PST Level 5 Semester 2

NTA Level 5 • Semester 2 • PST05210 Waxes 219 Basic Pharmacognosy • Source Session/Topic 38 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 38: Waxes 219 Background There is currently an ever-increasing demand for pharmaceutical personnel in Tanzania. This is due to expanding investment in public and private pharmaceutical sector. Shortage of trained pharmaceutical human resource contributes to poor quality of pharmaceutical services and low access to medicines in the country (GIZ, 2012). Through Public-Private-Partnership (PPP) the Pharmacy Council (PC) together with Development Partners (DPs) in Germany and Pharmaceutical Training Institutions (PTIs) worked together to address the shortage of human resource for pharmacy by designing a project named “Supporting Training Institutions for Improved Pharmaceutical Services in Tanzania” in order to improve quality and capacity of PTIs in training, particularly of lower cadre pharmaceutical personnel. The Pharmacy Council formed a Steering committee that conducted a stakeholder’s workshop from18th – 22ndAugust 2014 in Morogoro to initiate the implementation of the project. Key activities in the implementation of this project included carrying out situational analysis, curriculum review and harmonization, development of training manual/facilitators guide, development of assessment plan, training of trainers and supportive supervision. After the curricula were reviewed and harmonized, the process of developing standardised training materials started through Writer’s Workshop approach. The approach included a number of workshops for developing, reviewing, editing and formatting the sessions of the modules. The goals of writer’s workshops were to build capacity of tutors in the development of training materials and to develop high-quality, standardized teaching materials. The training package for pharmacy cadres includes a facilitator guide, assessment plan and practicum. There are 11 modules for NTA level 5 making 11 facilitator guides including one practicum guide. Acknowledgment The development of standardized training materials of a competence-based curriculum for pharmaceutical sciences has been accomplished through involvement of different stakeholders. Special thanks go to the Pharmacy Council for spearheading the harmonization of training materials in the pharmacy after noticing that training institutions in Tanzania were using different curricula and train their students differently. I would also like to extend my gratitude to Christian Social Service Commission (CSSC) for their tireless efforts to mobilize funds from development partners (German Ministry of Industry and action medeor). It is through the implementation of the Multi-Actors Partnership (MAP) project, CSSC has been able to provide the financial and technical support needed during the development of this training material. Many thanks go to the Centre for Educational Development in Health Arusha (CEDHA) experts on health material development and training who coordinated the development of these module sessions particularly Ms. Diana H. Gamuya for her commitment in coordinating and facilitating the planning and development to its completion. Particular acknowledgements are sent to Mr. Dickson Mtalitinya and Members from the secretariat of National Council for Technical Education (NACTE) for facilitating and providing their expertise to the success of this work. It will be unfair if I will not recognize the efforts and contributions of all CEDHA supportive staff that made this process a success; accountant, secretary, drivers and printers Finally, I very much appreciate the contributions of the tutors and content experts representing PTIs, hospitals, and other health training institutions. Their participation in meetings and workshops, and their input in the development of this training manual/facilitators guide have been invaluable. These participants are listed with our gratitude below: Ms. Elizabeth Shekalaghe Registrar, Pharmacy Council of Tanzania Health,MoHCDGEC Dr. Catherine Jincen Acting Principal, CEDHA Dr. Sungwa N. Kabissi Project Manager – MAP, CSSC Ms. Diana H. Gamuya CEDHA Ms. Grace Mallange PC Ms. Emily Mwakibolwa Pharmacy Council Ms. Tumaini H. Lyombe MUHAS Ms. Dilisi J. Makawia KSP Director of Human Resources Development Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children Introduction Module Overview This module content is a guide for tutors of Pharmaceutical schools for training of students. The session contents are based on sub-enabling outcomes and their related tasks of the curriculum for Technician Course in Pharmaceutical Sciences. The module sub-enabling outcomes and their related tasks are as indicated in the in the Technician Certificate in Pharmaceutical Sciences (NTA Level 5) Curriculum Target Audience This module is intended for use primarily by tutors of pharmaceutical schools. The module’s sessions give guidance on the time, activities and provide information on how to teach the session. The sessions include different activities, which focus on increasing students’ knowledge, skills and attitudes. Organization of the Module The module consists of thirty eight (38) sessions; each session is divided into several parts as indicated below: • Session Title: The name of the session • Total Session Time: The estimated time for teaching the session, indicated in minutes • Pre-requisites: A module or session, which needs to be covered before teaching the session. • Learning Tasks: Statements which indicate what the student is expected to learn by the end of the session • Resources Needed: All resources needed for the session are listed including handouts and worksheets • Session Overview: The session overview box lists the steps, time for each step, the activity or method used in each step and the step title • Session Content: All the session contents are divided into steps. Each step has a heading and an estimated time to teach that step as shown in the overview box. Also, this section includes instructions for the tutor and activities with their instructions to be done during teaching of the contents • Key Points: Key messages for concluding the session contents at the end of a session This step summarizes the main points and ideas from the session, based on the learning tasks of the session • Evaluation: The last section of the session consists of short questions based on the learning tasks to check the understanding of students. • Handouts: Additional information, which can be used in the classroom while teaching or later for students’, further learning. Handouts are used to provide

NTA Level 5 • Semester 2 • PST05210 Fats Basic Pharmacognosy • Source Session/Topic 37 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 37: Fats Total Session Time: 60 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define fats • Explain natural source, constituents and uses of Wool fats • Explain natural source, constituents and uses of Lanolin • Explain natural source, constituents and uses of Lard Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD Projector and Laptop SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |05 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Objectives | |2 |15 minutes |Brainstorming |Definition of Fats | | | |Presentation | | |3 | |Small group |Natural Source, Constituents and | | |20 minutes |discussion |Uses of Lanolin and Wool Fats | | | |Presentation | | |4 |10 minutes |Presentation |Natural Source, Constituents and | | | | |Uses of Lard | |5 |05 minutes |Presentation |Key Points | |6 |05 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation | SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of Fats (15 minutes) |Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) | | | |Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: | | | |What are fats? | | | |ALLOW few students to respond | | | |WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below | • Fats are natural oily substances occurring in animal bodies, especially deposited as a layer under the skin or around internal organs • They are a group of natural esters of glycerol and various fatty acids, which are solid at room temperature and are the main constituents of animal and vegetable fat STEP 3: Natural Source, Constituents and Uses of Lanolin and Wool Fats (20 minutes) |Activity: Small Group Discussion (10 minutes) | | | |DIVIDE students into small manageable groups | | | |ASK students to discuss on the following questions | |What is lanolin and wool fats? | | | |ALLOW students to discuss for 10 minutes | | | |ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not | |mentioned | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below | • Definition o Lanolin is a purified fat-like substance prepared from the wool of the sheep Ovis aries, family Bovidae o Lanolin is also known as hydrous wool fat o Wool fat is a pale yellow substance with a characteristic odor obtained after purification, bleaching and dehydration of lanolin • Constituents o Both lanolin and wool fat are rich in cholesterol, isocholesterol and unsaturated monohydric alcohols • Uses o Emollient base for creams and ointments o Major component of most ointments STEP 4: Natural Source, Constituents and Uses of Lard (10 minutes) • Definition o Lard is a purified internal fat of the hog, Sus scrofa o Prepared from the abdominal fat o Obtained by treatment with hot water. o Lard is soft, white fat with a non-rancid odor. • Constituents o Lard contains 40% solid glycerides such as myristin and 60% of mixed liquid glycerides such as olein • Uses o In preparation of ointments and perfumes STEP 5: Key Points (5 minutes) • Fat is any of a group of natural esters of glycerol and various fatty acids, which are solid at room temperature and are the main constituents of animal and vegetable fat. • Wool fat is used as an emollient base for creams and ointments • Lard is an abdominal fat obtained from purified internal fat of the hog, Sus scrofa STEP 6: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What is the natural source of wool fat? • What is the use of lanolin in pharmacy? • What is lard? References Trease, G. E., Evans, W. C., & Evans, D. (2009). Trease and Evans pharmacognosy. London: Saunders. Joanne Barnes et al (2002), Herbal medicines 3rd Edition: Pharmaceutical Press Wallis, T. E. (2005). Textbook of pharmacognosy. New Delhi: CBS. Robbers, J. E., Speedie, M. K., Tyler, V. E., & Tyler, V. E. (1996). Pharmacognosy and pharmacobiotechnology. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. Heinrich, M., Kinghorn, A. D., Maizels, D., Gibbons, S., & Phillipson, J. D. (2012). Fundamentals of pharmacognosy and phytotherapy. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Pharmacognosy topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 5 • Semester 2 • PST05210 Almond, Linseed, Coconut and Cottonseed Oils Basic Pharmacognosy • Source Session/Topic 36 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 36: Almond, Linseed, Coconut and Cottonseed Oils Total Session Time: 60 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Explain natural source, constituents and uses of Almond oil • Explain natural source, constituents and uses of Linseed oil • Explain natural source, constituents and uses of Coconut oil • Explain natural source, constituents and uses of Cottonseed oil Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD Projector and Laptop SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |05 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks | |2 |15 minutes |Presentation |Natural Source, Constituents and | | | |Brainstorming |Uses of Almond Oil | |3 |10 minutes |Presentation |Natural Source, Constituents and | | | | |Uses of Linseed Oil | |4 |10 minutes |Presentation |Natural Source, Constituents and | | | |Buzzing |Uses of Coconut Oil | |5 |10 minutes |Presentation |Natural Source, Constituents and | | | | |Uses of Cottonseed Oil | |6 |05 minutes |Presentation |Key Points | | 7|05 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation | SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Natural Source, Constituents and Uses of Almond Oil (15 minutes) • Definition o Almond oil is a fixed oil obtained by expression from kernels of Prunus amygdalus, family Rosaceae Var dulcis (sweet almond) or P. amygdalus Var amara (bitter almond) o The oil is pale yellow liquid with a slight odour and bland, nutty taste • Constituents o Oleic acid o Linolenic acid o Amygdalin (bitter almond) • Uses o Vehicle in oily injections o Laxative o Volatile oils are flavouring agents STEP 3: Natural Source, Constituents and Uses of Linseed Oil (10 minutes) • Definition o Linseed oil (or flaxseed oil) is a fixed oil obtained from the dried, ripe seed of Linum usitatissimum (flaxseed), family Linaceae • Constituents o Palmitic acid o Stearic acid o Alpha linoleic acid (ALA) o Oleic acid • Uses o Used in lowering blood cholesterol levels (due to presence of ALA), control blood pressure o Used in treatment of inflammation associated with gout o Controls constipation o It is an important drying oil in the paint and varnish industry STEP 4: Natural Source, Constituents and Uses of Coconut Oil (10 minutes) • Definition o Coconut oil is a fixed oil obtained by expression or extraction from the seeds of Cocos nucifera (Palmae) o The oil is pale yellow to colourless liquid which may have an odour of coconut • Constituents o Lauric acid (chief constituent) o Myristic acid o Stearic acid o Caproic acid o Capric acid o Caprylic acid o Palmitic acid • Uses |Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) | | | |ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 | |minutes | | | |What are the uses of Coconut oil? | | | |ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points not | |mentioned | | | |WRITE their response on the flip chart/board | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below | • Uses of coconut oil include; o Pharmaceutically in ointment base o Cosmetically as a moisturizer o Also used in making soap, candles, chocolate, candies etc. STEP 5: Natural Source, Constituents and Uses of Cottonseed Oil (10 minutes) • Definition o Cotton seed oil is a fixed oil expressed from seeds of Gossypium hirustum family Malvaceae • Constituents o Oleic acid o Linoleic acid o Palmitic acid o Stearic acid • Uses o Solvent in injections o Used in the manufacture of soaps STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes) • Coconut oil is the fixed oil obtained from the seeds of Cocos nucifera (Palmae) • Almond is used as vehicle in oily injections and as laxative agent • Cottonseed oil is obtained from expressed seeds of Gossypium hiruslum STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What are the natural source of Coconut oil • What are the uses of cottonseed oil? • What are the uses of Linseed oil? References Trease, G. E., Evans, W. C., & Evans, D. (2009). Trease and Evans pharmacognosy. London: Saunders. Joanne Barnes et al (2002), Herbal medicines 3rd Edition: Pharmaceutical Press Wallis, T. E. (2005). Textbook of pharmacognosy. New Delhi: CBS. Robbers, J. E., Speedie, M. K., Tyler, V. E., & Tyler, V. E. (1996). Pharmacognosy and pharmacobiotechnology. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. Heinrich, M., Kinghorn, A. D., Maizels, D., Gibbons, S., & Phillipson, J. D. (2012). Fundamentals of pharmacognosy and phytotherapy. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Pharmacognosy topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 5 • Semester 2 • PST05210 Introduction to Pharmacognosy Basic Pharmacognosy • Source Session/Topic 1 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 1: Introduction to Pharmacognosy Total Session Time: 120 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define pharmacognosy • Explain the meaning of pharmacognosy • Define common terminologies applied in pharmacognosy • Identify uses of natural products • Historical background of pharmacognosy Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD and laptop SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |05 |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks | | |minutes | | | |2 |15 |Presentation |Definition and Meaning of | | |minutes | |Pharmacognosy | |3 |20 |Presentation |Common Terminologies Applied | | |minutes | |in Pharmacognosy | |4 |20 |Brainstorming |Uses of Natural Products | | |minutes |Presentation | | |5 |40 |Presentation |Brief History of | | |minutes |Take home assignment |Pharmacognosy | |6 |05 |Presentation |Key Points | | |minutes | | | |7 |05 |Presentation |Evaluation | | |minutes | | | |8 |10minutes|Presentation |Assigment | SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition and Meaning of Pharmacognosy (15 minutes) • Pharmacognosy is a science which deals with the study of crude medicine (or unprepared form) in substances obtained originally from natural sources mainly plant, animal and minerals • The word Pharmacognosy is derived from the Greek words o "Pharmakon", meaning a drug or medicine and o "gignosco" meaning to acquire a knowledge of • It deals with scientific study of structural, physical, chemical and sensory characters of crude drug obtained from plant, animal and mineral sources. • Some materials have no pharmacological action but have interest to pharmacognosy e.g. natural fibres, flavouring and suspending agents, colorants, disintegrants, stabilizers, filtering and supporting media • Also other materials with natural associations with the subject are poisonous, hallucinogenic plants, allergens, herbicides, insecticides and molluscicides STEP 3: Common Terminologies Applied in Pharmacognosy (20 minutes) • Drug o Is a natural or synthetic substance used in the treatment, cure, prevention, or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental wellbeing o Drugs should be included in the official pharmacopoeia • Crude drugs o Are harvested (i.e. dried) plant or animal sources which pharmaceutically or medicinally useful products, and before they undergo extensive processing or modification o A crude drug can be ▪ An entire organism (plant, animal, organism ▪ A part of an organism (a leaf or flower of a plant, an isolated gland or other organ of an anima ▪ An extract or an exudate of an organism o An isolated pure compound o Sources of Crude Drugs: ▪ Plant sources, e.g. Senna ▪ Animal sources, e.g. honey ▪ Minerals sources, e.g. talc • Natural Product o It is a chemical compound or substance produced by a living organism found in nature that usually has a pharmacological or biological activity for use in pharmaceutical drug discovery and drug design. • Ethnobotany o Is the study of the relationship between people and plants, field includes studying plants as medicines, alternative methods for healing, as wild foods, as agricultural crops; modes of transportation; as clothing and in the religious ceremonies. • Ethnopharmacology o Ethnopharmacology is the scientific study correlating ethnic groups, their health, and how it relates to their physical habits and methodology in creating and using medicines STEP 4: Uses of Natural Products (20 minutes) |Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) | | | |Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: | | | |What are the uses of natural products? | | | |ALLOW few students to respond | | | |WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below | • As medicines for the treatment of a wide range of diseases, e.g. morphine, atropine, digoxin, hormones, antibiotics • As pharmaceutical aids in pharmaceutical industry e.g. suspending & emulsifying agents, suppository bases, binders, sweetening and colouring agents • In cosmetics as flavouring and colouring agents • In culture media for the propagation of microorganisms in microbiology laboratories & biotechnology. • General uses e.g. in food industries: as dusting powders, as indicators and in perfumery. STEP 5: Brief History of Pharmacognosy (50 minutes) • The history of Pharmacognosy is synonymous with the history of medicine which originates in the health-related activities of the most primitive race of the remote past • Description of history of pharmacognosy is (therefore) embedded in the history of natural products in medicine • They acquired knowledge of medicinal properties of plants in the following ways o By guesswork or trial and error while searching food. o By superficial resemblance between plant parts and affected organs. o By accidental discovery. • The history of pharmacognosy can be divided into; o The Ancient Egyptian Period o The Babylonians o Old Indian medicine o The old Chinese medicine o The Greek and Romans o The Arabic Era o The 18th Century Pharmacognosists o The 19th Century Pharmacognosy o The 20th Century Pharmacognosy STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes) • Pharmacognosy is a science which deals with the study of crude medicine (or unprepared form) in substances obtained originally from natural sources mainly plant, animal and minerals • Sources of crude drugs include plants, animals and minerals • Knowledge of medicinal properties of plants is acquired by guesswork or trial and error while searching for food, by superficial resemblance between plant parts and affected organs and by accidental discovery STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What is crude drug mean? • What are the uses of

NTA Level 5 • Semester 2 • PST05210 Introduction to Fixed oils and Fats Basic Pharmacognosy • Source Session/Topic 34 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 34: Introduction to Fixed oils and Fats Total Session Time: 120 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define fixed oils and fats • Explain the distribution and occurrence of fixed oils and fats • List methods for extraction of fixed oils and fats • Explain the evaluation of fixed oils and fats • List uses of fixed oils and fats Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD Projector and Laptop SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |5 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks | |2 |25 minutes |Presentation |Distribution and Characteristics | | | |Brainstorming |of Fixed Oils and Fats | |3 |25 minutes |Presentation |Extraction of Fixed Oils and Fats | |4 |30 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation of Fixed Oils and Fats | |5 | |Small group |Uses of Fixed Oils and Fats | | |25 minutes |discussion | | | | |Presentation | | |6 |5 minutes |Presentation |Key Points | |7 |5 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation | SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Distribution and Characteristics of Fixed Oils and Fats (25 minutes) • Occurrence o Fixed oils and fats are lipids (esters) of long chain fatty acids and alcohol o Fixed oils and fats are widely distributed and occur in both vegetative and reproductive structures o They are found often in seeds, where they may replace the carbohydrate as reserve food material o They are also associated with protein reserves o As lipids, fats form an essential component of biological membranes o Fixed oils occur in plant materials as small highly refractive drops o Oil globules associated with aleurone grains can be well seen in cotyledons of linseed and colocynth, and in the endosperm of nux vomica • Physical Characteristics o Fixed oils and fats are soluble in ether-alcohol, few exceptions such as castor oil are sparingly soluble in alcohol o At ordinary temperature fats are semisolid/ solid and fixed oils are liquid at normal temperature o Most vegetable oils are liquid at ordinary temperature but animal fats are solid o There are exceptions, e.g. coconut oil, in temperate temperature is solid and tropic temperature it is liquid oil • Chemical Characteristics o They are esters of long chain fatty acids and alcohols or closely related derivatives of alcohols o The fatty acids forming the oils can be saturated or unsaturated o Most animal products contain saturated fatty acids while most plant products contain unsaturated fatty acids o A special group of unsaturated fatty acids (the ω-3fatty acids) are vital to human health as they lower cholesterol levels in the body |Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) | | | |Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: | | | |What are the chemical tests for fixed oils and fats? | | | |ALLOW few students to respond? | | | |WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below | • Fixed oils and fats are coloured brown or black with a 1% solution of Osmic acid • In dilute tincture of Alkanna, fixed oils and fats slowly turn red • Saponification reaction • A cold mixture of equal parts of a saturated solution of potash and strong solution of ammonia slowly saponifies fixed oils and fats resulting in observable characteristic soap crystals STEP 3: Extraction of Fixed Oils and Fats (25 minutes) • Processes that are employed in the extraction of oil from raw materials depends on the botanical source of the oil • Important processes include; o Decortication –crushing to remove seed coat o Expression – kernels are placed onto the oil presses and subjected to pressure with or without application of heat o Filtration – separates oil from other matters and may be done several times to attain purity. o Steaming -at high temperature to inactivate proteins and other materials e.g. castor oil requires steaming • Extraction methods used for fixed oils and fats include; o Expression (cold or hot) o Solvent extraction STEP 4: Evaluation of Fixed Oils and Fats (30 minutes) • Each kind of fixed oil or fat has a specific standard used for evaluation o Physical standards include; ▪ Specific gravity ▪ Melting point ▪ Refractive index ▪ Optical rotation ▪ Color ▪ Odor • Chemical standards include; o Acid Value o Saponification Value o Iodine value o Ester value STEP 5: Uses of Fixed Oils and Fats (25 minutes) |Activity: Small Group Discussion (10 minutes) | | | |DIVIDE students into small manageable groups | | | |ASK students to discuss on the following question | |What are the uses of fixed oils and fats? | | | |ALLOW students to discuss for 10 minutes | | | |ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned| | | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below | • They are used in preparation of suppositories • They are used in tablet coating • They are employed as emulsifying agents • They have therapeutic uses e.g. laxatives etc. STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes) • Fixed oils and fats are esters of long chain fatty acids and alcohol • At ordinary temperature fats are semisolid/ solid and fixed oils are liquid at normal temperature • Fixed oils and fats are coloured brown or black with a 1% solution of Osmic acid STEP 7: Evaluation (5

NTA Level 5 • Semester 2 • PST05210 Phenolic ether, Phenolic, Oxide and Ester Volatile Oils Basic Pharmacognosy • Source Session/Topic 33 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 33: Phenolic ether, Phenolic, Oxide and Ester Volatile Oils Total Session Time: 120 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Describe fennel oil • Describe anise oil • Describe clove oil • Describe eucalyptus oil • Describe lavender oil • Describe rosemary oil • Describe dill oil Resources Needed • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD projector and laptop SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |05 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Task | |2 |15 minutes |Presentation |Fennel Oil | |3 |15 minutes |Presentation |Anise Oil | |4 |15 minutes |Presentation |Clove Oil | | | |Buzzing | | |5 |15 minutes |Presentation |Eucalyptus Oil | |6 |15 minutes |Presentation |Lavender Oil | |7 |15 minutes |Presentation |Rosemary Oil | |8 |15 minutes |Presentation |Dill Oil | | | |Brainstorming | | |9 |05 minutes |Presentation |Key Points | |10 |05 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation | SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Fennel Oil (15 minutes) • Definition o Fennel oil is an oil obtained from dried ripened seeds of Foeniculum vulgare family Umbelliferae • Constituents o Anethole o Fenchone • Uses o Carminative o Stimulant o Flavouring agent STEP 3: Anise Oil (15 minutes) • Definition o Anise oil is an oil distilled from dried ripened fruit of Pimpenella anisum, family Umbelliferae • Constituents o Anethole o Safrole o Fixed oils • Uses o Carminative o Stimulant o Flavouring agent STEP 4: Clove Oil (15 minutes) • Definition o Clove oil is a colourless or pale yellow oil obtained by distillation from dried flower buds of Eugenia caryophyllus (or Syzygium aromaticum), family Myrtaceae o The oil is sensitive to air • Constituents o Eugenol o Acetyleugenol o Gallotamic acid o Carvacrol |Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) | | | |Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: | | | |What are uses of clove oil? | | | |ALLOW few students to respond? | | | |WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below | • Uses o Stimulant o Carminative o Irritant o Condiment o Local anaesthetic o Analgesic o Antiseptic o Flavouring agent STEP 4: Eucalyptus Oil (15 minutes) • Definition o Eucalyptus oil is an oil obtained by distilled from the fresh leaves of Eucalyptus globlus, family Myrtaceae o The oil is colourless or pale yellow with aromatic (camphoraceous) odour • Constituents o Eucalyptol o Cineol o Resins o Tannins o Eucalyptic acid • Uses o As an expectorant agent o Rubefacient o Antiseptic o Decongestant o Diaphoretic STEP 5: Lavender Oil (15 minutes) • Definition o Lavender oil is an oil obtained by steam distillation from flowering tops of Lavandulla officinalis (Family Lamiaceae) o The oil is colourless or pale yellow in colour with light fresh aroma • Constituents o α-pinene o Limonene o Linalyl acetate • Uses o As an antiseptic agent o Used to relieve tension, depression, panic hysteria and nervous exhaustion o Used for headache, migraines and insomnia o Relives pain associated with rheumatism, arthritis, lumbago and muscles o It is employed pharmaceutically in the anti-arthropod preparation of Gamma Benzene Hexachloride o Relives problems associated with gastrointestinal tract including nausea, vomiting, colics and flatulence STEP 6: Rosemary Oil (15 minutes) • Definition o Rosemary oil is an oil obtained from flowering tops of Rosmarinus officinalis (family Lamiaceae) • Constituents o Rosmarinic acid o Camphor o Caffeic acid o Betulinic acid o Rosmaridiphenol • Uses o As an antioxidant o Relief of gastrointestinal problems including heartburn, flatulence and loss of appetite o Used for gout, cough, headache, toothache, high blood pressure, and reducing age-related memory loss (It is a memory enhancer) o It is also used topically for preventing and treating baldness, eczema and promotion of wound healing o It is also used as an insect repellent STEP 6: Dill Oil (15 minutes) • Definition o Dill oil is an essential oil obtained by distillation from dried leaves and seeds of Anethum graveolens, family Apiaceae o The oil has a grass smell • Constituents o Carvone o Limonene • Uses o Carminative o Flavouring agent o Used with water to create dill water STEP 7: Key Points (5 minutes) • Lavender oil is an oil obtained by steam distillation from flowering tops of Lavandulla officinalis (Family Lamiaceae) • Fennel oil is an oil obtained from dried ripened seeds of Foeniculum vulgare • Rosemary oil is an oil obtained from flowering tops of Rosmarinus officinalis • Dill oil is an essential oil obtained by distillation from dried leaves and seeds of Anethum graveolens STEP 8: Evaluation (5 minutes) ← What is the chief constituent of clove oil? ← What are the constituents of dill oil? ← What is dill water? References Ryman, Daniele (1984). The Aromatherapy Handbook: The Secret Healing Power of Essential Oils. Century Publishing CO. Ltd. pp. Chapter 3 Soares, I., Loreto, É, Rossato, L., Mario, D., Venturini, T., Baldissera, F., Alves, S. (2015). In vitro activity of essential oils extracted from condiments against fluconazole-resistant and -sensitive Candida glabrata. Journal De Mycologie Médicale,25(3), 213-217. doi:10.1016/j.mycmed.2015.06.003 Trease, G. E., Evans, W. C., & Evans, D. (2009). Trease and Evans pharmacognosy. London: Saunders. Joanne Barnes et al (2002), Herbal medicines 3rd Edition: Pharmaceutical Press Wallis, T. E. (2005). Textbook of pharmacognosy. New Delhi: CBS. Robbers, J. E., Speedie, M. K., Tyler, V. E., & Tyler, V.

NTA Level 5 • Semester 2 • PST05210 Ketonic and Aldehydic Volatile Oils Basic Pharmacognosy • Source Session/Topic 32 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 32: Ketonic and Aldehydic Volatile Oils Total Session Time: 120 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Describe Spearmint Oil • Describe Camphor Oil • Describe Lemon Oil • Describe Orange Oil • Describe Cinnamon Oil Resources Needed • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD Projector and laptop SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |05 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Task | |2 |20 minutes |Presentation |Spearmint Oil | |3 |20 minutes |Presentation |Camphor Oil | |4 |20 minutes |Buzzing |Lemon Oil | | | |Presentation | | |5 |20 minutes |Presentation |Orange Oil | |6 |20 minutes |Presentation |Cinnamon Oil | |7 |10 minutes |Presentation |Key Points | |8 |05 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation | SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Spearmint Oil (20 minutes) • Definition o Spearmint oil is an aromatic essential oil obtained by steam distillation of the dry/fresh leaves and flowering tops of Mentha spicata • Constituents o Carvone o Limonene o Phellandrenes o Esters o Official oil should contain not less than 55% of carvone • Uses o As a carminative agent o As a flavouring agents in pharmaceutical preparations and foods STEP 3: Camphor Oil (20 minutes) • Definition o Camphor is an oil obtained by distillation of wood of stem ad root of Cinnamomum camphora o Brown and yellow camphor oil has high safrol levels and are toxic and carcinogenic • Constituents o Main constituents include α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, sabinene, phellandrene, limonene, geraniol, safrole, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, methyl cinnamate • Uses o Analgesic o Antidepressant o Anti-inflammatory o Antiseptic o Diuretic, febrifuge, anti-hypertensive, insecticide, laxative, rubefacient, stimulant and vermifuge o It is also used in cosmetics STEP 4: Lemon Oil (20 minutes) |Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) | | | |ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 | |minutes | | | |What is lemon oil? | | | |ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points not| |mentioned | | | |WRITE their response on the flip chart/board | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below | • Definition o Lemon oil is an oil obtained by expression from the fresh peel of the fruits of Citrus limon • Constituents o Vitamin C o Limonene o Flavonoids o Glycosides o Citronellol o Hisperidine • Uses o Carminative o Aromatic o Flavouring agent STEP 5: Orange Oil (20 minutes) • Definition o Orange oil is an essential oil obtained by expression from the rind (peels) of bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) and sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) family Rutaceae • Constituents o Vitamin C o α-pinene o Sabinene o Limonene o Myrcene o Linanool o citronellal o Neral o Geranial o Calcium oxalate • Uses o Carminative o Flavouring agent o Antiseptic o Anti-depressant o Antispasmodic o Anti-inflammatory agent o Carminative agent o Cholagogoue o Diuretic o Sedative o Tonic STEP 6: Cinnamon Oil (20 minutes) • Definition o Cinnamon oil is an oil obtained from dried inner bark of the shoot of Cinnamomum loureirii, family Lauraceae ▪ The outer bark is scrapped off and inner bark removed with care from hard wood as quill o Constituents ▪ Cinnamic acid ▪ Cinnamaldehyde ▪ Caryophylline ▪ Resins ▪ Tannins ▪ Mucillages ▪ Calcium oxalate o Uses ▪ As flavouring agent ▪ Carminative agent ▪ Diuretic STEP 7: Key Points (10 minutes) • Spearmint oil is an aromatic essential oil obtained by steam distillation of the aerial structures of Mentha spicata • Orange oil is an essential oil obtained by expression from the rind (peels) of an orange fruit, Citrus sinensis family Rutaceae • Camphor is an oil obtained by distillation of wood of stem ad root of Cinnamomum camphora STEP 8: Evaluation (5 minutes) ← What are the uses of lemon oil? ← What is orange oil? ← What are therapeutic uses of cinnamon oil References Ryman, Daniele (1984). The Aromatherapy Handbook: The Secret Healing Power of Essential Oils. Century Publishing CO. Ltd. pp. Chapter 3. Soares, I., Loreto, É, Rossato, L., Mario, D., Venturini, T., Baldissera, F., Alves, S. (2015). In vitro activity of essential oils extracted from condiments against fluconazole-resistant and -sensitive Candida glabrata. Journal De Mycologie Médicale,25(3), 213-217. doi:10.1016/j.mycmed.2015.06.003 Trease, G. E., Evans, W. C., & Evans, D. (2009). Trease and Evans pharmacognosy. London: Saunders. Joanne Barnes et al (2002), Herbal medicines 3rd Edition: Pharmaceutical Press Wallis, T. E. (2005). Textbook of pharmacognosy. New Delhi: CBS. Robbers, J. E., Speedie, M. K., Tyler, V. E., & Tyler, V. E. (1996). Pharmacognosy and pharmacobiotechnology. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. Heinrich, M., Kinghorn, A. D., Maizels, D., Gibbons, S., & Phillipson, J. D. (2012). Fundamentals of pharmacognosy and phytotherapy. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Pharmacognosy topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 5 • Semester 2 • PST05210 Alcoholic and Hydrocarbon Volatile Oils Basic Pharmacognosy • Source Session/Topic 31 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 31: Alcoholic and Hydrocarbon Volatile Oils Total Session Time: 120 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Describe peppermint oil • Describe cardamom oil • Describe coriander oil Resources Needed • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • LCD Projector and Laptop SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |05 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks | |2 |25 minutes |Presentation |Peppermint Oil | |3 |25 minutes |Presentation |Cardamom Oil | |4 |25 minutes |Presentation |Coriander Oil | | | |Buzzing | | |5 |25 minutes |Presentation |Turpentine Oil | |7 |10 minutes |Presentation |Key Points | |8 |05 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation | SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Peppermint Oil (25 minutes) • Definition o Peppermint oil is an oil that has a strong peppermint odour and produces a cooling sensation in the mouth obtained by distillation from dried leaves and flowering tops of Mentha piperita L. (Fam. Labiatae) • Constituents o Menthol o Menthone o Methyl acetate o The official oil is required to contain 4.5 – 10% of esters calculated as methyl acetate, not less than 44% of free alcohols calculated as menthol and 15-32% of ketones calculated as menthone • Uses o Peppermint, and is used chiefly as a flavouring agent and as a carminative o Treatment of common cold, cough, inflammation of the mouth and throat, sinus infections, and respiratory infections o Treatment of digestive problems including heartburn, nausea, vomiting, morning sickness, irritable bowel syndrome, cramps of the upper gastrointestinal tract and bile ducts, upset stomach, diarrhea, bacterial overgrowth of the small intestine, and gas o Peppermint oil is also used for headache, muscle pain, nerve pain, toothache, inflammation of the mouth, joint conditions, itchiness (the oil is a counterirritant), allergic rash, bacterial and viral infections, relaxing the colon during barium enemas, and for repelling mosquitoes o Used as a flavouring agent o It has carminative action STEP 3: Cardamom Oil (25 minutes) • Definition o Cardamom oils is an oil obtained from dried ripened seeds of Elettaria cardamomum, family Zingiberaceae • Constituents o Terpinol o Terpinyl acetate o Borneol o Fixed oils • Uses o Flavouring agent o Carminative o Gastrointestinal stimulant o Used in dyspepsia and flatulence STEP 4: Coriander Oil (25 minutes) • Definition o Coriander oil is an oil obtained from fresh leaves and dried seeds of Coriander sativum, family Umbeliferae • Constituents o d-pinene o fixed oil o Calcium oxalate |Activity: Buzzing (10 minutes) | | | |DIVIDE students into small manageable groups | | | |ASK students to discuss on the following question | | | |What are the uses of coriander oils? | | | |ALLOW students to discuss for 5 minutes | | | |ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not | |mentioned | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below | • Uses o Flavouring agent o Carminative agent o Stimulant STEP 5: Turpentine Oil (25 minutes) • Definition o Turpentine oil is an oil obtained by distilation from Pinus palustris and other species of Pinus e.g. Pinus longifolia, family Pinaceae o The oil is colourless with characteristic odour and highly flammable o The oil is re-distilled with NaOH to form rectified oil of turpentine • Constituents o ( and (- Pinene o Methylcarbachol o Camphene • Uses o Counter irritant o Local irritant o Rectified oil is used internally as a diuretic, urinary antiseptic, anthelminthic and expectorant STEP 7: Key Points (10 minutes) • Peppermint oil is an oil that has a strong peppermint odor and produces a cooling sensation in the mouth obtained by distillation from dried leaves and flowering tops of Mentha piperita • Peppermint, and is used chiefly as a flavouring agent and as a carminative • Turpentine oil is an oil obtained by distilation from Pinus palustris and other species of Pinus belonging to family Pinaceae STEP 8: Evaluation (5 minutes) ← What are the uses of peppermint oil? ← What is the use of coriander oil? ← What is the source of cardamom oil? References Ryman, Daniele (1984). The Aromatherapy Handbook: The Secret Healing Power of Essential Oils. Century Publishing CO. Ltd. pp. Chapter 3. Soares, I., Loreto, É, Rossato, L., Mario, D., Venturini, T., Baldissera, F., Alves, S. (2015). In vitro activity of essential oils extracted from condiments against fluconazole-resistant and -sensitive Candida glabrata. Journal De Mycologie Médicale,25(3), 213-217. doi:10.1016/j. mycmed.2015.06.003 Trease, G. E., Evans, W. C., & Evans, D. (2009). Trease and Evans pharmacognosy. London: Saunders. Joanne Barnes et al (2002), Herbal medicines 3rd Edition: Pharmaceutical Press Wallis, T. E. (2005). Textbook of pharmacognosy. New Delhi: CBS. Robbers, J. E., Speedie, M. K., Tyler, V. E., & Tyler, V. E. (1996). Pharmacognosy and pharmacobiotechnology. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. Heinrich, M., Kinghorn, A. D., Maizels, D., Gibbons, S., & Phillipson, J. D. (2012). Fundamentals of pharmacognosy and phytotherapy. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Pharmacognosy topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260