Situations Requiring Counselling
PST 06102
:
Counselling and Guidance
Session 6
: Situations Require Counselling
1
Learning tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
Define
situation require counseling
Explain
situations require counseling
Explain
crisis counseling
Explain
genetic counseling
2
Definition of Situations Requiring
Counselling can be useful in a number of different life situations, it help with all sorts
of different
issues, it can help with positive events such as choosing a direction in life or
reaching your
full potential.
When
a person feeling a
bit
stuck‘ and would value the viewpoint of a counsellor, it can be
things
from his/her past that s/he would like to tackle or there may be things in the present
that s/he
want to try and change.
Situations that require counseling are, psychotherapeutic counselling, health counselling,
personal
counseling , crisis counselling, genetic counselling, and marriage counselling
3
What are the situations required counseling?
4
Situations Required Counselling
Psychotherapy Counselling:
Is
defined as a form of therapy in which a trained professional uses method based on
psychological
theories to help a person with psychological problems.
It
refer to almost any kind of human interaction such as talking or demonstrating that is
based
on a psychological theory of the problem but it does not include medical
treatment such
as medication.
It
is the use of psychological methods, particularly when based on regular
personal interaction
, to help a person change and overcome problems in desired ways.
Psychotherapy
aims to improve an individual's well-being and mental health, to resolve
or mitigate
troublesome behaviors, beliefs, compulsions, thoughts, or emotions, and to
improve relationships
and social skills.
Certain
psychotherapies are considered evidence-based for treating some diagnosed
mental disorders
.
5
Situations Required Counselling
Health counseling
Health
"health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not
merely
the
absence of disease or infirmity
Health
counseling: define as the process where by an individual or group mental, spiritual
or physical
health is being counsel by a professional counselor and provide support to
sustain them
.
Patient
Counselling is defined as "an individualized process involving guidance
and collaborative
problem solving to help the patient to better manage the health problem"
6
Situations Required Counselling
P
urpose
of patient education and counselling:
To
help patients manage their chronic disease by using available health, social and economic
resources
.
Assist
Patients to develop their own understanding of the problem and what can be done
about
it.
To
provide appropriate training to patient so that they can obtains a higher quality of life,
the
disease remains under control, the treatment is consistent and hospital costs are
smaller for
both the individual and the state.
7
Situations Required Counselling
The benefits of patient education counseling (PEC) for hospitals are:
Shortening
the length of stay
Decreasing
medical, personal and social costs
Increasing
patient satisfaction
Improving
quality and effectiveness of health care
8
B
enefits
of counseling for people with chronic diseases are
:
Improving
the quality of life
Fostering
independence for the patient
Improving
the control over disease
Emphasizing
the importance of prevention and early recognition of the disease
Personal
Counselling
A
confidential meeting between yourself and a professional counsellor.
Often the purpose is to solve one or more problems or to give you information
9
Goals
and values
of Counselling
What goals and values does Counselling hold?
It encourage healthy
independence, being yourself, self-confidence, honesty about
who you
are and how you feel,
It
encourage clients to face the world and to take appropriate
risks in
order to grow and change
Expressing
emotion (feelings) is preferable to repressing them;
Choosing
your own way in life instead of living by the standards of others;
o
Self-discovery through self-disclosure.
10
Marriage Counseling
Marriage
, is also called matrimony or wedlock, is a socially or ritually recognized union
between
spouses that establishes rights and obligations between those spouses, as well
as between
them and any resulting biological or adopted children and affinity (in-laws
and other
family through marriage)
Individuals
may marry for several reasons, including legal, social, libidinal,
emotional, financial
, spiritual, and religious purposes.
Marriage counseling/ couples therapy:
Is
a type of psychotherapy, it helps couples of all types recognize and resolve conflicts
and
improve their relationships.
Through
marriage counseling, you can make thoughtful decisions about rebuilding your
relationship
or going your separate ways
.
Marriage counseling typically includes both partners, but sometimes one partner chooses to work with a therapist alone. . The specific treatment plan depends on the situation.
11
Marriage Counseling
Couples
seek marriage counseling to improve a troubled relationship.
I
ssues which can be addressed by marriage counseling includes:
Communication
problems, Sexual difficulties
Conflicts
about child rearing or blended families
Substance
abuse, Financial problems
Anger
, Infidelity and health problems
Marriage
counseling might also be helpful in cases of domestic abuse, if violence
has escalated
to the point that you're afraid, however, counseling alone isn't adequate, contact
the
police or a local shelter or crisis center for emergency support.
12
Crisis
Counselling
Crisis is any event that is going to lead to an unstable and dangerous situation
affecting an
individual, group, community, or whole society.
Crises
are deemed to be negative changes in the security, economic, political,
social, or
environmental affairs, especially when they occur abruptly with little or no warning.
Eight
Categories of crises
Natural
disaster:
eg
, earthquakes, volcanic, floods, tsunamis and storms
Technological
crises:
eg
, software failures, industrial accidents, and oil spills (
human manipulation)
Confrontation
:
eg
, individuals and/or groups fight businesses, government, and
various interest
groups to win acceptance of their demands and expectations.
13
Eight Categories of crises
Malevolence:
eg
, tampering, kidnapping, malicious rumors and terrorism
Organizational
Misdeeds:
eg
, crisis of skewed management values, crises of
deception, and
crises of management misconduct.
Workplace
Violence:
eg
, Verbal or written threats, Physical attacks.
Rumors
:
eg
, false information about an organization or its products creates crises
hurting the
organization‘s reputation.
Terrorist
attacks/man-made disasters:
eg
, the result of human intent, error, or as a
result of
failed systems. They can be divided into categories such as terrorism,
technological hazards
, transportation hazards and environmental accidents.
The
primary purpose of crisis counseling is to help an individual to restore some sense
of control
and mastery after a crisis event or disaster.
Individuals
can become overwhelmed emotionally and may have difficulty with
problem solving
and other coping skills
14
What are the goals for crisis counseling?
15
Goals for crisis
counselling
The primary purpose of crisis counseling is to help an individual to restore some sense
of control
and mastery after a crisis event or disaster.
Individuals
can become overwhelmed emotionally and may have difficulty with
problem solving
and other coping skills
consequently
they need
help
To provide emotional support and concrete feedback/assistance for the individual.
Helps
problem-solve and assists individuals in obtaining available resources.
There
are number of common elements consistent with the various theories of crisis counseling:
Assessing
the Situation
Education
Offering
Support
Developing
Coping Skills
16
E
lements of theories
of crisis counseling:
1. Assessing
the Situation: Assessing the client‘s current situation.
This
involves listening to the client, asking questions and determining what the
individual needs
to cope effectively with the
crisis.
Counsellor
needs to define the problem while at the same time acting as a source of
empathy, acceptance
and
support. It
is also essential to ensure client safety, both physically and psychologically.
2. Education
:
People
who are experiencing a crisis need information about their current condition and
the steps
they can take to minimize the
damage.
Mental
health workers often help the client understand that their reactions are normal
but temporary.
While
the situation may seem both dire and endless to the person experiencing the crisis,
the goal
is to help the client see that he or she will eventually return to normal functioning.
17
3. Offering
Support:
One
of the most important elements of crisis counseling involves providing
support, stabilization
and resources.
Active
listening is critical, as well as offering unconditional acceptance and reassurance.
Non-judgmental
support during a crisis can help reduce stress improve coping.
4. Developing
Coping Skills,
It
involves helping the client explore different solutions to the problem, practicing
stress reduction
techniques and encouraging positive thinking.
It
is not just about teaching these skills to the client; it is also about helping the client to make
a commitment
to continue utilizing these skills in the future.
18
Genetic
counselling
Genetic counseling is the process by which the patients or relatives at risk of an
inherited disorder
are advised of the consequences and nature of the disorder, the probability
of developing
or transmitting it, and the options open to them in management and family planning.
This
complex process can be separated into diagnostic (the actual estimation of risk)
and supportive
aspects.
19
The National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGC) officially defines genetic counseling
as
the
understanding and adaptation to the medical, psychological and familial implications
of genetic
contributions to disease
. This process integrates:
Interpretation
of family and medical histories
to assess the chance of disease
occurrence or
recurrence.
Education
about inheritance, testing, management, prevention, resources
Counseling
to promote informed choices and adaptation to the risk or condition.
Genetic
counselors
work
as members of a health care team and act as
patient advocates
as well as genetic resources to physicians
.
provide
information and support to families who have
members with
birth defects or genetic disorders, and to families who may be at risk for a
variety of
inherited conditions.
identify
families at risk, investigate the problems present in the family,
interpret information
about the disorder, analyze inheritance patterns and risks of recurrence,
and review
available genetic testing options with the family
20
Genetic counselors are present at high risk or specialty prenatal clinics that offer
prenatal diagnosis
, pediatric care centers, and adult genetic centers, It can occur before
conception (i.e
. when one or two of the parents are carriers of a certain trait)
A
person may also undergo genetic counseling after the birth of a child with a
genetic condition
, in these instances, the genetic counselor explains the condition to the
patient along
with recurrence risks in future children.
In
all cases of a positive family history for a condition, the genetic counselor can
evaluate risks
, recurrence and explain the condition itself.
The
goals of genetic counseling are to:
Increase
understanding of genetic diseases
Discuss
disease management options,
Explain
the risks and benefits of testing.
Counseling
sessions focus on giving vital unbiased information and non-directive assistance
inthe
pat
ient's
decision-making process.
21
What
are reasons of attending genetic
counseling?
22
Reasons
of attending genetic counseling
Counseling sessions focus on giving vital unbiased information and non-directive assistance
in the
patient's decision-making process.
Families or individuals may choose to attend counseling or undergo prenatal testing for
a number
of reasons.
Family
history of a genetic condition or chromosome abnormality
Increased
maternal age (35 years and older)
Increased
paternal age (40 years and older)
Abnormal
maternal serum screening results or ultrasound findings
Strong
family history of cancer
Predictive
testing for adult-onset conditions
Counselors
are present to put all the possibilities in perspective and encourage clients to
take time
to think about their decision, when a risk is found, counselors frequently
reassure parents
that they were not responsible for the result, an informed choice without pressure
is made
when all relevant information has been given and understood.
23
Key points
Counselling can be useful in a number of different life situations, it help with all sorts
of different
issues, it can help with positive events such as choosing a direction in life or
reaching your
full potential.
Psychotherapy
Counselling, is a form of therapy in which a trained professional uses
method based
on psychological theories to help a person with psychological problems, it refer
to almost
any kind of human interaction such as talking or demonstrating that is based on
a psychological theory of the problem but it does not include medical treatment methods such as medication
.
24
Evaluation
What are the situations require counseling?
What
are goals of providing crisis counselling?
25
Reference
USP (2003). USP
Medication
Counselling
Behavior
Guidelines. USP Convention,
Inc
,
Rockville MD
, USA
Agrawal, R (2006) Educational, Vocational Guidance and Counselling, New Delhi,
Sipra
Publication
.
Beardsley RS, et al. (2007)Privacy as a factor in patient
counseling.Journal
of
theAmerican
Pharmacists
Association.
Jones A. J (1951), Principles of Guidance and Pupil Personal work. New York. McGraw Hill
26
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