PST04102 Disease Control and Prevention

NTA Level 4 • Semester 1 • PST04102 Identification of Patients with Tonsillitis Disease Control and Prevention • Source Session/Topic 17 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 17: Identification of Patients with Tonsillitis Total Session Time: 60 minutes + 1 hour Assignment Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Describe Causes of Tonsillitis • Describe Mode of tansmission of Tonsillitis • Describe Major Signs and Symptoms of Tonsillitis • Explain Treatment of Tonsillitis • Explain Prevention and Control of Tonsillitis Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board, chalk and whiteboard markers • Computer and LCD Projector SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |5 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks | |2 |5 minutes |Presentation |Cause(s) of Tonsillitis, | |3 |5 minutes |Presentation |Mode of Transmission of Tonsillitis| |4 |10 minutes |Presentation |Major Signs and Symptoms of | | | |Brainstorming |Tonsillitis | |5 |5 minutes |Presentation |Treatment of Tonsillitis | |6 |15 minutes |Presentation |Prevention and Control of | | | |Buzzing |Tonsillitis | |7 |5 minutes |Presentation |Key Points | |8 |5 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation | |9 |5 minutes |Presentation |Assignment | SESSION CONTENTS STEP1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: Causes of Tonsillitis (5 minutes) Tonsillitis At the back of throat, two masses of tissue called tonsils act as filters, trapping germs that could otherwise enter the airways and cause infection. They also produce antibodies to fight infection. But sometimes the tonsils themselves become infected, they swell and become inflamed, a condition known as tonsillitis Causes • Streptococcal bacteria • Viruses can also cause acute tonsillitis STEP 3: Mode of Transmission of Tonsillitis (5 minutes) • Droplet infection through talks, coughs, laughs, or sneezes discharges • Causative microorganism is carried in droplets from infected person to another via respiratory tract • Airborne disease spread more easily when there is overcrowding STEP 4: Major Signs and Symptoms of Tonsillitis (10 minutes) |Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) | | | |Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: | | | |What are the major signs and symptoms of Tonsillitis? | | | |ALLOW few students to respond | | | |WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below | Major signs and symptoms of Tonsillitis • Sudden onset with general malaise • Fever • Headache • Sore throat and difficult in swallowing • Signs of inflammation e.g. redness of tonsils and white spots STEP 5: Treatment of Tonsillitis (5 minutes) • Symptomatic treatment • Bed rest is advised • Light diet with plenty of hot drinks • Analgesics such as paracetamol to reduce pain and fever STEP 6: Prevention and Control of Tonsillitis (15 minutes) |Activity: Buzzing (10 minutes) | | | |ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 | |minutes | | | |What are the methods for preventing and controlling Tonsillitis? | | | |ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points not | |mentioned | | | |WRITE their response on the flip chart/board | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below | • Prevent droplet infection from being inhaled by others • Improve ventilation such as building houses with adequate window to allow natural air flow • Avoid overcrowding for example building houses with enough space • Isolation may be required for some conditions • Health education about personal hygiene e.g. o To cover the mouth when coughing and sneezing o Use handkerchief or paper for disposal of nasal secretion and sputum o Avoid to spit on the ground or outside the house o Avoid sharing cigarettes, drinking bowels, or eating utensils • Wearing of masks in the hospitals • Immunization STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes) • Tonsillitis is caused by bacteria and also viruses transmitted by droplets • Treatment is symptomatic in most cases • Prevention and control include improved ventilation, avoiding overcrowding, personal hygiene and immunization STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What are causes of Tonsillitis? • What is the mode of transmission for Tonsillitis? • What are major signs and symptoms of Tonsillitis? • What is the treatment for common Tonsillitis? • What are the prevention and control measures of Tonsillitis? STEP 8: Assignment (5 minutes) |Activity: Take Home Assignment (5 minutes) | | | |ASK the students to work individually on the following Assignment | |Prepare a presentation on how to prevent Tonsillitis in their location | | | |ALLOCATE time for students to do the assignments and submit | | | |REFER students to recommended reference | References Cook, G&. Zumla, A. (2003). Manson’s Tropical Diseases. (21sted.). London: Saunders Ltd Denyer, S. P. Hodges, N. A. & Gorman, S. P (2011) Ed. Hugo & Russell’s Pharmaceutical Microbiology (8thed). Oxford: Willey-Blackwel publishing Eshuis, J.& Manschot,P (1992). Communicable diseases,1st ed). Nairobi: AMREF GoT (2004): National Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) Guidelines for Healthcare Workers. Dar es Salaam: MOHSW Nordberg, E. (1999): Communicable Diseases, A Manual for Health Workers in Sub-Saharan Africa, Nairobi: AMREF Nordberg, E., Kingondu, T., & Mugambi, E., et al. (2008) Communicable Diseases. (4thed.). Nairobi: AMREF ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Disease Control and Prevention topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 4 • Semester 1 • PST04102 Identification of Patients with Bronchitis Disease Control and Prevention • Source Session/Topic 18 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 18: Identification of Patients with Bronchitis Total Session Time: 120 minutes + 2 hours Assignment Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Describe Cause(s) of Bronchitis • Describe Mode of Transmission of Bronchitis • Describe Major Signs and Symptoms of Bronchitis • Explain Treatment of Bronchitis • Explain Prevention and Control of Bronchitis Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board, chalk and whiteboard markers • Computer and LCD Projector SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |05 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks | | 2|05 minutes | |Cause(s) of Bronchitis | | | |Presentation | | |3 |10 minutes |Presentation |Mode of Transmission of Bronchitis | |4 |20 minutes |Presentation |Major Signs and Symptoms of | | | |Buzzing |Bronchitis | |5 |30 minutes |Presentation |Treatment of Bronchitis | | | |Brainstorming | | |6 | 30 |Presentation |Prevention and Control of Bronchitis| | |minutes |Buzzing | | |7 |05 minutes |Presentation |Key Points | |8 |05 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation | |9 |10 minutes |Presentation |Assignment | SESSION CONTENTS STEP1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Task (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: Causes of Bronchitis (5 minutes) Lower respiratory tract infections include infectious processes of the lungs and bronchi, for example, Pneumonia and Bronchitis This session will deal with Bronchitis Bronchitis • Bronchitis refers to an inflammatory condition of the large elements of the trachea-bronchial tree that is usually associated with a generalized respiratory infection • The disease entity is frequently classified as either acute or chronic • Common condition often caused by viral infections of upper respiratory with secondary bacterial infection • Common in children with infectious fever e.g. measles, influenza and whooping cough • It is also common in smokers, the elderly and people with chronic chest disorders Causes • Bacteria: Mycoplasma pneumonia, streptococcal bacteria, haemophillus influenza • Viruses: The common cold viruses, rhinovirus, coronavirus, influenza virus, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus, account for the majority of cases STEP 3: Mode of transmission of Bronchitis (5 minutes) • Usually airborne transmitted from upper respiratory tract infection STEP 4: Signs and Symptoms of Bronchitis (20 minutes) |Activity: Buzzing (10 minutes) | | | |ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 | |minutes | | | |What are the signs and symptoms of Bronchitis? | | | |ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points not | |mentioned | | | |WRITE their response on the flip chart/board | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below | • Cough o Cough is the hallmark of acute bronchitis o Frequently, the cough is initially non-productive but progresses, yielding mucopurulent sputum • Fever with malaise, headache and loss of appetite • Dyspnea • Crepitation in the lungs • Wheezing • The patient typically has nonspecific complaints such as malaise and headache, coryza, and sore throat STEP 5: Treatment of Bronchitis (30 minutes) |Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) | | | |ASKstudents to brainstorm on the following question: | | | |What is the treatment of bronchitis? | | | |ALLOW few students to respond | | | |WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below | • Bed rest and mild analgesic-antipyretic therapy are often helpful in relieving the associated lethargy, malaise, and fever • Bronchitis is primarily a self-limiting illness and rarely a cause of death • Patients should be encouraged to drink fluids to prevent dehydration and possibly decrease the viscosity of respiratory secretions • Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin or acetaminophen or ibuprofen is administered every 4 to 6 hours o In children, aspirin should be avoided and acetaminophen used as the preferred agent because of the possible association between aspirin use and the development of Reye’s syndrome • Persistent, mild cough, may be treated with dextromethorphan; o more severe coughs may require intermittent codeine or other similar agents • When possible, antibiotic therapy is directed toward anticipated respiratory pathogen(s) for example penicillin STEP 6: Prevention and Control of Bronchitis (30 minutes) |Activity: Buzzing (10 minutes) | | | |ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 | |minutes | | | |What are the methods for prevention and control of Bronchitis? | | | |ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points not | |mentioned | | | |WRITE their response on the flip chart/board | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below | • A complete occupational/environmental history for the determination of exposure to noxious, irritating gases, as well as cigarette smoking, must be assessed. • Exposure to bronchial irritants should be reduced. • Attempts should be made with the patient to reduce or eliminate cigarette smoking • Control measures of lower respiratory tract infections are based on general principles governing control of airborne diseases STEP 7: Key Points (5 minutes) • Bronchitis means the bronchial tubes are inflamed and irritated. • Bronchitis is characterized by cough, fever and difficulty in breathing • When antibiotic is needed, penicillins is highly recommended • Control depends on the control of primary diseases • Mortality can be reduced by early diagnosis and treatment STEP 8: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What causes bronchitis? • What is the mode of transmission for common bronchitis? • What are the major signs and symptoms of bronchitis? • What is the treatment of common

NTA Level 4 • Semester 1 • PST04102 Identification of Patients with Pneumonia Disease Control and Prevention • Source Session/Topic 19 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 19: Identification of Patients with Pneumonia Total Session Time: 120 minutes + 2 hours Assignment Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Describe cause of pneumonia, • Describe Mode of Transmission of Pneumonia • Describe Major Signs and Symptoms of Pneumonia • Explain Treatment of Pneumonia • Explain Prevention and Control of Pneumonia Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board, chalk and whiteboard markers • Computer and LCD Projector SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |05 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks | |2 |05 minutes |Presentation |Cause(s) of Pneumonia | |3 |10 minutes |Presentation |Mode of Transmission of Pneumonia | | | |Brainstorming | | |4 |10 minutes |Presentation |Major Signs and Symptoms of | | | |Buzzing |Pneumonia | |5 |20 minutes |Presentation |Treatment of Pneumonia | |6 | 55 |Presentation |Prevention and Control of Pneumonia | | |minutes |Buzzing | | |7 |5 minutes |Presentation |Key Points | |8 |5 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation | |9 |5 minutes |Presentation |Assignment | SESSION CONTENTS STEP1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Task (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: Causes of Pneumonia (5 minutes) Lower respiratory tract infections include infectious processes of the lungs and bronchi, for example pneumonia and bronchitis Pneumonia • Inflammatory condition of the lung caused by infection Causes • Virus • Bacteria: Pneumococci, Streptococci, Staphylococci, Klebsiellae species and Haemophillus influenzae STEP 3: Mode of Transmission of Pneumonia (10 minutes) |Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) | | | |ASK students to brainstorm on the following question: | | | |What are the modes of transmission of Pneumonia? | | | |ALLOW few students to respond | | | |WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below | • Airborne from upper respiratory tract infection, especially influenza in the elderly, HIV/AIDS, immunocompromised and measles and whooping cough in children. These infections cause damage to the epithelium of the lungs and so clear the way for bacterial superinfection • Transmission is by droplet spread, direct oral contact or indirectly through freshly infected articles STEP 4: Signs and Symptoms of Pneumonia (10minutes) |Activity: Buzzing (10 minutes) | | | |ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 | |minutes | | | |What are the signs and symptoms of Pneumonia? | | | |ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points not | |mentioned | | | |WRITE their response on the flip chart/board | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below | Signs and Symptoms • Dry or productive Cough • High Fever with malaise, headache and loss of appetite • Chest pain • Dyspnoea (difficult breathing) • Respiratory distress • Crepitation in the lungs • Wheezing STEP 5: Treatment of Pneumonia (20 minutes) • Supportive care: Lower temperature by using analgesics, if wheezing use bronchodilators, daily fluid maintenance(encourage breastfeeding for children) • Medicines o Non-severe pneumonia: Cotrimoxazole, Amoxycillin o Severe pneumonia: Benzyl-penicillin, Chloramphenicol, Gentamycin, Ceftriaxone, Erythromycin and Azithromycin STEP 6: Prevention and Control of Pneumonia (55 minutes) |Activity: Group Discussion (15 minutes) | | | |DIVIDE students into small manageable groups | | | |ASK students to discuss on the following question | | | |What are the prevention and control measures of Pneumonia? | | | |ALLOW students to discuss for 10 minutes | | | |ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned | | | |WRITE their response on the flip chart/board | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below | • Control measures of lower respiratory tract infections are based on general principles governing control of airborne diseases • Immunisation to prevent diseases complicated by pneumonia such as measles and whooping cough is important • Mortality can be reduced by early diagnosis and treatment especially in children and elderly • Prompt adequate therapy started. STEP 7: Key Points (5 minutes) • Pneumonia is characterized by cough, fever and difficulty in breathing • It occurs as a complication of upper respiratory infections • Treatment will depend if it is a non-severe or severe condition • Control depends on the control of primary diseases and on general principles governing control of airborne diseases • Mortality can be reduced by early diagnosis and treatment STEP 8: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What causes Pneumonia? • What is the mode of transmission for pneumonia? • What are the major signs and symptoms of pneumonia? • What is the treatment of pneumonia? • What are the prevention and control measures of pneumonia? STEP 9: Assignment (5 minutes) |Activity: Take Home Assignment (5 minutes) | | | |DIVIDE individual assignment | | | |ASK the students to work individually on the following Assignment | |Explain preventive measures that you will take to control Pneumonia in | |children and adults | |ALLOCATE time for students to do the assignments and submit | | | |REFER students to recommended reference | References Cook, G.& Zumla, A. (2003). Manson’s Tropical Diseases. (21sted.). London: Saunders Ltd Denyer, S. P. Hodges, N. A. &Gorman, S. P (2011) Ed. Hugo & Russell’s Pharmaceutical Microbiology (8thed). Oxford: Willey-Blackwell publishing Eshuis J, &Manschot,P (1992). Communicable diseases,(1st ed). Nairobi: AMREF GoT (2004): National Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) Guidelines for Healthcare Workers. Dar es Salaam: MOHSW GoT (2013) Standard Treatment Guidelines & National Essential Medicines List (4thed). Dar es Salaam: MOHSW Nordberg, E. (1999): Communicable Diseases, A

NTA Level 4 • Semester 1 • PST04102 Identification of Patients with Amoebiasis Disease Control and Prevention • Source Session/Topic 20 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 20: Identification of Patients with Amoebiasis Total Session Time: 120 minutes + 2 hours Assignment Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Describe Causeof Amoebiasis, • Describe Mode of Transmission of Amoebiasis • Describe Major Signs and Symptoms of Amoebiasis • Explain Treatment of Amoebiasis • Explain Prevention and Control of Amoebiasis Resources Needed • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board, chalk and whiteboard markers • Computer and LCD Projector SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |05 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks | |2 |10 minutes |Presentation |Cause(s) of Amoebiasis | |3 |10 minutes |Presentation |Mode of Transmission of Amoebiasis | | | |Brainstorm | | |4 |25 minutes |Presentation |Major Signs and Symptoms of | | | | |Amoebiasis | |5 | 05 |Presentation |Treatment of Amoebiasis | | |minutes | | | |6 |50 minutes |Presentation |Prevention and Control of | | | |Group |Amoebiasis | | | |Discussion | | |7 |5 minutes |Presentation |Key Points | |8 |5 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation | |9 |5 minutes |Presentation |Assignment | SESSION CONTENTS STEP1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: Causes of Amoebiasis (5 minutes) • Amoebiasis: o An infection caused by the amoeba Entamoeba histolytica which is a single-celled organism o E. histolytica is often found in food or water contaminated with human faeces. • The main reservoir of E. histolytica is man • A pathogenic intestinal amoeba is spread between humans by its cysts, characterized by diarrhoea • This infection can be fatal in infant and to older people with low resistance STEP 3: Mode of Transmission of Amoebiasis (10 minutes) |Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) | | | |ASKstudents to brainstorm on the following question: | | | |What is the mode of transmission of Amoebiasis? | | | |ALLOW few students to respond | | | |WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below | • The only infective form of E. histolytica is the cyst • It is acquired by ingestion of cysts which is resistant to gastric acid • Cysts are passed from person-to-person by the faecal oral route, by fingers soiled with faeces either directly into the mouth or via food • There have been cases of transmission through sexual contact • The incubation period ranges from two weeks to many years [pic]STEP 4: Signs and Symptoms of Amoebiasis (20 minutes) • Infection with amoebae in most cases is asymptomatic • The presenting features may be gradual, severe or fulminating, and include: o Gradual onset colitis o Severe acute amoebic dysentery Gradual Onset Colitis • Present with: o Mild intermittent diarrhoea o Abdominal discomfort, usually progressing to bloody diarrhoea with mucous. o nausea, o headache o low grade fever o Anorexia Severe Acute Amoebic Dysentery • Amoebic dysentery is a severe form of Amoebiasis • The symptoms of amoebic dysentery include: o Severe diarrhoea that contains blood or mucus o Severe stomach pain o loss of appetite o Loss of weight o Fever o Chills • Occasionally, the infection can spread through the bloodstream to other parts of the body causing an amoebic abscess STEP 5: Treatment of Amoebiasis (10minutes) • Asymptomatic patients normally do not need treatment because in time they clear the infection • Drug of choice: Metronidazole • Alternative drugs of choice: Tinidazole, Secnidazole STEP 6: Prevention and Control of Amoebiasis (50 minutes) |Activity: Group Discussion (15 minutes) | | | |DIVIDE students into small manageable groups | | | |ASK students to discuss on the following question | | | |What are the prevention and control measures of Amoebiasis? | | | |ALLOW students to discuss for 10 minutes | | | |ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned | | | |WRITE their response on the flip chart/board | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below | Prvention and control measures • Early diagnosis and treatment • Food handlers may need to be screened periodically during employment • Drinking water should be boiled to kill the cysts • Proper faecal and refuse disposal • Washing hands after visiting the toilet, before eating and before preparing food • Foods should be well cooked and covered • Health education on how the disease is transmitted • Improvement of living standards • Amoebiasis can be prevented by good hygiene and sanitary conditions • Improve water supply and proper disposal of faeces • Do not eat fresh fruit or vegetables which cannot be peeled before eating • Make sure raw vegetables are washed thoroughly and cooked properly STEP 7: Key Points (5 minutes) • Amoebiasis is an infection caused by potentially pathogenic amoeba E. histolytica • Infection occurs through the faecal-oral transmission route • In severe cases, the onset is more sudden, the patient is ill and toxic with fever and signs of dehydration • Treatment should cover both tissue parasites and parasites in the bowel lumen • Drug of choice for treatment of Amoebiasis is Metronidazole STEP 8: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What is the infective form of entamoeba histolytica? • What are the clinical features of amoebiasis? • What are the drugs used in treatment of amoebiasis? • How can Amoebiasis be prevented and controlled? STEP 9: Assignment (5 minutes) |Activity: Take Home Assignment (5 minutes) | | | |DIVIDE students in groups or individuals | | | |ASK the students to

NTA Level 4 • Semester 1 • PST04102 Identification of Patients with Typhoid Fever Disease Control and Prevention • Source Session/Topic 21 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 21: Identification of Patients with Typhoid Fever Total Session Time: 120 minutes + 2 hours Assignment Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Describe Cause of Typhoid Fever • Describe Mode of Transmission of Typhoid Fever • Describe Major Signs and Symptoms of Common Typhoid Fever • Explain Treatment of Common Typhoid Fever • Explain Prevention and Control of Typhoid Fever Resources Needed • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board, chalk and whiteboard markers • Computer and LCD Projector SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |05 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks | |2 |05 minutes |Presentation |Cause of Typhoid Fever | |3 |20 minutes |Presentation |Mode of Transmission of Typhoid | | | |Brainstorming |Fever | |4 |15 minutes |Presentation |Major Signs and Symptoms of Typhoid| | | | |Fever | |5 |15 minutes |Presentation |Treatment of Typhoid Fever | |6 |35 minutes|Presentation |Prevention and Control of Typhoid | | | |Buzzing |Fever | |7 |05 minutes |Presentation |Key Points | |8 |10 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation | |9 |10 minutes |Presentation |Assignment | SESSION CONTENTS STEP1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: Causes of Typhoid Fever (5 minutes) • Typhoid fever is a systemic infectious disease, caused by bacteria Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi STEP 3: Mode of Transmission of Typhoid Fever (20 minutes) |Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) | | | |Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: | | | |What is the mode of transmission of typhoid fever? | | | |ALLOW few students to respond | | | |WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below | Mode of transmission • The organisms that are responsible for infection are transmitted through foods or water contaminated with faeces or urine of a patient or carrier • It is more common in areas where there is insufficient water for washing hands • Typhoid is an exclusively human disease • It is transmitted through the ingestion of food or drink contaminated by the faeces or urine of infected people • A person may become an asymptomatic carrier of typhoid fever, suffering no symptoms, but capable of infecting others STEP 4: Signs and Symptoms of Typhoid Fever (15 minutes) • Typhoid fever is characterized by: o Fever as high as 40 °C (104 °F) o Profuse sweating o Drowsiness o Muscle pain o Severe headache o Non-bloody diarrhea although it can sometimes have bloody diarrhea too o The incubation period of typhoid fever varies with the size of the infecting dose, and averages from 10 to 20 days o The onset is gradual STEP 5: Treatment of Typhoid Fever (15 minutes) Drug of choice • Ciprofloxacin o Contraindication : Pregnancy and Children below 15 years Alternatively • Chloramphenicol o Contraindication: Third trimester of pregnancy STEP 6: Prevention and Control of Typhoid Fever (35 minutes) |Activity: Buzzing (10 minutes) | | | |ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 | |minutes | | | |What are the measures for prevention and control of Typhoid? | | | |ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points not | |mentioned | | | |WRITE their response on the flip chart/board | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below | Measures of prevention and control • Early diagnosis and treatment of cases is important • General prevention is as for faecal-oral diseases: o Cook food thoroughly o Boil drinking water o Wash hands before preparing food, after preparing food and before eating • It is important to identify carriers who work as food handlers as they are especially likely to transmit the infection (although searching for carriers is impracticable in endemic areas) • Immunization STEP 7: Key Points (5 minutes) • Typhoid fever is a systemic bacterial infection caused by Salmonella typhi, in areas where sanitation is poor • Drug of choice for treatment of typhoid fever is ciprofloxacin • Delayed treatment may lead the severe complications such as bleeding from bowel, bowel perforation and peritonitis • Safe water, supply and food hygiene will prevent the population from infection STEP 8: Evaluation (10 minutes) • What is the cause of typhoid fever? • What is the mode of transmission of typhoid fever? • What are signs and symptoms of typhoid fever? • What is the treatment of typhoid fever? • How is typhoid fever prevented? STEP 9: Assignment (5 minutes) | Activity: Take Home Assignment (5 minutes) | | | |DIVIDE students in groups or individual assignment | | | |ASK the students to work individually on the following Assignment | |Prepare a presentation explaining how to differentiate a patient | |suffering Typhoid fever from the one having Amoebiasis | |ALLOCATE time for students to do the assignments and submit | | | |REFER students to recommended references | References Cook, G. Zumla, A. (2003). Manson’s Tropical Diseases. (21sted.). London: Saunders Ltd Denyer, S. P. Hodges, N. A. Gorman, S. P (2011) Ed. Hugo & Russell’s Pharmaceutical Microbiology (8thed). Oxford: Willey-Blackwell publishing Eshuis, J, Manschot, P (1992). Communicable diseases,(1st ed). Nairobi: AMREF GoT (2013) Standard Treatment Guidelines & National Essential Medicines List (4thed). Dar es Salaam: MOHSW GoT (2004): National Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) Guidelines for Healthcare Workers. Dar es Salaam: MOHSW Nordberg, E. (1999): Communicable Diseases, A Manual for Health Workers in Sub-Saharan Africa, Nairobi: AMREF Nordberg, E.,