Pharmaceutical Sciences Notes

NTA Level 5 • Semester 1 • PST05101 Introduction to Medicine and Medical Supplies Management Medicines and Medical Supplies Management • Source Session/Topic 1 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 1: Introduction to Medicine and Medical Supplies Management Total Session Time: 120 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define the terms medicine, supplies , medical supplies • Explain the composition of medical supplies • Define the term management • Explain importance of managing medicine and medical supplies Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |05 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks | |2 |20 minutes |Presentation/buzzing |Define the Terms Medicine, | | | | |Supplies , Medical Supplies | |3 |20 minutes |Presentation |Explain the Composition of | | | |Buzzing |Medical Supplies | |4 |15 minutes |Presentation |Define the term Management | | | |Small Group | | | | |Discussion | | |5 |30 Minutes |Presentation |Explain Importance of Managing | | | |Small Group |Medicine and Medical Supplies | | | |Discussion | | |6 |10 minutes |Presentation |Key Points | |7 |10 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation | SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) • READ or ASK students to read the learning Tasks and clarify • ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of Medicines, Supplies , Medical Supplies (20 minutes) • Medicines: is any substances in a pharmaceutical product that is used to modify or explore physiological systems or pathological states for the benefit of the recipient.These are Pharmaceuticals in different formulations includes:-Vaccines, pills/tablets, capsules, solutions, injectable, ointments syrups, gargles, mouth washes, eye/ear drops, powders(ORS) • Supplies These are physical, substantial, worth, valuable, real, touchable and tangible regarded as Goods, Materials,, Stores Inventories of which can health products like pharmaceuticals, medicines, Equipment /Apparatus, Dressings and Reagents • Medical supplies: Used for diagnostic and supporting/aiding treatment or application of drugs in the course of accomplishing medical treatment. STEP 3: Composition of Medical Supplies (20 minutes) |Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) | | | |ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 | |minutes | | | |What are the composition of medical supplies? | | | |ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points not | |mentioned | | | |WRITE their response on the flip chart/board | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below | • Medical supplies: Used for diagnostic and supporting/aiding treatment or application of drugs in the course of accomplishing medical treatment. They compose of : o General Supplies – like sundries( bandages, cotton wool, Gause),syringes, catheters),X-ray films o Equipment : long lasting and short lasting like Autoclaves, X- ray, machines thermometer o Apparatus/Instruments: for example glassware like test tube, triple stand) o Reagents: Chemicals used as diagnostic/lab reagents STEP 4: Definition of Management (15 minutes) |Activity: Small Group buzzing ( 15 minutes) | | | |DIVIDE students into small manageable groups | | | |ASK students to discuss on the following question | | | |Define the term management | | | |ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes | | | |ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below | • Management is the process of using or combining resources effectively and efficiently to achieve the desired or set goals. Management is a discipline and has norms, tradition ,ethics. STEP 5: Explain the Importance of Managing Medicines and Medical Supplies (35 minutes) |Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 35 minutes) | | | |DIVIDE students into small manageable groups | | | |ASK students to discuss on the following question | | | |Why is managing medicine and medical supplies important? | | | |ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes | | | |ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below | • Why medicines and medical supplies need to be managed? Medicines/Pharmaceuticals and medical supplies need be managed as they:- • Medicines and medical supplies improve health thus avoid stock outs as stock out may cause death or disabilities or suffering • Availability of medicines and medical supplies promote community trust and involvement in health facilities • Be aware that medicines and medical supplies are expensive and costly • Effective management medicines and medical supplies saves money • Medicines are poisons if not used properly • Medicines and medical supplies have expiry date • Medicines and medical supplies need special storage conditions • Medicines and medical supplies are different from other consumer products as they are not give based on the consumers choic STEP 6: Key Points (10 minutes) • Medical supplies comprises of general supplies, like sundries( bandages, cotton wool, Gause),syringes, catheters),X-ray films, the Equipment which long lasting and short lasting like Autoclaves, X-ray, machines thermometer Apparatus/Instruments: for example glassware like test tube, triple stand),the Reagents: Chemicals used as diagnostic/lab reagents • It is important to manage Medicines and medical supplies as are poisons if not used properly. Medicines and medical supplies have expiry date, they need special storage conditions. Medicines and medical supplies are different from other consumer products as they are not give based on the consumers c. STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What is the composition of medical supplies? • Why is it important to manage medicines and medical supplies? References MSH and WHO (2012) Managing Access to Medicines and Health Technology, 3rd Edition. Kumarian Press World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for Africa Brazzaville 2004, Management of Drugs at Health

NTA Level 5 • Semester 1 • PST05101 Health Supply Chain Management Medicines and Medical Supplies Management • Source Session/Topic 2 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 2: Health Supply Chain Management Total Session Time: 120 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define supply chain in relation to medicines and medical supplies • List components of health supply chain management • Explain components of health supply chain management Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |05 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks | |2 |10 minutes |Presentation |Definition of Supply Chain and | | | | |Supply Chain Management | |3 |25 minutes |Presentation |Components of health supply chain | | | |Buzzing |management | |4 |60 minutes |Presentation |Explanation of components of | | | |Small Group |health supply chain management | | | |Discussion | | |5 |10 minutes |Presentation |Key Points | |6 |10 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation | SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning Tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of Supply Chain (10 minutes) Supply Chain: The supply chain is the linked activities associated with providing material from a raw material stage to an end user as a finished good. Thus Supply chain activities involve the transformation of natural resources, raw materials, and components into a finished product that is delivered to the end customer. In sophisticated supply chain systems, used products may re-enter the supply chain at any point where residual value is recyclable. • It is a linked sequence of connected activities that handle movement of medicines and medical supplies from the source to the customer/consumer. • This includes a number of activities that support the six rights. Supply chain personnel have developed a systematic approach to describing the activities of a supply chain or logistic system. This is known as the Value chain • It consists of all stages involved, directly or indirectly in fulfilling a customer request. • Supply chain management is the oversight of materials, information, and finances as they move in a process from supplier to manufacturer to wholesaler to retailer to consumer. Supply chain management involves coordinating and integrating these flows both within and among companies. • Therefore, SCM is an active link which ensures that all processes, procedures and systems are put in place to effectively link up all relevant stakeholders to work together and guarantee organizational success. • Is all about managing the reliable movement of medicines and medical supplies from source(could be manufacturer or supplier) to users (here referred to consumers or patients) at/with least expensive way STEP 3: Components of Health Supply Chain Management (25 minutes) |Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) | | | |ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 | |minutes | | | |What are the components of health supply chain management? | | | |ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points not | |mentioned | | | |WRITE their response on the flip chart/board | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below | The following are the components of the health supply chain management; • The major activities; o Serving customers o Product selection o Forecasting and procurement o Inventory management o Logistics management information systems (LMISs) o Quality monitoring among the activities o The logistics environment; ▪ policies ▪ adaptability Fig: 1.1 The Logistic Cycle [pic] STEP 4: Explanations on Components of Health Supply Chain Management (60 minutes) |Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 15 minutes) | | | |DIVIDE students into small manageable groups | | | |ASK students to discuss on the following question | | | |What explanations can you give on the components of health supply chain| |management? | | | |ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes | | | |ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below | The following are explanations of the components of health supply chain management: • Serving Customers. Each person who works in supply chain or logistics must remember that he or she selects, procures, stores, or distributes products to meet customer needs. For example, a storekeeper does not store drugs simply for the purpose of storing; he or she stores products for use in preventing or curing illnesses. The supply chain ensures customer service by fulfilling the six rights ie right medicines and medical supplies, in the right quantity, in the right condition, to the right place, at the right time and for the right cost • Product Selection. In supply chain system, products must be selected. This may be responsibility of a national formulary and therapeutics committee, pharmaceutical board, board of physicians, or other government-appointed group. Most countries have developed essential drug lists patterned on the World Health Organization (WHO) Model List. • Forecasting And Procurement. After products are selected, the quantity required of each product must be determined and procured. The forecasting process estimates the quantities of the various medicines and medical supplies that will be needed for a specified time period • Inventory Management: (Storage And Distribution) After an item has been procured and received, it must be stored until the customer needs it. Almost all businesses store quantity and quality of stock is monitored,controlled to meet future customer needs. Determining how much stock should be stored is an important decision • Logistics Management Information Systems Information. This is the motor that drives the supply chain or logistics cycle. Without information, the logistics system

NTA Level 5 • Semester 1 • PST05101 Introduction to Selection of Medicines and Medical Supplies Medicines and Medical Supplies Management • Source Session/Topic 3 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 3: Introduction to Selection of Medicines and Medical Supplies Total Session Time: 60 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define selection in relation to medicines and medical supplies • Explain importance of medicines and medical supplies selection Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |05 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks | |2 |10 minutes |Presentation |Definition of Selection in Relation to| | | |Brainstorming |Medicines and Medical Supplies | |3 |35 minutes |Presentation |Importance of Medicines and Medical | | | |Buzzing |supplies selection | |4 |05 minutes |Presentation |Key Points | |5 |05 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation | SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of Selection in Relation to Medicines and Medical Supplies (10 minutes) |Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) | | | |Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: | | | |What is the definition of selection in relation to medicines and | |medical supplies? | | | |ALLOW few students to respond | | | |WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below | Selection • This is a process that involves reviewing the prevalent health problems, identifying treatments of choice, choosing individual medicines and dosage forms, and deciding which medicines will be available at each level of the health system • Is a process of deciding the limited types of medicines and medical supplies that is required in a health care setting for diagnosis, prevention and treatment of majority of the population. They should be available at all times in adequate amount, efficacious, safe and affordable. STEP 3: Importance of Medicines and Medical Supplies Selection (35 minutes) |Activity: Buzzing (5minutes) | | | |ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 3 | |minutes | | | |What is the importance of medicines and medical supplies selection? | | | |ALLOW few pairs to respond on the question and let other pairs add on | |points not mentioned WRITE their response on the flip chart/board | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below | To understand the importance of Selection, it is better to first look at how it is done; How selection is done • Nationally, the selection of medicines is usually determined at the national level by Ministry of health; normally determines the essential medicines and dosage forms that are selected for use in a country • At the hospitals this is done by Medicines and Therapeutic Committee • Such selections ensure that available human and financial resources are used wisely, providing a limited list of drugs and dosage forms that are appropriate to the health problems of a country or community. The involved people often choose generic drugs over brands that are usually more expensive. • These tasks require qualified health workers or other relevant personnel with appropriate skills and attitudes • Time for selection: It is carried out during annual planning process where the list is derived or revised/ reviewed Importance of medicines and medical supplies selection The well selected medicines and medical supplies lead to; • Better supply management; o Easier procurement, storage, and distribution o Lower stocks o Better quality assurance o Easier dispensing • Better prescribing is achieved o Training more focused and therefore simpler o More experience with fewer medicines o Non-availability of irrational treatment alternatives o Reduction of antimicrobial resistance o Focused drug information o Better recognition of adverse drug reactions • Lower costs; o Lower prices o More competition • More patient use; o Focused education efforts o Reduced confusion and increased adherence to treatment o Improved medicine availability STEP 5: Key Points (5 minutes) In any supply chain system, products must be selected. In a health logistics system, product selection may be the responsibility of a national formulary and therapeutics committee, pharmaceutical board, board of physicians, or other government-appointed group. Most countries have developed essential drug lists patterned on the World Health Organization (WHO) Model List Selection aim to help prescribers choose the right product for each health problem and the correct quantity to dispense Selection brings about better supply of medicines and medical supplies, better prescribing, the price for products become lower with more competition and there is usually enhanced patients use STEP 6: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What is selection in relation to medicines and medical supplies? • What is the importance of medicines and medical supplies selection? References MSH and WHO (2012) Managing Access to Medicines and Health Technology, 3rd Edition. Kumarian Press World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for Africa Brazzaville 2004, Management of Drugs at Health Centre Level Training Manual. United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Strategy for Development and Implementation of an Integrated Logistics System for Essential Health Commodities: Government Printers, Dar es Salaam Ndeki, S. Management of health services, CEDHA, Arusha ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Medicines and Medical Supplies Management topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 5 • Semester 1 • PST05101 Criteria and Challenges Facing Selection Medicines and Medical Supplies Management • Source Session/Topic 4 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 4: Criteria and Challenges Facing Selection Total Session Time: 120 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Mention criteria for selection of medicines and medical supplies • List problems facing selection of medicines and medical supplies Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |05 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks | |2 |60 minutes |Presentation | Criteria for Selection of Medicines and| | | |Group discussion|Medical Supplies | |3 |40 minutes |Presentation |Problems Facing Selection of Medicines | | | |Brainstorm |and Medical Supplies | |5 |10 minutes |Presentation |Key Points | |6 |05 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation | SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Criteria for Selection of Medicines and Medical Supplies (60 minutes) |Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 15 minutes) | | | |DIVIDE students into manageable groups | | | |ASK students to discuss in groups on the following question: | | | |What are the criteria for selection of medicines and medical supplies? | | | |ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes | | | |ALLOW each groups to present | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below | The following are criteria for selection of medicines and medical supplies; for the facility • Relevance to the pattern of prevalent diseases in that area • Medicine that satisfy the healthcare needs of the majority of the population • Proven efficacy and safety from clinical studies data • Assured quality and bioavailability (desirable pharmacokinetic properties) • The knowledge and skills of the healthcare worker to administer. • Stable during storage and transport; When two or more similar medicines are available selection will base on the one which is:- • More stable • Cost effective; Total cost of treatment and not unit cost; Example, a vial can be cheaper but may need refrigeration, syringes, and expert healthcare worker to administer. • Appropriate for level of healthcare use; Example primary healthcare select simple and easy to use medicines and medical supplies • Avoid confusion of names and dispensing; avoid including same medicines with different strength, different medicines with similar name. • Possibilities for local manufacturer • Availability as single compounds • The drugs should be identified by the International Non-proprietary Name (INN), sometimes referred to as the generic name STEP 3: Problems Facing Selection of Medicines and Medical Supplies (40 minutes) |Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) | | | |Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: | | | |What are the Problems facing selection of medicines and medical | |supplies? | | | |ALLOW few students to respond | | | |WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below | The following are the problems facing selection of medicines and medical supplies: • Failure to respect National Protocol; this may bring about selection of medicines and medical supplies which are not essential for the community and nation at large; but also may lead to selection of supplies which are not important for a particular level of the facility i.e referral hospital/ regional hospitals, district hospitals, health centres and dispensaries • Multitude of products used; this is crowding of supplies in a facility which are used for similar purpose • Transition to new products; this is about innovation of new medicines and medical supplies. They could be of the same effectiveness or better than the older ones; however they could not be cost effective or of uncertain safety. Economical interests of the key people involved may hinder proper selection procedures • Lack of well trained personnel; key healthcare workers or people involved in selection should get trainings and updates in order for them to do informed decisions on selection STEP 5: Key Points (10 minutes) • Selection of medicines and medical supplies is based on several criteria. These include relevance to the pattern of prevalent diseases, medicine that satisfy the healthcare needs of the majority of the population, proven efficacy and safety from clinical studies data, assured quality and bioavailability (desirable pharmacokinetic properties), stable during storage and transport. When two or more similar medicines are available selection should base on the one which is more stable. Medicines selected should be cost effective; this implies the total cost of treatment and not unit cost • There are several problems facing selection of medicines and medical supplies such as failure to respect national protocol, multitude of products used and transition to new products • In a nutshell, selection of medicines and medical supplies is a process that requires to involve well-trained key personnel with the aim of satisfying health needs of the majority of the population STEP 6: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What are the criteria for selection of medicines and medical supplies? • What are the problems facing selection of medicines and medical supplies? References MSH and WHO (2012) Managing Access to Medicines and Health Technology, 3rd Edition. Kumarian Press World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for Africa Brazzaville 2004, Management of Drugs at Health Centre Level Training Manual. United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Strategy for Development and Implementation of an Integrated Logistics System for Essential Health Commodities: Government Printers, Dar es Salaam ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Medicines and Medical Supplies Management topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia

NTA Level 5 • Semester 1 • PST05101 Introduction to Quantification and Forecasting Medicines and Medical Supplies Management • Source Session/Topic 5 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 5: Introduction to Quantification and Forecasting Total Session Time: 120 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define terms quantification and forecasting as applied in medicines and medical supplies • List objectives of quantification • Describe issues to consider in quantification Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |05 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks | |2 |10 minutes |Presentation |Definitions of Terms Quantification and| | | | |Forecasting | |3 |30 minutes |Presentation |Objectives of Quantification | | | |Buzzing | | |4 |60 minutes |Presentation |Issues to Consider in Quantification | | | |Small Group | | | | |Discussion | | |5 |05 minutes |Presentation |Key Points | |6 |10 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation | SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definitions of Quantification and Forecasting (10 minutes) Quantification • Is a process that includes estimating the quantities and the cost of medicines and medical supplies as required to meet customer demand and to fill the pipeline with adequate stock levels. • The process takes into account service delivery capacity, supply pipeline requirements, and resources available for procurement. • Is the process used to determine how much of a products is required for the purpose of procurement and the budget costs ie. Medicine needs for the next procurement activity • Is a critical supply chain activity that links information on services and commodities from the facility Forecasting • It means estimating the quantity of products (e.g. medicines to be dispensed and medical supplies to be used) to meet customer demand for a future period of time. It is about projection of future needs, beyond the next purchasing order • Is the process of making predictions of the future based on past and present data and most commonly by analysis of trends. STEP 3: Objectives of Quantification (30 minutes) |Activity: Buzzing (5minutes) | | | |ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 3 | |minutes | | | |What are the objectives of quantification? | | | |ALLOW few pairs to respond on the question and let other pairs add on | |points not mentioned | | | |WRITE their response on the flip chart/board | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below | The following are the objectives of quantification: • Provide evidence for medicines and medical supplies budget • To be used as bench mark for monitoring and evaluation • To achieve consistent availability of medicines • To ensure adequate supplies for projected scale up • To ensure minimal wastage • To ensure minimal over stoking • To attain Cost effectiveness (value for money) • To conduct rational adjustment where funds are inadequate • To easy management medicines and medicals supplies • To address and meeting actual demand • To satisfied clients as their needs are addressed STEP 4: Issues to Consider in Quantification (60 minutes) |Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 15 minutes) | | | |DIVIDE students into manageable groups | | | |ASK students to discuss in groups on the following question: | | | |What are the issues to consider in quantification? | | | |ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes | | | |ALLOW each groups to present | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below | The following are issues to consider in quantification; • Population which the health institution serves • Disease patterns in that particular facility catchment • Varying Monthly drug consumption • Knowledge of quantity of each dosage form that is regularly consumed • Delivery lead time may not be constant • Time lag between placing orders and receiving the orders • Changing Request indicator (re-order level) • Quantity of drug product that serves as a signal for re-ordering .After knowing the issues to consider in quantification, here are Steps to follow in quantification; • Prepare Action plan for quantification • Decide use centralized or decentralized approach • Decide use of manual or computerized system • Estimate time required • Develop the medicines and medical supplies list • Fill the supply system • Consider impact of lead time • Adjust for losses and wastes, thefts, growth • Estimate cost that is budget • Adjusting and reconciling funds and quantities required STEP 5: Key Points (5 minutes) • Quantification is the process used to determine how much of a products is required for the purpose of procurement and the budget costs ie. Medicine needs for the next procurement activity • Forecasting is the process of making predictions of the future based on past and present data and most commonly by analysis of trends • There are several objectives of quantification which include to achieve consistent availability of medicines and medical supplies, adequate supplies for projected scale up, minimal wastage, minimal over stoking and having satisfied clients just to mention a few. • There are important issues to consider in quantification (is forecasting) such as Population which the health institution will serve, Disease pattern, Seasonal variation in disease pattern, Varying Monthly drug consumption, Knowledge of quantity of each dosage form that is regularly consumed, Delivery lead time and Time lag between placing orders and receiving the orders, STEP 6: Evaluation (10 minutes) • What is the meaning of quantification? • What is the meaning of forecasting as applied in medicines and medical supplies ? •

NTA Level 5 • Semester 1 • PST05101 Quantification Methods Medicines and Medical Supplies Management • Source Session/Topic 6 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 6: Quantification Methods Total Session Time: 120 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • List the methods of quantification • Explain the methods of quantification Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |05 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks | |2 |10 minutes |Presentation |Methods of Quantification | | | |Buzzing | | |3 |80 minutes |Presentation |Explanations on Methods of | | | |Small Group |Quantification | | | |Discussion | | |4 |15 minutes |Presentation |Key Points | |5 |10 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation | SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Methods of Quantification (10 minutes) |Activity: Buzzing (5minutes) | | | |ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 3 | |minutes | | | |What are the methods of quantification? | | | |ALLOW few pairs to respond on the question and let other pairs add on | |points not mentioned WRITE their response on the flip chart/board | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below | There are four (4) methods of quantification as listed below: • Consumption quantification method • Morbidity quantification method • Adjusted consumption quantification method • Service level projection of budget requirements method STEP 3: Explanations on Methods of Quantification (80 minutes) |Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 15 minutes) | | | |DIVIDE students into manageable groups | | | |ASK students to discuss in groups on the following question: | | | |What are the explanations on the methods of quantification? | | | |ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes | | | |ALLOW each groups to present | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below | The following are the explanations on quantification methods; The Consumption Method • This method uses records of past consumption of individual medicines (adjusted for stockouts and projected changes in medicine use) to project future need • In many instances, this is the most precise method for quantifying pharmaceutical usage, provided the source data are complete, accurate, and properly adjusted for stockout periods and anticipated changes in demand and use. • It does not normally address the appropriateness of past consumption patterns, which may or may not correspond with public health priorities and needs. Thus, irrational medicine use may be perpetuated by total reliance on the consumption method. If stock outs have been widespread for long periods, applying this method accurately may be impossible, which is why capturing actual demand is the most accurate approach. The Morbidity Method • This method estimates the need for specific medicines based on the expected number of attendances, the incidence of common diseases, and standard treatment patterns for the diseases considered. It may be used when a program is scaling up. • This is the most complex and time-consuming method. In many countries, assembling valid morbidity data on more than a defined set of diseases is very difficult; therefore, some needs will be overlooked in the quantification. Data on patient attendance are often incomplete and inaccurate, and predicting what percentage of prescribers will actually follow the standard treatment regimens used for quantification is difficult. • Despite these constraints, this method may remain the best alternative for planning for procurement or for estimating budget needs in a supply system or facility in which a limited range of health problems accounts for virtually all medicine consumption, such as a small primary care system; a special-purpose hospital; a new program with no previous consumption history, such as HIV/AIDS programs rolling out antiretroviral therapy (ART); or changes in standard treatment guidelines. The Adjusted-consumption /Proxy Consumption Method • This method uses data on disease incidence, medicine consumption, demand, or use, and/ or pharmaceutical expenditures from a “standard” supply system and extrapolates the consumption or use rates to the target supply system, based on population coverage or service level to be provided • It is the method generally used if neither the consumption-based nor the morbidity-based method is feasible. This method is most likely to yield accurate projections when used to extrapolate from one set of facilities to another set that serves the same type of population in the same type of geographic and climatic environment. • Still, this method may be the best alternative in the absence of suitable data required for the consumption- or morbidity-based method. • The proxy consumption method is also useful for cross-checking projections made with other methods. Service-Level Projection of Budget Requirements Method • This method uses the average medicine cost per attendance or bed-day in different types of health facilities in a standard system to project medicine costs in similar types of facilities in the target system This method does not estimate quantities of individual medicines. • It produces a rough estimate of financial needs for pharmaceutical procurement and not the quantity of products. The method relies on two assumptions: o that the “standard” system (used for comparison) and the target system are comparable in terms of patient attendance and bed-days per type of facility, and o that the patterns of medicine use are roughly the same in both systems. Despite its limitations, this method can be useful in predicting medicine costs in a new system or in a system in which no data are readily available STEP 4: Key Points (15 minutes) • There are 4 types of quantification; which are Consumption quantification method, Morbidity

NTA Level 5 • Semester 1 • PST05101 Application of Quantification Methods Medicines and Medical Supplies Management • Source Session/Topic 7 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 7: Application of Quantification Methods Total Session Time: 120 minutes Prerequisites • Completion of session 6 Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Explain applications of the quantification methods • Carryout the calculations in different quantification methods in full supply • Carryout the calculations in different quantification methods in Non-full supply Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |05 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks | |2 |20 minutes |Presentation |Application of the Quantification | | | |Small Group |methods | | | |Discussion | | |3 |40 minutes |Presentation |Calculations in Different Quantification| | | | |Methods in Full Supply | |4 |35 minutes |Presentation |Calculations in Quantification Methods | | | | |in Non-Full Supply | |5 |10 minutes |Presentation |Key Points | |6 |10 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation | SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Applications of Quantification Methods (90 minutes) |Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 15 minutes) | | | |DIVIDE students into manageable groups | | | |ASK students to discuss in groups on the following question: | | | |What are the applications of quantification methods? | | | |ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes | | | |ALLOW each groups to present | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below | The following are the applications of quantification methods; • Calculating order quantities for procurement: Formal quantification may be necessary before each scheduled procurement. These estimates need to be accurate to avoid stock outs, emergency purchases, and overstocks and to maximize the effect of procurement funds. The consumption method is the first choice, cross-checked to assess the appropriateness of usage and demand patterns. When consumption data are unreliable or unavailable, such as in new programs, the morbidity method, the proxy consumption method, or both, may need to be applied for an initial quantification, switching to the consumption method when reliable data can be compiled or the program has stabilized. • Estimating budget requirements: In many countries, the annual pharmaceutical procurement budget is determined by adding a fixed percentage to the previous year’s request or allocation to allow room for contingencies, such as expected cuts by the ministry of finance, population growth, or expansion of services. Both budget requests and cuts are frequently prepared without reliable estimates of actual needs. This cycle can be broken with rational, well-documented quantification. Although consumption-based quantification is the best guide to probable expenditures, the morbidity-based method may be the most convincing documentation for a budget request. Proxy consumption is useful for checking and justifying either consumption or morbidity methods. When budget requirements do not need to be justified by specifying order quantities, the service-level method can be used as an alternative. • Estimating pharmaceutical requirements for emergency relief situations: In emergencies such as floods or earthquakes, the first step is to provide emergency kits quickly. As local health problems become clear, a morbidity-based method can be used to project requirements in the short and medium term, until the regular supply system can resume services. • Developing procurement quantities for new programs: When medicines are needed for launching a new full-service health system or vertical program (such as HIV/AIDS programs or DOTS), quantification serves two purposes: to establish funding requirements for procurement and to develop the initial procurement list. In most situations, the consumption-based method is not feasible, and some combination of morbidity-based and proxy consumption methods must be used for the initial quantification. • Developing procurement quantities for scaling-up programs: Scaling up is the term used to describe an incremental increase or growth in the number of patients being treated over a period of time. Patient-months can be used to estimate needs for scaling up, where one “patientmonth” is the quantity of a product needed to treat one patient for one month. The total number of patients treated over an incremental period of time in months is often used in this situation for estimating needs for chronic conditions. For example, programs may not be able to serve all the patients needing ART at the start of an HIV/AIDS program but are able to scale up slowly as they receive additional donor funds, human resources, and training and address other access barriers • Quantifying for assistance projects: A donor organization may undertake ad hoc quantification studies to plan procurement needs in the context of a development project. When local consumption data are not sufficiently reliable for quantification, the morbidity or proxy consumption method should be used, either singly or in combination. • Estimating pharmaceutical requirements for emergency relief situations: In emergencies such as floods or earthquakes, the first step is to provide emergency kits quickly. As local health problems become clear, a morbidity-based method can be used to project requirements in the short and medium term, until the regular supply system can resume services. • Comparing actual medicine consumption with theoretical need: In most functional supply systems, the regular procurement quantification is based on past consumption. However, periodic comparison of consumption with theoretical demand based on public health priorities is a useful practice. The morbidity-based method provides the most informative comparison, but simply comparing consumption data from different systems is worthwhile because significant differences in medicine use can help identify irrational prescribing patterns or persistent inventory problems. STEP 3: Calculation in Consumption Based Quantification Method in Full Supply (40 minutes) In calculating amount to order where there

NTA Level 5 • Semester 1 • PST05101 Introduction to Procurement of Medicines and Medical Supplies Medicines and Medical Supplies Management • Source Session/Topic 8 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 8: Introduction to Procurement of Medicines and Medical Supplies Total Session Time: 120 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: a) Define terms used in procurement of medicines and medical supplies b) List objectives of good procurement c) List operation principles for good procurement d) Mention good procurement practices for medicines and medical supplies Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |05 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks | |2 |10 minutes |Presentation |Definitions of terms used in | | | | |procurement of medicines and medical | | | | |supplies | |3 |25 minutes |Presentation |Objectives of good procurement | | | |Brainstorming | | |4 |20 minutes |Presentation |Operation principles for good | | | |Buzzing |procurement | |5 |40 minutes |Presentation |Good procurement practices for medicines| | | |Small Group |and medical supplies | | | |Discussion | | |6 |10 minutes |Presentation |Key Points | |7 |10 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation | SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definitions of Terms Used in Procurement of Medicines and Medical Supplies (10 minutes) Procurement: • Is the acquisition of medicines and medical supplies, from an external source • It requires that the goods, services or works are appropriate and they are procured at the best possible cost to meet the needs of the acquirer in terms of quality, quantity, time and location. Procurement Period (PP) Indicates the time between one order and the next regular order Lead Time (LT) The period from the preparation of order to the arrival of products to the storage facility Procurement planning • Procurement planning is the process of deciding what to buy, when and from what source. During the procurement planning process the procurement method is assigned and the expectations for fulfillment of procurement requirements determined Bulk purchasing Procurement of pharmaceuticals in large quantities in order to obtain lower unit prices Generally done in a bid system in which all medicines are identified by their generic (INN) name. Direct procurement • The simplest but usually most expensive method of procurement, in which an item is purchased from a single supplier at its quoted price. Supplier • Any individual or company that agrees to provide medications, regardless of whether that party is the manufacturer STEP 3: Objectives of Good Procurement (25 minutes) |Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) | | | |Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: | | | |What are the objectives of good procurement? | | | |ALLOW few students to respond | | | |WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below | The following are the objectives of good procurement: • To eek to manage the buyer-seller relationship in a transparent and ethical manner • To procure the right medicines in the right quantities • To obtain the lowest practical purchase price • To ensure that all pharmaceuticals procured meet recognized standards of quality • To arrange timely delivery to avoid shortages and stockouts • To ensure supplier reliability with respect to service and quality • To set the purchasing schedule, formulas for order quantities, and safety stock levels to achieve the lowest total cost of purchasing at each level of the system • To achieve these objectives in the most efficient manner possible STEP 4: Operation Principles for Good Procurement (20 minutes) |Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) | | | |ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 3 | |minutes | | | |What are the operation principles of good procurement? | | | |ALLOW few pairs to respond on the question and let other pairs add on | |points not mentioned WRITE their response on the flip chart/board | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below | • Division of responsibilities among different offices, committees and individual in respect to appropriate expertise. • Transparency in procurement procedures by having formal written procedure throughout the procedure. • Planning and regular monitoring of procurement process. STEP 5: Good Procurement Practices for Medicines and Medical Supplies (40 minutes) |Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 15 minutes) | | | |DIVIDE students into manageable groups | | | |ASK students to discuss in groups on the following question: | | | |What are the good procurement practices for medicines and medical | |supplies? | | | |ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes | | | |ALLOW each groups to present | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below | The following are good procurement practices for medicines and medical supplies; • Ordering medicines by generic name as most of the time are cheaper • Limiting procurement to products on essential medicine list or formulary list (can’t purchase all drugs available in the market) • Making bulk purchases i.e. large procurement volume makes favorable prices and contract terms possible. • Carrying out formal supplier qualification and monitoring i.e. suppliers should be pre or post qualified through a process that considers product quality, service reliability (and delivery time) and financial viability. • Using a competitive bidding process i.e. inducing supplier competition is a key to detaining favorable pricing. • Committing to a sole source i.e. except when each health facility purchases drug independently, all public pharmaceutical procurement systems are group purchasing programs (eg. MSD Tanzania).

NTA Level 5 • Semester 1 • PST05101 Procurement Cycle Medicines and Medical Supplies Management • Source Session/Topic 9 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 9: Procurement Cycle Total Session Time: 60 minutes Prerequisites • None Student Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • List steps in the procurement cycle Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |05 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks | |2 |05 minutes |Presentation |Meaning of procurement cycle | |3 | |Presentation |Steps in the procurement cycle | | |40 minutes |Buzzing | | |4 |05 minutes |Presentation |Key Points | |5 |05 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation | SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Meaning of Procurement Cycle (5 minutes) The procurement cycle includes most of the decisions and actions that determine the specific medicine quantities obtained, prices paid, and quality of medicines received. Procurement is defined here as the process of purchasing supplies directly from national or multinational private or public suppliers; purchasing through global agencies and procurement mechanisms or regional procurement systems; or purchasing from international procurement agents. These sources may be used individually or in combination to meet the entire range of pharmaceutical needs. STEP 3: Steps in the Procurement Cycle (40 minutes) |Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) | | | |ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 3 | |minutes | | | |What are the steps in the procurement cycle? | | | |ALLOW few pairs to respond on the question and let other pairs add on | |points not mentioned WRITE their response on the flip chart/board | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below | The following are steps in the procurement cycle: • Review medicine selected • Determine quantities needed • Reconcile needs and funds • Determine procurement method • Locate and specify suppliers • Specify contract terms • Monitor order status • Receive and check medicines • Make payments • Distribute medicines • Collect consumption information Fig 8.1 The Procurement Cycle [pic] Source: Management Sciences for Health STEP 4: Key Points (5 minutes) • The procurement cycle includes most of the decisions and actions that determine the specific medicine quantities obtained, prices paid, and quality of medicines received • The steps involved in procurement cycle includes; review medicine selected, determine quantities needed, reconcile needs and funds, determine procurement method, locate and specify suppliers, specify contract terms, monitor order status, receive and check medicines, make payments, distribute medicines and collect consumption information STEP 5: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What is the meaning of procurement cycle? • What are the steps in procurement cycle? References MSH and WHO (2012) Managing Access to Medicines and Health Technology, 3rd Edition. Kumarian Press World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for Africa Brazzaville 2004, Management of Drugs at Health Centre Level Training Manual. United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Strategy for Development and Implementation of an Integrated Logistics System for Essential Health Commodities: Government Printers, Dar es Salaam ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Medicines and Medical Supplies Management topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260