Procedures for preparing solutions and Mixtures

Session 13: Procedures for preparing solutions and Mixtures

of solids in liquids

Total Session Time: 120 minutes + 30 hours of Practice

Prerequisites

Learning Tasks

By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Resources Needed:

SESSION OVERVIEW

Activity/

Step Time Content

Method

1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks

30 minutes Procedures for Preparing Solutions and

Presentation

2 Mixtures.

Buzzing

55 minutes Presentation

3 Preparation of Solids in Liquid Solutions.

Demonstration

4 20 minutes Presentation Preparation of Solids in Liquid Mixtures

5 05 minutes Presentation Key Points

6 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation

Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 89

SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Procedures for Preparing Solutions of Solid in Liquid (30 minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes)

ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes

ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

union. (Synonym: Mistura )

medicaments. Since, by definition, active ingredients are dissolved within the vehicle,

uniform doses by volume may be obtained without any need to shake the formulation.

not dissolve. OR

dispersed in a liquid (the continuous phase or dispersion medium)

o Write out the formula either from the prescription (unofficial) or from an official

text (official).

o Calculate the quantities required for each ingredient in the formula to produce the

required final volume.

o Prepare a suitable label.

o Weigh all solids in case of liquid to liquid solution measure the accurate volumes

required.

o Identify the soluble solids and calculate the quantity of vehicle required to

dissolve the solids fully. If more than one solid is to be dissolved, they are

dissolved one by one, in order of solubility (i.e. the least soluble first).

Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 90

o Transfer the appropriate amount of vehicle to a glass beaker.

o If necessary, transfer the solid to a mortar and use the pestle to reduce particle

size to aid dissolution

o Transfer the solid to the beaker and stir to aid dissolution. If a mortar and pestle

have been used to reduce particle size, ensure that the mortar is rinsed with a little

vehicle to ensure complete transfer of the powders.

o When all the solid(s) has/have dissolved, transfer the solution to the conical

measure that will be used to hold the final solution.

o Rinse out the beaker in which the solution was made with a portion of the vehicle

and transfer the rinsing to the conical measure.

o Add any remaining liquid ingredients to the conical measure and stir.

o Make up to final volume with remaining vehicle.

o Transfer to a suitable container, label and dispense to the patient.

o Write out the formula either from the prescription (unofficial) or from an official

text (official).

o Calculate the quantities required for each ingredient in the formula to produce the

required final volume.

o Prepare a suitable label.

o Weigh all solids and measure the accurate volumes of the liquids required.

o The solids, if necessary, are reduced to a fine powder in a mortar and mixed

thoroughly mixed with any included suspending agents.

o The small proportion of the vehicle is added and triturated until a smooth creamy

paste free from lumps is formed.

o If there are soluble solids, they are dissolved in the vehicle and the solution is

added in portions to the mortar and the mixture is triturated to a smooth

consistency after each addition.

o Then the mixture is transferred to conical measure.

o The vehicle is used to rinse the mortar and make up to final volume.

o Then transferred to suitable container, label and ready for dispensing to a patient.

Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 91

STEP 3: Preparation of Solution of Solids in Liquid (55 minutes)

on how to carry out the preparation, although the general procedures remain as mentioned

on step 2 above.

Activity: Demonstration (45 minutes)

DIVIDE students in small manageable groups.

PREPARE equipment and materials needed for demonstration

POSITION students so that everyone can see and hear

REVIEW steps of preparing solution of solid in liquid with students

REFER students to the official formula of preparing Sodium Chloride Solution Pcx

In the Tanzania Pharmaceutical Handbook

DEMONSTRATE the procedure of preparing solution of solid in liquid according to the

ALLOW one student from each group to do a return demonstration and let others comment on it

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE Using the content below

INFORM the students that “every student will practice in the skills laboratory under supervision

until is competent”

o Purified water, freshly boiled and cooled …………… to 100.0mL

Thus:

Total amount of official formula

Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 92

Then, amount of each ingredient can be obtained as summarized in table below,

Total amount of the official FACTOR total amount required

to 100.0mL 0.5

Chloride (Sodium Chloride is freely soluble in water)

the beaker in which the solution was made with a portion of the vehicle and transfer the

rinsing to the conical measure

Solution PCx.

STEP 5: Preparation of Mixtures of Solids in Liquid (Suspension) (20

minutes)

with any included suspending agent. Then a small portion of the vehicle is added and

triturated until a smooth creamy paste free from lumps is formed. When viscous liquids

like syrup or glycerol are used or any wetting agent are included in the formula, these are

used to form the paste. Soluble solids are dissolved in the vehicle and the solution is

added in portions to the mortar: the mixture should be triturated to smooth consistency

after each addition. When the volume is to be made up, sufficient vehicle should remain

to rinse the mortar properly.

and as the general procedure of making solutions.

liquids solution as instructed under each official formula.

STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes)

union. (Synonym: Mistura)

medicaments. Since, by definition, active ingredients are dissolved within the vehicle,

uniform doses by volume may be obtained without any need to shake the formulation.

dispersed in a liquid (the continuous phase or dispersion medium)

on how to carry out the preparation

Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 93

STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes)

STEP 8: Practices (30 hours)

supervision on the following.

Carminativa).

• CALCIUM CARBONATE MIXTURE, COMPOUND, PAEDRIATIC B.P.C. 1973

Refer students to Worksheet 13.1: Practice on Compounding of Solutions

and Mixtures

Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 94

References

Senya, S. S., Mwasha, C. Y. S., Muyinga, A. M., Amiri, R. I., & Mauga, E. A. S. K. (2011).

Tanzania Pharmaceutical Handbook (2nd ed.). Dar es salaam: School of Pharmaceutical

Sciences, Institute of Allied Health Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied

Health Sciences.

Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain., & Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. Department

of Pharmaceutical Sciences. (1994). The Pharmaceutical Podex, Principles and Practice

of Pharmaceutics (W. Lund Ed. 12th ed.). London,: Pharmaceutical P.

Langley, C. A., & Belcher, D. (2008). Pharmaceutical Compounding and Dispensing. London:

Pharmaceutical Press.

delivery systems (7th ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott-Williams & Wilkins.

Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. (2007). Martindale : the complete drug reference

(S. C. Sweetman Ed. 35th ed.). London: Pharmaceutical Press.

Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 95

Worksheet 13.1: Practice on Compounding of Solutions and

Mixtures

Instructions: Under facilitator‟s supervision students in small manageable groups should

practice on preparing the following liquid preparations, pack and label them ready for

dispensing.

The official formula for each preparations are obtained in Tanzania Pharmaceutical

Handbook (TPH), other Compedia may be used for more references

After compounding students will write a report on each preparation showing clearly the

official formula, all calculations performed, methods used for preparation, container used to

pack, use of each ingredient, and labels in English and in Swahili languages.

NOTE: For the preparations to be dispensed to patients should be attached with Swahili label

and preparations for Hospital or Laboratory use should be attached with English label

Questions / Instructions

paa bid × 4/7

tds ×3/7

6. Prepare and dispense CALCIUM CARBONATE MIXTURE, COMPOUND,

×2/7 for Mzee Sokomoko.

9. Prepare and dispense MAGNESIUM TRISILICATE AND BELLADONNA MIXTURE

Sulphate bid ×2/7

water as a diluent)

Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 96

Session X: ———— -(Title)———————- 97

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