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NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06104 Tanzania National Development Vision 2025 Health and Medicine Policy • Source Session/Topic 10 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 10: Tanzania National Vision 2025 1 Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Explain the concept and description of the Tanzania vision 2025 Explain background of the driving force towards Tanzania Vision Explain vision driving forces Explain attributes for implementing vision 2025 2 The Concept of Tanzania Vision 2025 The government (in the mid-1980s) realized that the past policies and strategies were not adequately responding to changing market and technological conditions in the regional and world economy and were also not adapting to changes in the domestic socio-economic conditions. In the mid-1986, the government adopted socio-economic reforms which continue to be implemented to date. However, these socio-economic reforms are not adequately informed by a national long-term development philosophy and direction. 3 Cont… Moreover, the Government recognized the importance of re-kindling the hopes and expectations of the people thus reinforcing the need for a national vision. A national vision therefore seeks to actively mobilize the people and other resources towards the achievement of shared goals. 4 Tanzania Vision 2025 What kind of society will have been created by the year 2025? Tanzanians will be living in a substantially developed high quality livelihood. Horrible poverty will be a thing of the past. In other words, Tanzanians will have graduated from a least developed country to a middle income country by the year 2025 with a high level of human development. The economy will have been transformed from a low productivity agricultural economy to a semi-industrialized one, led by modernized and highly productive agricultural activities which are effectively integrated and supported by industrial and service activities in the rural and urban areas. A solid foundation for a competitive and dynamic economy with high productivity will have been laid. 5 Attributes of Tanzania Vision 2025 High quality livelihood Peace, stability and unity Good governance A well educated and learning society A competitive economy capable of producing sustainable growth and shared benefits Refer Handout 5: Tanzania Targets 2025 for further reading 6 Background of the Vision 2025 The bases of the vision 2025 were the success and/or failure of the previous developmental plans. The Vision 2025 can be realized by capitalizing the strengths and engage the appropriate driving forces for development and effectively avoid the impediments which have held back the development. The major strengths in our nation are unity, social cohesion, peace and stability 7 Cont… Tanzanians have to adapt and recognize the new changes for the national and global economy like: The on-set of political and economic pluralism. The limitations of policies of public sector-led development and administrative control of the economy in a centrally planned fashion. The recognition of individual initiative and the private sector as the central driving forces for building a strong, productive and renewing economy 8 Cont… State welfare responsibilities are more focused on cost-effective ways of enhancing access to and the quality of social services. The fast changing market conditions and technological developments Nation-state economic behavior is being transformed by globalization and regionalism 9 Vision Driving Forces A developmental mindset imbued with confidence, commitment and empowering cultural values Competence and a spirit of competitiveness Good governance and the rule of law 10 Attributes for implementation of Tanzania Vision 2025 Developmental Mindset and Competitiveness Democratization and popular Participation Monitoring, Evaluation and Review Governance and the Rule of Law Review handout 6: Attributes for implementation of Tanzania Vision 2025 11 Key Points In the mid-1986, the government adopted socio-economic reforms which continue to be implemented to date. However, these socio-economic reforms are not adequately informed by a national long-term development philosophy and direction. Horrible poverty will be a thing of the past. In other words, it is envisioned that Tanzanians will have graduated from a least developed country to a middle income country by the year 2025 with a high level of human development. 12 Cont… Tanzanians have to adapt and recognize the new changes for the national and global economy. In order to counteract the present challenge deliberate efforts were made to rekindle the hope, confidence; faith and commitment of the entire citizens The key driving forces needed to be promoted and utilized includes: a developmental mindset imbued with confidence, commitment and empowering cultural values, competence and a spirit of competitiveness, good governance and the rule of law. 13 Review Questions What are the attributes of the nation by 2025? What is the spear head towards mobilizing people to achieve shared goal? What are the attributes for the implementation of the vision 2025? What are the vision driving forces? 14 References URT (1999): The Tanzania development vision 2025 , Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania: Government Printer. URT(2003). The National Health Policy , Dar es salaam, Tanzania: Government Printer URT(1991). The National Drugs Policy , Dar es salaam, Tanzania: Government Printer WHO (2012). Who Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations: Geneva, Switzerland: Forty-sixth report . 15 ← Previous TopicView all Health and Medicine Policy topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06104 Concept of National Development Visions Health and Medicine Policy • Source Session/Topic 9 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 9: Concept of National Development Visions Paulo 1 Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Describe concept of national development visions List impediments of the concept of national development visions 2 Introduction Tanzania has gone through two national visions: First vision was to achieve independence. Every Tanzanian understood and accepted that goal, which was a basic human right. However, having attained independence implied hard work hence the post independence catchword " Uhuru na Kazi ". That catchword was intended to exalt the importance of hard work in realizing the development which was championed in the struggle for independence 3 Cont… The second national vision was the Arusha Declaration. It articulated a philosophy of socio-economic liberation based on socialism and self-reliance as the long-term national goal. The Declaration was accepted by the majority of Tanzanians and galvanized them behind its realization. Thus since February 1967, the development vision of Tanzania as well as the policies for social and economic transformation have been guided in the Arusha Declaration . 4 Cont… The aim of the first two visions was to achieve substantial progress in attaining higher standards of living as reflected in the various development plans. Tanzania vowed to eradicate poverty, ignorance and disease. Although reasonable progress has been achieved in the fields of education and health, there was a concern that the momentum and the level of progress made in these areas has not been equal to expectations. 5 Activity: Brainstorming What are the cause of progress failure in national developmental visions? 6 Impediments of the Concept of National Development Visions A donor dependency syndrome and a dependent and defeatist developmental mindset. A weak and low capacity for economic management. Failures in good governance and in the organization of production Ineffective implementation 7 Key Points The Government has consistently focused its development strategies on combating ignorance, diseases, and poverty. Thus Tanzania today prides itself of and enjoys national unity, social cohesion, peace and stability largely as a result of the Declaration's core social values. The declaration credibly sought to realize a set of fundamental moral, spiritual, ethical and civil values which stand the test of time. 8 Review Questions What are the impediment of national development visions? What is the second goal of national development visions? 9 References URT (1999): The Tanzania development vision 2025 , Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania: Government Printer. URT(2003). The National Health Policy , Dar es salaam, Tanzania: Government Printer URT(1991). The National Drugs Policy , Dar es salaam, Tanzania: Government Printer WHO (2012). Who Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations: Geneva, Switzerland: Forty-sixth report . 10 ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Health and Medicine Policy topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06104 Primary Health Services Development Programme Health and Medicine Policy • Source Session/Topic 8 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 8: Primary Health Services Development Programme Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define primary health services development programme Explain concept of primary health services development programme List objectives of primary health services development programme List components of primary health services development programme Overview In 2007, Tanzania initiated a 10-year Primary Health Care Services Development Program focused on improving the Primary Health Care (PHC) delivery system, with special attention on rural areas. Tanzania PHC system is embedded throughout the country's health and development goals Concept of Primary Health Services Development Programme Since independence in 1961, the Government has consistently focused its development strategies on combating ignorance, diseases, and poverty. The aim of government commitments is to ensure fair, equitable and quality services to the community. Furthermore, empowering communities and involving them in health services provision. Cont… Unfortunately fair, equitable and quality services remain to be desired, since burden of diseases (communicable and non-communicable ) are still very high. As a result, communities are still faced with many cases of mortality and morbidity The biggest problem is inadequate coverage of the health system to deal with the health service needs of all people in the country. Cont… This state of affair is due to: Uneven distribution of health services Some areas people need to travel long distance or many hours before reaching the point of health services delivery. Poor infrastructure especially in rural areas. Poor quality of services as some of communities are left out of health services participation. Objectives of Primary Health Services Development Programme To accelerate provision of quality primary health care services to all by 2017 through the following specific objectives: To rehabilitate, upgrade and establish facilities at primary level to ensure equity and access of quality health care to all Tanzanians To upgrade and establish more training institutions to ensure quality and adequate availability of skilled Human resources for Health. To fast track capacity building, upgrading and on job skills development for allied health workers to meet the needs of the primary health facilities. Cont… To strengthen and maintain human resource database To provide standardized medical equipment, instruments, pharmaceuticals and sundries to all primary health facilities to ensure optimal performance To ensure that referral system is operational, and where necessary to establish teams of consultants to conduct mobile clinics and outreach so as to minimize unnecessary referrals. To increase financial allocation to the sector with a view to attain the Abuja Call of 15% of the annual budget. Components of Primary Health Services Development Programme Human Resources for Health District Health Services (Infrastructure, Pharmaceuticals and Supplies, Equipment, Transport, Furniture and Plants) Maternal, Newborn and Child Health Malaria HIV/AIDS Tuberculosis and Leprosy Environmental Health Services Health Promotion and Education Nutrition Traditional Medicines Neglected Tropical Diseases Public Private Partnership Advocacy Institutional Arrangements Health Care Financing Monitoring and Evaluation Key Points In 2007, Tanzania initiated a 10-year Primary Health Care Services Development Program focused on improving the Primary Health Care (PHC). The policy aimed to accelerate provision of quality primary health care services to all Tanzanian by 2017. Unfortunately fair, equitable and quality services remain to be desired, this is because the burden of diseases is still very high due to continued existence of communicable and non-communicable diseases. Review Questions What are the objectives of the primary health services development programme? Mention components of the primary health services development programme. What are the reasons for inadequate health care services? References URT (2007): Primary Health Services Development Programm , Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Government Printer. URT(2003). The National Health Policy , Dar es salaam, Tanzania: Government Printer URT(1991). The National Drugs Policy , Dar es salaam, Tanzania: Government Printer WHO (2012). Who Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations: Geneva, Switzerland: Forty-sixth report . ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Health and Medicine Policy topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06104 Sustainable Development Goals Health and Medicine Policy • Source Session/Topic 7 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 7: Sustainable Development Goals 1 Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define agenda 21 of Rio de Janeiro List components of the agenda 21 Explain concept of sustainable development Explain sustainable development goals 2 Introduction Agenda 21 is a non-binding action plan of the United Nations with regard to sustainable development Is a global action plan for sustainable development into the 21 st century. Sustainable development is a process that aims to meets the needs of the present generation without harming the ability of future generations to meet their needs The agenda sought to provide a comprehensive blueprint of action to be taken so as to combat environmental damage, poverty and diseases. 3 Components of Agenda 21 The Agenda comprises 40 chapters arranged in 4 Sections: Section I. Social And Economic Dimensions Section II. Conservation and Management of Resources for Development Section III. Strengthening the Role of Major Groups Section IV. Means of Implementation 4 Cont… Each chapter describes a programme area and comprises four parts: The basis for action Objectives Activities Means of implementation Refer Handout 4: Components of the Agenda 21 for further reading 5 Concept of Sustainable Development Emerged during United Nations Conference on Human Environment held in Stockholm, Sweden in 1972 and the report of the Brundtland Commission (1982) called Our Common Future. The conference was held to agree to act together to reduce pollution so that the cost would be equally shared, however the developing countries wanted more development to reduce poverty It was clear that what we do has an impact on the environment (change in atmosphere) that lead to increase in deserts, destruction of forests and disappearance of species. 6 Cont… The gap between the poorer nations and the richer nations has become wider which can be measured in such terms as the average income per person and the number of people who live below the poverty line. This finally led to the world community holding the United Nations Convention on Education and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992 where the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Framework on Climate Change and the Rio Declaration of Agenda 21 were agreed. 7 Sustainable Development Goals The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are part of a wider 2030 agenda for Sustainable Development-build on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) The eight goals set by the United Nations back in 2000 to eradicate poverty, hunger, illiteracy and disease, expired at the end of Sept. 16, 2015 8 Cont… No poverty Zero hunger Good health and well being Quality education Gender equality Clean water and sanitation Affordability and clean energy Decent work and economic growth Industry, innovation and infrastructure Reduced inequality Sustainable cities and communities The 17 sustainable development goals includes 9 Cont… Responsible consumption and production in agriculture and waste management Climate action Life below water(oceans) Life on land Sustainable cities and communities Peace and justice Partnerships in achieving the goals 10 Key Points Agenda 21 is a non-binding action plan of the United Nations with regard to sustainable development It is an action agenda for the UN, other multilateral organizations, and individual governments around the world that can be executed at local, national, and global levels 11 Review Questions What are the components of agenda 21? What are the objectives of sustainable development goals ? 12 References Overview. (2018). The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2018 The Sustainable Development Goals Report, 4-15. doi:10.18356/9eb36828-en, WHO (2012). Who Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations: Geneva, Switzerland: Forty-sixth report . URT. (Draft – 2017). National Health Policy . Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 13 ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Health and Medicine Policy topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06104 Millennium Development Goals Health and Medicine Policy • Source Session/Topic 6 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 6: Millennium Development Goals 1 Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define millennium development goals Explain objectives of millennium development goals Explain the achieved millennium development goals List factors hindering implementation of millennium development goals 2 Definition The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were the eight international development goals for the year 2015 that had been established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000, following the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration About 191 United Nations member states and 22 international organizations participated 3 Objectives of Millennium Development Goals To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger To achieve universal primary education To promote gender equality and empower women To reduce child mortality To improve maternal health To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases To ensure environment sustainability To develop a global partnership for development 4 Achieved Millennium Development Goals Eradication of extreme poverty and hunger Achievement on universal primary education Promotion of gender equality and empower women 5 Activity: Brainstorming What are the hindering factors for achievement of other development goals? 6 Factors Hindering Achievement of Millennium Development Poor enlightenment and public mobilization Poor support of Millennium Development Goals Cultural differences and problems Economic problems Political instability Poor leadership and administrative bottleneck 7 Cont… Sub-Saharan Africa has had the best record of improvement in primary education of any region since the MDGs were established Many more girls are now in school compared to 15 years ago. The developing regions as a whole have achieved the target to eliminate gender disparity in primary, secondary and tertiary education. 8 Key Points The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were the eight international development goals for the year 2015 that had been established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000, following the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration Extreme poverty has declined significantly over the last two decades. 9 Review Questions What are millennium development goals? The Concept of Millenium Development Goals was based on what aspects? Which factors hinders implementation of millennium development goals? 10 References The Millennium Development Goals Report 2013. (2013). Millennium Development Goals Report . doi:10.18356/2e9902b5-en, Publisher : UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs WHO (2012). Who Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations: Geneva, Switzerland: Forty-sixth report . URT(2003). The National Health Policy , Dar es salaam, Tanzania: Government Printer URT(1991). The National Drugs Policy , Dar es salaam, Tanzania: Government Printer 11 ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Health and Medicine Policy topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06104 National and International Health Initiatives Health and Medicine Policy • Source Session/Topic 5 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 5: National and International Health Initiatives 1 Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define medicine policy Explain links between National Health Policy with National and International Initiatives Explain factors which influences implementation of National Health and Medicines Policy 2 Definition National Medicines Policy (NMP) is a political commitment guide for action that shows how the government will ensure that efficacious and safe medicines of good quality are affordable, accessible, and rationally used It provides a frame work for coordinating the activities of all the parties involved, such as public and private sectors, nongovernmental organizations (NGO’s), donors and other interested stakeholders. 3 Links Between National Health Policy with National and International Initiatives Refer handout 3: National Health Policy and National and International Initiatives 4 Factors which Hinder Implementation of National Health Policy Weak implementation structure for quality improvement approach Attitude change problem among health workers Shortage of human resources Unreliable resource supplies and allocation Poor implementation of several approaches to health sector 5 Factors that Influence Decision Making Past experiences A variety of cognitive biases An escalation of commitment and sunk outcomes Individual differences i.e. age and socioeconomic status A belief in personal relevance Policies and beliefs of a nation 6 Factors that affect community health. Housing Financial security Community safety Employment Education Environment Risk behaviours of a population Health status Others??? 7 Key points Tanzania’s One Health Strategic Plan focuses on five thematic areas in consonance with its objectives The Task Sharing Policy Guidelines constitutes an important guiding document regarding the expansion of a task sharing approach as one method of strengthening and expanding the health workforce rapidly to a health services 8 Review Questions Which factors hinder implementation of quality improvement approach? What are factors which influence implementation of National Health Policy? 9 References URT (2015): National One Health Strategic Plan 2015 – 2025 , Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Government Printer URT (2016): Task Sharing Policy Guidelines for Health Sector Services in Tanzania , Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Government Printer WHO (2012). Who Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations: Geneva, Switzerland: Forty-sixth report . URT. (Draft – 2017). National Health Policy . Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 10 ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Health and Medicine Policy topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06104 National Health Policy Health and Medicine Policy • Source Session/Topic 4 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 4: National Health Policy 1 Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define policy State the vision and mission of the national health policy List objectives of national health policy 2 Activity: Brainstorming What is policy? 3 Introduction Policy directs how the government has to achieve its goals and objectives with regard to a specific area such as health, education, agriculture. It can be described as a deliberate plan of action to guide decisions and achieve rational outcome 4 Vision and Mission of National Health Policy Vision To have a healthy community that contributes effectively to individual and nation’s development To improve the health and well being of all Tanzanians with a focus on those most at risk, and to encourage the health system to be more responsive to the needs of the people. 5 Cont… Mission The mission is to facilitate the provision of basic health services that are of good quality, equitable, accessible, affordable, and sustainable and gender sensitive This will help to reduce disability, morbidity and mortality, improving nutritional status and raising life expectancy. The policy recognizes that, good health is a major resource essential for poverty eradication and economic development. 6 Objectives of National Health Policy Effective health promotion services Reduced malnutrition in the country Comprehensive and sustainable immunization services Improved reproductive, maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health services. Reduced prevalence of communicable diseases Efficient prevention and management of Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) Reduced morbidity, disability and mortality due to non-communicable diseases. 7 Refer handout 2: National Health Policy Statements for further reading 8 Key Points Policy is a statement on how the government is to achieve its goals and objectives with regard to a specific area such as health, education, agriculture. It can be described as a deliberate plan of action to guide decisions and achieve rational outcome(s). Health policy is a visionary program of action adopted by the government to have a healthy society, with improved social wellbeing that will contribute effectively to personal and national development. The vision of the government is to have a healthy community that contributes effectively to individual as well as to the nation’s development towards becoming a middle income country. 9 Review Question What are the objectives of National Health Policy ? 10 References URT(2007). The National Health Policy , Dar es salaam, Tanzania: Government Printer URT(1991). The National Drugs Policy , Dar es salaam, Tanzania: Government Printer WHO (2012). Who Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations: Geneva, Switzerland: Forty-sixth report . URT. (Draft – 2017). National Health Policy . Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 11 ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Health and Medicine Policy topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06104 Alma-Ata Declaration Health and Medicine Policy • Source Session/Topic 3 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 3: Alma-Ata Declaration 1 Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Alma-Ata declaration Mention themes leading to Alma Ata List objectives of Alma Ata declaration Explain components of Alma Ata declaration 2 Activity: Brainstorming What could you explain about alma- ata declaration? 3 Definition Alma Ata declaration is the International Declaration on Primary Health Care expressing the need for urgent action by all governments, all health and development workers, and the world community to protect and promote the health of all the people of the world It identified primary health care as the key to the attainment of the goal of health for all 4 Themes of Alma-Ata Declaration Changing theories of health and development Concerns about poverty and population control Increasing reliance upon alternative approaches to medical care model Success of community health workers and associated emphasis on community participation Revival of interest in public health: tackling causes of ill health rather than symptoms 5 Objectives of Alma-Ata Declaration To promote the concept of primary health care in all countries To exchange experience and information on the development of primary health care within the national health systems and services To evaluate the present health and health care situation throughout the world as it relates to primary health care To define the principles of primary health care as well as the operational means of overcoming practical problems in the development of primary health care 6 Cont… To define the role of governments, national, and international organizations in technical cooperation and support for the development of primary health care To formulate recommendations for the development of primary health care. 7 Components of Alma-Ata Declaration Current world health situation Primary health care approach Primary health care and development Technical and operational aspects National strategies and international support 8 Current world health situation The conference declared that the health status of hundreds of people in the world today is unacceptable, particularly in developing countries. More than half the population of the world does not have the benefit of proper health care. The conference analyzed the magnitude of health problems and the inadequate and inequitable distribution of health resources between and within countries The Conference called for a new approach to health and health care to achieve more equitable distribution of health resources. 9 Primary health care approach The Conference considered primary health care to be essential It is the first level of contact of individuals, the family, and the community with the national health system The Conference reaffirmed that governments have a responsibility for the health of their peoples Each country must interpret and adapt particular, detailed aspects of primary health care within the country’s own social, political, and developmental context All persons have the right and duty to participate individually and collectively in the planning and implementation of their health care The Conference affirmed that the primary health care approach (health for all) would be attained by the year 2000 10 Primary health care and development The Conference considered the close interrelationship and interdependence of health, social and economic development Health activities should be undertaken concurrently with measures such as those for the improvement of nutrition, increase in production and employment and protection and improvement of the environment The Conference Emphasized the importance of full and organized community participation in the recognition and solution of their health problems Self-reliance. Affirmed the need for a balanced distribution of all available resources. 11 Technical and Operational Aspects in Primary Health Care The varied experience of countries dealing with diverse health problems in rural and urban areas was discussed. Thus the national health system have to support primary health care through appropriate training, super-vision, referral, and logistic support. The government should ensure the main health problems in the community are identified and taken to action with special attention to vulnerable groups The agreed translation of the principles of primary health care into action would require the priority allocation of budgetary resources to primary health care, better distribution and use of existing resources Also research with full involvement of populations especially in health services should be carried out 12 National strategies and international support Each nation should now make a strong and continuing commitment to primary health care at all levels of government and society. National strategies are required to: Translate policies into action Make health care available, equitably to the entire population. Take into account socioeconomic factors and policies, available resources and the particular health problems and needs of the population The Conference emphasized that the strategies should be formulated and applied with fullest participation of communities and sectors of the government. Countries can learn and benefit from each other’s experience 13 Cont… International organizations, multilateral and bilateral agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and other partners should actively promote the national development of primary health care and give technical and financial support with full respect for the principles of national self-reliance and self determination and maximum utilization of locally available resources. Any progress towards universal peace would release resources that could be used to accelerate socioeconomic development including primary health care and also benefit populations . 14 Key Points Alma Ata Declaration is the International Declaration on Primary Health Care, expressing the need for urgent action by all governments, all health and development workers, and the world community to protect and promote the health of all the people of the world The components of the Alma Ata declaration are Current World Health Situation, Primary Health Care Approach, Primary Health Care and Development, Technical and Operational Aspects, National Strategies and International Support 15 Review Questions What are the objectives of Alma Ata declaration? What was the world situation before declaration? List themes

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06104 Introduction to Primary Health Care Health and Medicine Policy • Source Session/Topic 2 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 2: Introduction of Primary Health Care (PHC) 1 Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define primary health care List principles of primary health care Mention components of primary health care Explain WHO strategies of primary health care Explain the basic requirements for sound primary health care List rights and responsibilities of all participants in PHC 2 Introduction Primary Health Care (PHC) is essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost that the community and country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in the spirit of self-reliance and self determination It is the first level of contact of individuals, the family, and the community with the national health system 3 Determinants of Health Internal Biological and cognitive Genetics, race, sex and age (diabetes, breast cancer are genetic in nature; diarrheal more common in children) Psychological and spiritual Life stress causes mental disorders, hypertension, heart attack, diabetes, gastric ulcer 4 Cont… External Environmental Socio-economic conditions Welfare services Food and nutrition Education Occupation Culture 5 Activity What are the emphasizes of government on primary health care? Brainstorming : What could be the principals of primary health care? 6 Principles of Primary Health Care Equity Accessible Acceptable Affordable Appropriate Technology Community Participation Intersectoral Coordination Decentralization Health Prevention and Promotion 7 Components of Primary Health Care Health education Food supply and nutrition Safe drinking water and sanitation Maternal and child health, family planning Expanded programme in Immunization (EPI) Prevention and control of endemic diseases Appropriate treatment and prevention of common diseases, injuries and accidents Provision of essential drugs 8 Global Targets on Primary Health Care All people globally will have ready access at least to essential health care and to first-level referral facilities All people will be actively involved in caring for themselves and their families in community action for health Communities throughout the world will share government’s responsibility for the health care of their members All governments will assume the overall responsibility for the health of their people Safe drinking water and sanitation will be available to all people 9 Cont… All people will be adequately nourished/fed All children will be immunizes against the major diseases of childhood Communicable diseases in the developing countries will be of no greater public health significance Essential drugs will be available to all 10 WHO Strategies of Primary Health Care Reducing excess mortality of poor marginalized populations Reducing the leading risk factors to human health Developing Sustainable Health Systems Developing an enabling policy and institutional environment: Primary Health Care policy must be integrated with other policy domains 11 Basic Requirements for Sound Primary Health Care Appropriateness Availability Adequacy Accessibility Acceptability Affordability Assessability Accountability Completeness Comprehensiveness Continuity Review clarification of each requirement 12 Rights and Responsibility of all participants in PHC Individual Responsibility Personal hygiene Healthy lifestyles Healthy environment Sanitation Family planning and population management Rights Vaccination and preventing diseases Medical examination/ treatment Safe water 13 Cont… Community Responsibility Utilizing health facilities Supporting and strengthening health centres Activist for health promotion and protection Improving sanitation and environment Rights Community health workers training Promoting family planning, breastfeeding, healthy lifestyles Restricting causative factors of ill health like poverty Food safety, adequate water 14 Cont… Government Policies and plans Resources Accessibility Awareness – building Human resources development Monitoring/ support Outbreak control Exchanging of experiences 15 Cont… International Human resources development Capacity building Technical corporation among developing countries Information sharing Technical support Building partnerships Financial support 16 Activity Refer Handout 1: Essential Health Care Package to understand more about primary health care 17 Key Points The principles of primary health care are: equity, accessible, acceptable, affordable, appropriate technology, community participation, intersectoral coordination, decentralization, health prevention and promotion The following are components of primary health care; health education, food supply and nutrition, safe drinking water and sanitation, maternal and child health, family planning, expanded programme in Immunization (EPI), prevention and control of endemic diseases, appropriate treatment and prevention of common diseases, injuries and accidents, provision of essential drugs 18 Review Questions What are the WHO strategies of primary health care? What are the basic requirements for the sound primary health care? 19 References Declaration of Alma-Ata International Conference on Primary Health Care, Alma-Ata, USSR, 6–12 September 1978. (2004). Development, 47 (2), 159-161. doi:10.1057/palgrave.development.1100047 Alma Ata Conference 1978 Report. ( n.d .). Retrieved from https://www.scribd.com/document/158435776/Alma-Ata-Conference-1978-Report WHO (2012). Who Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations: Geneva, Switzerland: Forty-sixth report . 20 ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Health and Medicine Policy topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06104 Introduction to the Health System in Tanzania Health and Medicine Policy • Source Session/Topic 1 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 1: Introduction to Health System in Tanzania 1 Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define terms related to health system State the vision and mission of the MoHCDGEC List levels of health care in Tanzania List roles of the MoHCDGEC (Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children) in Health care System in Tanzania 2 Definition of Terms Related to Health System Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. (WHO) Policy is a law, regulation, procedure or administrative action created by government or non-government institution Health policy is a visionary program of action adopted by the government to have a healthy society, with improved social wellbeing that will contribute effectively to personal and national development. 3 Definitions Cont… Medicines Policy is a written document specifying the medium – to long – term goals set by the government for the pharmaceutical sector, their relative importance, and their main strategies for attaining them. It is a political commitment to a goal and a guide for action. It provides a framework for coordinating activities for pharmaceutical sector. 4 Vision and Mission of Ministry of Health in Health and Medicine system Vision To improve health and wellbeing of all Tanzanian, with a focus on those most at risk, and to encourage the health system to be more responsive to the needs of the people 5 Cont… Mission To facilitate the provision of basic health services that are good, quality, equitable, accessible, affordable, sustainable and gender sensitive 6 Levels of Health Care in Tanzania Community health services Dispensaries: village/ street level Health centres: ward level District hospitals: district level Regional/referral hospitals: regional level (are consultant hospitals) National, Consultant and specialized hospitals: national level 7 Community Health Services It is the responsibility of each individual and/or household to take care of its own health Village Government should recognize and enhance the essential role of communities in directing local health services. The community will have the mandate to choose their own community health worker who will be the main linkage between the community and the nearest health facility. 8 Dispensary Services This is the first formal health unit of level one health services. It is a primary health facility which offers outpatient services including reproductive and child health services, and diagnostic services. A dispensary caters for 5,000 people and oversees all the village health services. Dispensaries shall provide primary health care services to the community. Refer the references to identify the primary health services to be provided at dispensary level 9 Health Center Services This is the second formal health unit of level one-health services. It is a primary health facility, which offers Outpatient and In-patient services, maternity care, laboratory, dispensing and mortuary services. A Health Centre shall cater for 50,000 people and supervise all the dispensaries in the Division. 10 District Hospital Services It is also a level one health services and plays the following roles: Out-patient and In-patient care Act as the second referral level f or the primary health care facilities in the district or catchment’s area Perform general surgical and obstetric operations Conduct teaching, training and research programs in the district concerning community health Give supportive supervision and inspection and provide technical skills to lower health facilities in the district and refers patients to the regional hospital. 11 Regional Hospital Services This is a hospital establishment providing level two (Secondary) referral services from level one hospital This level have the following functions: To provide all services offered at district level but at a higher level of expertise Conduct health research programs in the Region Provide technical skills to lower health facilities in the Region and offer specialized treatment in Medicine, Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Paediatric, and shall include Eye, Dental, Mental illnesses, Orthopaedics and Trauma 12 National, Consultant and Specialized Hospital Services This is level three and the highest level of hospital services in the country It acts as referral centre for level two hospitals. 13 National Hospital Muhimbili is the currently national hospital It also acts as Eastern zonal referral hospital 14 Zonal Consultant Hospitals At present there are four zonal referral or consultant hospitals. Muhimbili National Hospital Two voluntary agency hospitals: Bugando Medical Centre and Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center (KCMC) Mbeya Referal Hospital (owned by the government) 15 Specialized Hospitals There are two specialized hospitals Mirembe Hospital (Dodoma) and Kibongoto ( Moshi ) They provide services to the mentally sick and TB patients respectively 16 Roles of the MoH in Health and Medicine Policy Policy formulation, health legislation, regulation and control Resource mobilization and allocation Management support of level three hospitals including National, Consaltant and Special Hospitals Supervision and Monitoring of special and Consultant Hospitals owned by NGOs Monitoring and evaluation of health services countrywide Activity: Use the given references for extra roles of MoH 17 Key Points Health Policy is important in a country like ours where resources and technology are more limited than in other countries. Medicines Policy is a written document specifying the medium – to long – term goals set by the government for the pharmaceutical sector, their relative importance, and their main strategies for attaining them. MoHCDGEC mission is to facilitate the provision of basic health services that are good, quality, equitable, accessible, affordable, sustainable and gender sensitive 18 Review Questions What is the vision and mission of the MoH of health care in Tanzania? What are the levels of health care in Tanzania. 19 References URT (2007): The National Health Policy , Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Government Printer URT (2016): Task sharing policy guidelines for health sector services