more successil at surviving
and having babies, These advantageous characteristics tend to appear more frequently in the
population (because thse individuals with less advantageous characteristics are more likely to
die without reproducing), and over time these changes become common throughout that
population, ultimately leading to new species
Early Stone Age
The Types of Tools Used during the Old Stone Age
Describe the types of tools used during the old stone age
‘This lasted from 1.5 millions years upto 750,000 years ago, At this ime man was involved in
hunting and gathering that is their livelihood depended on collection of fruits, oot, vegetables
and meat, The tools made at this time involved chopping tols, pebbles, and hand axes.
‘The tools made were not very sharp but important for defending themselves against wild animals
and digging up plant roots
Some remains ofthese tools were found in East Affica in Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, Ologa and
[Nsongezi Rock shelter in Uganda
‘The Physical Changes of Man during the Old Stone Age
Describe the physical changes of man during the old stone age
Dring the Old Stone Age, man had the ability to walk with two limbs though he could not stand
upright. Additionally, he also had a hairy body, brain capacity of 650-77Sce and a skull similar
to that ofthe moder man but much larger. Generally, man was practical and skill
How Man Obtained Food during the Old Stone Age
Explain how man obtained food during the old stone age
[A this time man was involved in hunting and gathering that is their livelihood depended on
collection of fruits, roots, vegetables and meat
23
Middle Stone Age
“This is recorded from around 750,000 years o $0,000 years ago
During that time tools made were harper compared to the Early or Ol Stone Age
The Types of Tools used during the Middle Stone Age and their Functions
Describe the types of tools used during the middle stone age and their functions
During the middle stone age, man used smaller and sharper tools than those used during the Old
Stone Age. Such tool included spears and knives wed for differen activites like defense and
security as well sin food preparation. During this age, Gre was discovered and as a result man
started to cat roasted food
‘The Physical Changes of Man during the Middle Stone Age
Describe the physical changes of man during the middle stone age
Man experienced physical changes during all the ages, During the mide stone age, man had an
‘pright posture and brain capacity between 77See and 122See. During this age, man was
characterized by thick jaws, increased intelligence and skills, s compared tothe OL Stone Age
How Man Obtained Food during the Middle Stone Age
Explain how man obtained fod during the midile stone age
In order to full their basic needs humans used stone tools like stone hammers, stone cores,
sharp stone Makes that offered useful eting edges, te
‘The Advantages of the Invention and Uses of Fire
Explain the advantages of the iventon and uses offre
During the Mesolithic revolton, the most important discovery made was the discovery of fr.
This discovery had alot of advantages to man, Man used fre o roast fod, clear vegetation, keep
himself warm, Chasing wild animals (to defend himsel,
New Stone Age
The Type of Tools Used during the Late Stone Age and their Uses
0
Describe the ype of tools wed during the lte stone age and ther uses
It started from around 50,000 BC up tothe frst Millenium, while at this stage man used much
sharper tools than in Early or Mile Stone Ages.
A this time man started farming and animal keeping. Due to that it was the time when man
started 1o have settlements
Another development a this time was panting and drawings for example in Caves, evidence of
this canbe seen in Amboni caves (Tanga), Kondoa (Dodoma) and Irangi(Singida)
The Physical Changes of Man during the Late Stone Age
Describe the physical changes of man during the lat tone age
During the late Stone Age, human beings were a direct ancestor of modem man. They had the
ability to think as their bran capacity ranged between 1300cc and 1S00cc. Also, they had an
ability to make and use more advanced tools compared to those made and used by their
ancestors, It was in this era that man was mote intelligent than their ancestor had slightly thick
jaws.
Major Changes in Man’s Way of Life during the Late Stone Age
Appraise major changes in man’s way of Wife during the lt stone age
[A this time surplus food was available, this facilitated the increase ofthe human population and
the emergence of village setlements
Iron Age
This was the time when man started to make and us ion tools. Iron age in Afica started more
on the first millennium ina few societies ein East Attic, while other societies ike westem
Sudan States (Ghana, Mal, Soghai), Axum, Egypt, Nbi, and Meroe for North Aftica
How Iron was Discovered
Explain hw iron was discovered
Iron was discovered through particular stones which become hot and cool and finally change to a
tard matter known as iron In East Africa, the iron age is believed to have begun around
a
1000AD. Famous early iron sites were discovered in Engaruka within the it valley in Northem
Tanzania Other sites ince Uvinza, Karagwe, Ugweno, lteso and western shores of lake
Victoria
‘The Advantages of using Iron Tools
Appraise the advantages of using ron tols
lion age helped societies to progress and develop more (tat is it had more positive effets than
negative effects) some ofthese effects were:
It reated the division of labor in African societies eg sme started working in local industries
Others became traders and crop producers.
It also increased the production of food crops in Afica. (This was due tothe making of more
sf farm equipments)
1s helped with the formation of permanent settlements to those societies that adopted iron
technology (crop producers)
‘Afica started to develop Economically trough activites such a induty, agriculture, mining
and trading
1 also led to the expansion of sates in Aca (stronger societies started to conquer oer stats)
g the Buganda and Ghana
2