Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Session 3: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Total Session Time: 120 minutes
Pre-requisites
Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
Resources Needed
SESSION OVERVIEW
|Step |Time |Activity/ |Content |
| | |Method | |
|1 |05 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks |
|2 |15 minutes |Presentation |Environment management in Tanzania |
|3 |15 minutes |Presentation |Environmental Impact Assessment |
|4 |20 minutes |Presentation |Features and Key Elements of an |
| | | |Effective EIA |
|5 |10 minutes |Brainstorming |Stakeholders in EIA |
| | |Presentation | |
|6 |10 minutes |Buzzing |Importance of EIA |
| | |Presentation | |
|7 |35 Minutes |Presentation |Steps to Conduct EIA |
|8 |05 minutes |Presentation |Key Points |
|9 |05 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation |
SESSION CONTENTS
STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes)
READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify
ASK students if they have any questions before continuing
STEP 2: Environment Management in Tanzania (15 minutes)
Environment Management Council (NEMC) which came into being in 1983 when
the Government of Tanzania enacted the National Environment Management
Act No. 19 of 1983
need for such an institution to oversee environmental management issues
and also implement the resolutions of the Stockholm conference (1972),
which called upon all nations to establish and strengthen national
environmental Councils to advise governments and the international
community on environmental issues
legal and institutional framework for sustainable management of the
environment, prevention and control pollution, waste management,
environmental quality standards, public participation, environmental
compliance and enforcement
review and monitoring of environmental impacts assessments, research,
facilitate public participation in environmental decision-making, raise
environmental awareness and collect and disseminate environmental
information
o To enforce and ensure compliance of the national environmental quality
standards.
o To review of Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) and conduct
environmental monitoring and auditing of projects and facilities
o To undertake and co-ordinate research, investigation and surveys in
the field of environment and collect, and disseminate information
o To carry-out research and surveys for the proper management and
conservation of environment
o To render advise and technical support to entities engaged in natural
resources and environmental management
o To initiate and evolve procedures and safeguards for the prevention of
accidents which may cause environmental degradation
o To enhance environmental education and public awareness; and establish
and operate national environmental information system for sound
environmental management
o To publish and disseminate manuals, codes and guidelines relating to
environmental management and prevention or abatement of environmental
degradation
o To issue restoration and recommend for easements orders, and save
prohibition notice
STEP 3: Environment Impact Assessment –EIA (15 minutes)
likely environmental impacts of a proposed project or development, taking
into account inter-related socio-economic, cultural and human-health
impacts, both beneficial and adverse
that are likely to have a significant adverse impact on the environment
and are subject to a decision of a competent national authority
options under consideration are environmentally, socially and
economically sound and sustainable
foreseeable impacts, both beneficial and adverse, of proposed development
projects and alternatives
impacts through mitigation and enhancement measures
environmental impact study itself being only one component of the process
STEP 4: Features and Key Elements of an Effective EIA (20 minutes)
continuously throughout the planning cycle of any development initiative
for proponents, decision-makers and the public, to consider the potential
impacts of a project on local communities, natural resources and
environmental quality
conservation and provides a mechanism for enhancing new economic and
social opportunities and for introducing long-term environmental
protection and conservation measures into project design
making, experience has shown that development projects imposed on local
communities often fail to address issues of local concern and priority,
and hence fail to engender a perception of local ownership
and strategic information before project implementation decisions are
reached
o It is also a mechanism for addressing cross-sectoral and cross-
boundary issues
o EIA helps to avoid inadvertent( Unplanned) problems and their
associated costs during project design
o A legal basis with accompanying regulations
o Appropriate institutional arrangements for co-ordination and
regulation of EIA system, e.g. by an environment agency
o Provision for stakeholder involvement and public participation
o High level political commitment and awareness
o Availability of national technical capacity and EIA expertise
o Normal review system of EIA reports established by government
o Transparency in decision making processes on proposed development
actions
o In addition to these certain basic resources and conditions are
required if EIA is to make an effective contribution to the design of
projects, plans and policies
STEP 5: Stakeholders in EIA (10 minutes)
|Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) |
| |
|ASK students to brainstorm on the following question: |
| |
|Who is involved in EIA? |
| |
|ALLOW few students to respond |
| |
|WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board |
| |
|CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below |
o They are responsible for commissioning(instruction) and paying for the
EIA process
o Include government ministries and departments, private sector
companies and development agencies
o These undertake or provide inputs to the EIA process
o They include individuals; organisations; research and academic
institutes; NGOs; and both local and international consulting
companies
o They are responsible for determining the level of environmental
assessment required (screening), and ensuring that the EIA process
proceeds according to agreed, clear and comprehensive terms of
reference
o They also review the EIA process and communicate their findings to
decision-makers and other stakeholders
o They are responsible for making decisions on project development once
an environmental impact statement (EIS) has been submitted
o They may include central government, local authorities and development
agencies. ·
o They are the most important stakeholders
o They contribute ideas and information that can help to avoid
unforeseen problems, improve project design and contribute to
monitoring
o They are involved in decision-making
STEP 6: Importances of EIA (10 minutes)
|Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) |
| |
|ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 |
|minutes |
| |
|What are the Importances of EIA? |
| |
|ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points not |
|mentioned |
| |
|WRITE their response on the flip chart/board |
| |
|CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below |
projects
environmental, social and economic terms
development, and conservation initiatives in order to make the most of
options for achieving sustainability
achievement of sustainable development
involvement
STEP 7: Steps to Conduct EIA (35 minutes)
o Registration is a simple administrative procedure which requires
project proponents to officially register their intention to undertake
a development activity
o It is the initial review of projects by NEMC to determine if an EIA is
required, and to avoid the unnecessary expense of a full EIA for a
project which does not need it
o Scoping, sometimes referred to as preliminary assessment, is used to
focus the EIA on the key issues for decision-making
o Terms of reference (ToR) are normally prepared following the screening
stage and after a decision for a partial or full project EIA and
therefore are usually the product of scoping
o Organising the EIA study involves acquisition of relevant
environmental standards and guidelines and knowledge of relevant
policies, laws and institutional arrangements
o EIA studies attempt to predict which impacts will occur as a result of
the project and their likely significance
o The final report from an EIA is also often termed an Environmental
Impact Statement (EIS)
o For the EIA process to achieve its objectives it is important that any
report produced is accurate, contains all the relevant information, is
clearly written and understood by the public, non-technical people and
decision makers
o Provides interpretation that allows for decision making
o Monitoring assesses the effect of the project on the natural and
cultural environment
o Environmental auditing refers to the systematic, documented, periodic
and objective review of practices related to meeting environmental
requirements
o An audit can help EIA process managers to learn from experience, and
further refine and improve the EIA process as a whole
o Decision-making takes place throughout the EIA process
o The main decision in the EIA process, whether or not to allow the
proposal to proceed is made by the government agency (NEMC), following
consultation and public participation
[pic][pic] Handout 3.1: Steps to Conduct Environmental Impact Assessment
STEP 8: Key Points (5 minutes)
Environment Management Council (NEMC) which came into being in 1983 when
the Government of Tanzania enacted the National Environment Management
Act No. 19 of 1983
that are likely to have a significant adverse impact on the environment
and are subject to a decision of a competent national authority
continuously throughout the planning cycle of any development initiative
development, and conservation initiatives in order to make the most of
options for achieving sustainability
terms of reference, organizing the EIA, conducting EIA study, EIA
reporting, EIA review, Environmental management and monitoring,
Environmental auditing, Decision making
STEP 9: Evaluation (5 minutes)
References
Brew, D., & Lee, N. (1996). Monitoring Environmental Management Plans and
Post-Project Analysis. EIA Newsletter 12: 10-11, University of
Manchester.
Review of Methods and Perspectives on their Application: A
Supplementary report of the International study of the effectiveness
of Environmental Assessment. IAIA, June (1997.)
Clark, B.D., (1993). Environmental Assessment, Environmental Management and
Sustainable Development. Paper presented at the 14th International
Seminar on EA and Management, (1993 27 June-10 July ). CEMP,
University of Aberdeen.
Department of Wildlife, (1996). Policy of Wildlife Conservation. Revised
Final draft. Ministry of Natural Resources and tourism. United
Republic of Tanzania.
Donnelly, A., Hughes, R. and Dalal-Clayton, B (1998). A directory of impact
assessment guidelines. Second edition. IIED, London
Ebisemiju, F.S. (1993). Environmental Impact Assessment: making it work in
developing countries. J. Environmental. Management, 38(4), pp 247-273.
Gennaro, R. A, et.al (eds) 1995 Remington: The Science and Practice of
Pharmacy, Volume I & II, (19th ed.): Mack Publishing Company, Easton,
Pennsylvania 18042
Glasson, J., Therivel, R., and Chadwick, A. (1995). Introduction to
Environmental Impact Assessment. The Natural and Built environment
Series. UCL, London.
Goodland, R., Mercier, J.R. Muntemba, S (editors). (1996). Environmental
Assessment (EA) in Africa – A World Bank Commitment. Proceedings of
the Durban, World bank Workshop (1995 June 25.). World Bank,
Washington D.C.
Howlett D.J.B. & Nagu J. (1997). Agricultural project planning in Tanzania.
Institute of Development Management, Mzumbe and Development and
Project Planning Centre, Bradford, UK.
MTNRE (1994). National Environment Conservation Policy, Draft. Ministry of
Tourism Natural Resources and Environment. United republic of
Tanzania, Dar es Salaam
|[pic] |Handout 3.1: Steps to Conduct Environmental Impact Assessment |
o Registration is a simple administrative procedure which requires
project proponents to officially register their intention to undertake
a development activity
o Registration allows all new projects to be screened for their
potential impacts by the appropriate authority
o It is the initial review of projects to determine if an EIA is
required, and to avoid the unnecessary expense of a full EIA for a
project which does not need it
o It is done by the government body (NEMC)
o After the screening of a project the decision will fall into one of
the following four categories
required, Project proposal rejected
o Scoping, sometimes referred to as preliminary assessment, is used to
focus the EIA on the key issues for decision-making
o It is a key stage in the EIA process in that it rejects projects that
have major adverse impacts without any possibility of mitigation and
allows projects with no major or significant impacts to proceed to
implementation without a full EIA
o Terms of reference (ToR) are normally prepared following the screening
stage and after a decision for a partial or full project EIA and
therefore are usually the product of scoping
o Organising the EIA study involves acquisition of relevant
environmental standards and guidelines; and knowledge of relevant
policies, laws and institutional arrangements
o Also, it ensures that the EIA team has appropriate expertise for the
EIA study, adequate time for and proper timing of initiation of the
study; stakeholders have been identified and techniques for their
involvement decided upon; and that financial resources for the work
are available and adequate
o EIA studies attempt to predict which impacts will occur as a result of
the project and their likely significance
EIA identifies measures to mitigate or avoid these impacts, or
optimise the benefits of the project
o The final report from an EIA is also often termed an Environmental
Impact Statement (EIS)
o For the EIA process to achieve its objectives it is important that any
report produced is accurate, contains all the relevant information, is
clearly written and understood by the public, non-technical people and
decision makers
o This report comprises of the following parts; Executive Summary,
Introduction, Project Description, Project stakeholders and public
involvement, Description of Institutional, Policy and Legislative
Environment, Description of Existing Social and Biophysical
Environment, Environmental Planning and Design, Assessment of
Environmental Impacts, Impact Planning and Management, Economic
Evaluation, Summary and Recommendations, and Appendices
o Allows for decision making. This includes;
o Monitoring assesses the effect of the project on the natural and
cultural environment
o Inclusion of a framework for monitoring can significantly improve the
effectiveness of EIA since it can provide a mechanism for ensuring
that approval conditions and mitigation measures have been carried-out
and testing whether predictions were accurate
o Environmental auditing refers to the systematic, documented, periodic
and objective review of practices related to meeting environmental
requirements
o In EIA, audit refers to the comparison of actual and predicted impacts
for the purpose of assessing the accuracy of predictions and the
effectiveness of impact management practices and procedures
o In most instances, the auditing process will depend heavily on the
existence of relevant and good quality monitoring data
o An audit can help EIA process managers to learn from experience, and
further refine and improve the EIA process as a whole
o Decision-making takes place throughout the EIA process
o Many decisions are made by the proponent (e.g. choices between various
alternatives and project designs)
o Other decisions may be made jointly by the proponent and the decision-
decisions)
o The main decision in the EIA process, whether or not to allow the
proposal to proceed is made by the government agency (NEMC), following
consultation and public participation
o This final decision usually involves a consideration of a range of
factors including environmental, political and economic
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