LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH DESIGN: –

LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH DESIGN: Longitudinal is also used in combination with other observational studies where variables are observed for over extended period of time. such as descriptive longitudinal study, exploratory longitudinal study. It is often used in psychology , sociology. E.g. life situation of patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator: a descriptive longitudinal study.

CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH DESIGN

CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH DESIGN This is a non-experimental design where researcher examines the relationship between two or more variables in a natural setting without manipulation of independent variables. E.g. a study on the effect of smoking on lung cancer among people in New Delhi.

Prospective – researcher observes phenomenon from cause to effect.

Prospective – researcher observes phenomenon from cause to effect. Retrospective – researcher observes phenomenon from effect to cause.

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS Qualitative research approaches have short and less well-defined plans. The researcher makes ongoing process. Qualitative research methods enable researchers to study social and cultural phenomena.

PHASES: –

Orientation phase : this is 1st phase of qualitative R.D. researcher only presume the type of knowledge. Focused phase : this is 2nd phase of qualitative R.D. aspect of phenomenon are more focused and then in-depth exploration is carried out. people are invited to participate in the study questions are asked from them to gather more information about phenomenon.

Confirmation and closure phase : this is 3rd & final phase of qualitative R.D. researchers confirm their findings by analyzing and discussing with study participants and then finally the study is closed.

ACTION RESEARCH

ACTION RESEARCH Action research is a form of applied research. It tries to find practical solutions to problems existing in the framework of an organization.

E.g. in the Indian nursing college, foreign nursing practices are taught, but when the nursing students go to the hospital, they find insufficient infrastructure for the nursing practices taught to them. In this situation action research may help to bridge the gap of theory and nursing practices.

GROUNDED THEORY

GROUNDED THEORY The term “GROUNDED THEORY” means that the theory developed from the research is “grounded” or has its roots. Grounded theory is most common, widely used and popular analytic technique in qualitative research. Main focus is on developing social experience about a particular event or episode.