Introduction to Primary Health Care
Session 2: Introduction of Primary Health Care (PHC)
1
Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
Define primary health care
List principles of primary health care
Mention components of primary health care
Explain WHO strategies of primary health care
Explain the basic requirements for sound primary health care
List rights and responsibilities of all participants in PHC
2
Introduction
Primary Health Care (PHC)
is essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost that the community and country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in the spirit of self-reliance and self determination
It is the first level of contact of individuals, the family, and the community with the national health system
3
Determinants of Health
Internal
Biological and cognitive
Genetics, race, sex and age (diabetes, breast cancer are genetic in nature; diarrheal more common in children)
Psychological and spiritual
Life stress causes mental disorders, hypertension, heart attack, diabetes, gastric ulcer
4
Cont…
External
Environmental
Socio-economic conditions
Welfare services
Food and nutrition
Education
Occupation
Culture
5
Activity
What are the emphasizes of government on primary health care?
Brainstorming
:
What could be the principals of primary health care?
6
Principles of Primary Health Care
Equity
Accessible
Acceptable
Affordable
Appropriate Technology
Community Participation
Intersectoral
Coordination
Decentralization
Health Prevention and Promotion
7
Components of Primary Health Care
Health education
Food supply and nutrition
Safe drinking water and sanitation
Maternal and child health, family planning
Expanded programme in Immunization (EPI)
Prevention and control of endemic diseases
Appropriate treatment and prevention of common diseases, injuries and accidents
Provision of essential drugs
8
Global Targets on Primary Health Care
All people globally will have ready access at least to essential health care and to first-level referral facilities
All people will be actively involved in caring for themselves and their families in community action for health
Communities throughout the world will share government’s responsibility for the health care of their members
All governments will assume the overall responsibility for the health of their people
Safe drinking water and sanitation will be available to all people
9
Cont…
All people will be adequately nourished/fed
All children will be immunizes against the major diseases of childhood
Communicable diseases in the developing countries will be of no greater public health significance
Essential drugs will be available to all
10
WHO Strategies of Primary Health Care
Reducing excess mortality of poor marginalized populations
Reducing the leading risk factors to human health
Developing Sustainable Health Systems
Developing an enabling policy and institutional environment:
Primary Health Care
policy must be integrated with other policy domains
11
Basic Requirements for Sound Primary Health Care
Appropriateness
Availability
Adequacy
Accessibility
Acceptability
Affordability
Assessability
Accountability
Completeness
Comprehensiveness
Continuity
Review clarification of each requirement
12
Rights and Responsibility of all participants in PHC
Individual
Responsibility
Personal hygiene
Healthy lifestyles
Healthy environment
Sanitation
Family planning and population management
Rights
Vaccination and preventing diseases
Medical examination/ treatment
Safe water
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Cont…
Community
Responsibility
Utilizing health facilities
Supporting and strengthening health centres
Activist for health promotion and protection
Improving sanitation and environment
Rights
Community health workers training
Promoting family planning, breastfeeding, healthy lifestyles
Restricting causative factors of ill health like poverty
Food safety, adequate water
14
Cont…
Government
Policies and plans
Resources
Accessibility
Awareness – building
Human resources development
Monitoring/ support
Outbreak control
Exchanging of experiences
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Cont…
International
Human resources development
Capacity building
Technical corporation among developing countries
Information sharing
Technical support
Building partnerships
Financial support
16
Activity
Refer Handout 1: Essential Health Care Package to understand more about primary health care
17
Key Points
The principles of primary health care are: equity, accessible, acceptable, affordable, appropriate technology, community participation,
intersectoral
coordination, decentralization, health prevention and promotion
The following are components of primary health care; health education, food supply and nutrition, safe drinking water and sanitation, maternal and child health, family planning, expanded programme in Immunization (EPI), prevention and control of endemic diseases, appropriate treatment and prevention of common diseases, injuries and accidents, provision of essential drugs
18
Review Questions
What are the WHO strategies of primary health care?
What are the basic requirements for the sound primary health care?
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References
Declaration of Alma-Ata International Conference on Primary Health Care, Alma-Ata, USSR, 6–12 September 1978. (2004).
Development,
47
(2), 159-161. doi:10.1057/palgrave.development.1100047
Alma Ata Conference 1978 Report. (
n.d
.). Retrieved from https://www.scribd.com/document/158435776/Alma-Ata-Conference-1978-Report
WHO (2012).
Who Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations:
Geneva, Switzerland:
Forty-sixth report
.
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