PST05209 Health Information Management

NTA Level 5 • Semester 2 • PST05209 Management of Pharmaceutical Information in Vertical Program Health Information Management • Source Session/Topic 12 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 12:Management of Pharmaceutical Information in Vertical Program Learning Tasks By the end of this session, students are expected to be able to: • Define the term vertical programme • Mention vertical programme existing in the country • Explain the importance of pharmaceutical information management in vertical programmes HMIS NOTES B.Boy Introduction  Health services (curative and preventive) can be provided using two modes of delivery: o horizontal and vertical programmes.  By horizontal delivery, services are delivered through public financed health systems and are commonly referred as comprehensive primary care (WHO 1978).  Vertical delivery of health services implies a selective targeting of specific interventions not fully integrated in health systems o This focus on one particular disease or group of diseases e.g. HIV or TB.  Horizontal programs are the oldest of the two modes of delivery – they were derived from Primary Health Care (PHC), originated as part of the WHO/UNICEF declaration in Alma Ata in 1978 (WHO 1978).  In the 80s, the concepts behind the design of PHC systems in most countries focused on the health crisis that a country faced at a particular time.  With emergence of communicable diseases such as drug-resistant Tuberculosis (TB), Ebola, drug-resistant Malaria, HIV/AIDS, challenges facing most health systems in developing countries have been paramount.  Selectivity and prioritization of interventions, particularly in resource limited settings are important issues for consideration for health planners.  As most of the diseases are global public goods, selectivity is done at the country and global levels – with the latter increasingly packaged in international initiatives with specific goals – such as “Health for All by 2000”, and “Millennium Development Goals”.  Country-specific health crises were prioritized in PHC systems, but cost and efficiency in delivering health services drove the nature of the PHC design (WHO 1978). HMIS NOTES B.Boy  Efficiency and effectiveness of delivering health services are important contributors to the attainment of international health goals at all levels.  In most settings, this implies the ability 3 to identify and to reach poor people. In addition, this requires a multi-sectoral approach in delivering health services.  At the launch of the World Health Organization initiative of ‘Health for All by 2000’, the strategy to attain the set goals was a comprehensive primary health care based on a horizontal mode of delivery of abasic services (WHO 1978).  A few years of implementation of the initiative proved to be too difficult to attain the set goals (Banerji, 1984).  Failure to control malaria in India during the early 80s is one example. This recognition led to a change in the strategy of delivery of services from horizontal to vertical programs. In short Horizontal Programme is the Programme thus designed to deal with more than one disease. It can be program for eradicating a couple of Disease as Millenium Targets as (Long Term Plan) Example • Eradicate Poverty and Hunger • Promote Gender equality • Reduce child mortality • Combats HIV/AIDS and Malaria • Environmental Stability o A horizontal program might focus on all tropical diseases, or in fact all diseases. o A horizontal approach might consist of equipping a clinic to treat every kind of disease and health problem in the region. HMIS NOTES B.Boy Vertical programme • A vertical programme is a programme which targets one particular disease. • A vertical program might focus on malaria from the bottom where members of community leave and go on up to the level where planners, evaluators and decision makers making decision of a particular case. • Vertical programme deals with removing the places where mosquitoes breed, protecting the houses where the people live, educating people about how to avoid malaria, establishing clinics where malaria can be diagnosed and treated, and finally, finding medications to cure the disease, and so on. • It is one system all focused on the same disease. • It's vertical because it goes from the ground; where people who have the disease leave, up to the level where the doctors and scientists try to develop new cures. The Vertical Programmes Existing in the Country Tanzania vertical health programmes: • Reproductive Health Program • National Aids Control Program • National Immunization Program • National TB / Leprosy Program HMIS NOTES B.Boy The Importance of Pharmaceutical Information Management in Vertical Programmes o The integration strengthened Vertical Programs services likewise lowered the operations costs of programs and resulted into increase the availability of VP Medicines, Medical Supplies and Laboratory Reagents to the health facilities. o A good PMIS provides the necessary information to make sound decisions in the pharmaceutical sector. o Effective pharmaceutical management requires policymakers, program managers, and health care providers to monitor information related to patient adherence, drug resistance, availability of medicines and laboratory supplies, patient safety, post-market intelligence, product registration, product quality, financing and program management, among other issues. o Coordinating the elements of a pharmaceutical supply system requires relevant, accurate, and timely information. o Increased funding for HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and immunization programs has contributed to the need for accurate and timely information on a variety of parameters that affect the ability to conduct accurate quantification, procurement planning, budgeting, resource mobilization and program management. The perceived advantage of a vertical programme are: o strong central technical and financial control. o Better ability to monitor restricted output o Operational planning is focused & easy to deliver o Efficient & effective delivery o the ability to respond to changing circumstances and the identification of new strategies. o focused objectives, achievable in a limited time-frame; and the appeal to external donors. HMIS NOTES B.Boy Enlist The integration functions of MSD to Vertical Prrogramming o Coordination of procurement, Storage and Distribution of

NTA Level 5 • Semester 2 • PST05209 Networking Programmes in Dissemination of Pharmaceutical Information Health Information Management • Source Session/Topic 13 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 13: Networking Programmes in Dissemination of Pharmaceutical Information Learning Tasks By the end of this session, students are expected to be able to: • Explain the importance of networking in dissemination of pharmaceutical information • Explain the networking programmes used in dissemination of pharmaceutical information • Disseminate pharmaceutical information (PRACTICAL) HMIS NOTES B.Boy Networking  Network is the computer that is connected through protocol that works together  A network, in computing, is a group of two or more devices that can communicate. • The scale can range from a single PC sharing out basic peripherals to massive data centers located around the World, to the Internet itself. • All networks allow computers and/or individuals to share information and resources. • Computer networks serve a number of purposes, some of which include: o Communications such as email, instant messaging, chat rooms, etc. o Shared hardware such as printers and input devices o Shared data and information through the use of shared storage devices o Shared software, which is achieved by running applications on remote computers Importance of networking technology in pharmaceutical health information system • Using computer networking technology in pharmacy is very useful for the pharmaceutical profession. • The following are the benefits of pharmaceutical networking technology in healthcare industry: o It improves the pharmacists work, especially in acquisition of consumable and non- consumable medical materials, deliveries of pharmaceutical materials, stock and inventory control. o It gives them more time to help the customers in the service area. o It reduces client waiting time, pharmaceutical expenditure and the manpower requirement for any kind of pharmaceutical work. o It facilitates sharing of information with other service area within the health facility • Networking computers helps to run business operations efficiently o They make it easier to handle the business tasks such as recording drugs, requesting consumable and non-consumable medical items, tracking and paying drugs and medication bills from insurance company, client/patients and other service user. o It helps to improve patient safety, provide quality of care, monitoring efficacy and safety of medicine in use. o It gives updates of prices and other pharmaceutical product information online. o It is used in online and e-prescribing of medication. HMIS NOTES B.Boy The Networking Programs Used in Disseminating Pharmaceutical Information • There are several different types of computer networks used in information communication. • Computer networks can be characterized by their size as well as their purpose. • Networks based on size are: o Personal area network (PAN): a computer network organized around an individual person within a single building like small office. o Local area network (LAN): used for single sites where people need to share resources among themselves but not with the rest of the outside world. o Metropolitan area network (MAN): a computer network across an entire city, college campus or small region. o Wide area network (WAN): occupies a very large area, such as an entire country or the entire world. • Networks based on their main purpose are: o Storage area network (SAN): a high-speed sub network of shared storage devices. o Enterprise private network (EPN): a computer network built by a business to interconnect its various company sites (such as production sites, offices and shops) in order to share computer resources. o Virtual private network (VPN)  An encrypted connection over the Internet from a device to a network.  The encrypted connection helps ensure that sensitive data is safely transmitted.  It prevents unauthorized people from eavesdropping on the traffic and allows the user to conduct work remotely. HMIS NOTES B.Boy Network can be divided in to two main categories: • Peer-to-peer. • Server – based. Explanation on Categories of Network • In peer-to-peer networking there are no dedicated servers among the computers. All of the computers are equal and therefore known as peers. Normally each computer serves as Client/Server and there is no one assigned to be an administrator responsible for the entire network. • The client/server network is the most efficient way to provide: • The client/server model is basically an implementation of distributed or cooperative processing. • The entire function may execute in either the PC or server. HMIS NOTES B.Boy HMIS NOTES B.Boy Network Devices Net work Cables • In the network you will commonly find three types of cables used these are the, coaxial cable, fiber optic and twisted pair. Coaxial Cable • This type cable is usually yellow in color and used in what is called thicknets, and has two conductors. This coax can be used in 500-meter lengths. The cable itself is made up of a solid center wire with a braided metal shield and plastic sheathing protecting the rest of the wire. Fiber Optic Cable • As we all know fiber optics are pretty darn cool and not cheap. This cable is smaller and can carry a vast amount of information fast and over long distances. Twisted Pair Cables • These come in two flavors of unshielded and shielded. I) Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) • Is more common in high-speed networks. Now you know about cables we need to know about connectors. This is pretty important and you will most likely need the RJ-45 connector. II) Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) • This is the most popular form of cables in the network and the cheapest form that you can go with. The UTP has four pairs of wires and all inside plastic sheathing. The biggest reason that we call it Twisted Pair is to protect the wires from interference from themselves. HMIS NOTES B.Boy HMIS NOTES B.Boy • Network Interface Cards Network interface cards, commonly referred to as NICs, and are used to connect a PC to

NTA Level 5 • Semester 2 • PST05209 Health Information Management – Complete Full Notes Complete educational source text in one page Completeness safeguard: this page keeps the complete educational module/source wording in one place so learning material is not lost when browsing topic by topic. Presenter/tutor metadata is intentionally excluded. HMIS NOTES B.Boy Session 1: Organization of Health Related Data Using Computer Packages Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Explain concepts of electronic data storage and arrangement • Demonstrate electronic filing and application of security to electronic data • Explain the methods of summarizing data What is Data Storage • Data storage Data storage is the recording (storing) of information (data) in a storage medium. Numerate four (4) storage media i. Handwriting ii. Phonographic recording iii. Magnetic tape iv. Optical discs List four (4) electronic Data storage formats i. Music ii. Video iii. Document iv. Pictures HMIS NOTES B.Boy List five (5) storage devices i. CD ii. DVD iii. Internal Hard disk iv. External Hard disk v. Flash vi. FDD vii. Memory card Numerate Three (3) common type’s data storage i. Hard drive ii. USB flash drive iii. Memory card. Explanation of each type of Storage • Hard drive (HD) o The term "hard drive" is actually short for "hard disk drive." o The term "hard disk" refers to the actual disks inside the drive. o The hard drive is a non-volatile memory hardware device that permanently stores and retrieves data on a computer.  Non-volatile memory is a term used to describe any memory or storage that is saved regardless if the power to the computer is on or off.  The best example of non-volatile memory and storage is a computer hard drive, flash memory, and ROM. HMIS NOTES B.Boy o A hard drive is a secondary storage device that consists of one or more platters to which data is written using a magnetic head, all inside of an air-sealed casing. o A typical hard drive is only slightly larger than a human hand and can hold over 100 GB of data. • USB flash drive o A USB flash drive is a device used for data storage that includes a flash memory and an integrated Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface. o Most USB flash drives are removable and rewritable. o Physically, they are small, durable and reliable. o The larger their storage space, the faster they tend to operate. o USB flash drives are mechanically very robust because there are no moving parts. o They derive the power to operate from the device to which they are connected (typically a computer) via the USB port. o A USB flash drive may also be known as a flash drive or USB drive. • Memory card o A memory card is a type of storage device that is used for storing media and data files. o It provides a permanent and non-volatile medium to store data and files from the attached device. Define the Term Memory Card Memory cards are commonly used in small, portable devices, such as cameras and phones. List five (5) most popular forms of memory cards are: i. Secure Digital (SD) card ii. Compact Flash (CF) card iii. Smart Media iv. Memory Stick v. Multi Media Card (MMC) HMIS NOTES B.Boy In the healthcare system, data are store in the electronic systems, and these systems are called electronic health records (EHR) and electronic medical records (EMR) Define the following Terms • Electronic Health Records o An electronic health record (EHR) is a digital version of a patient’s paper chart. o It contains a patient’s medical history, diagnoses, medications, treatment plans, immunization dates, allergies, radiology images, and laboratory and test results in electronic format. o It is health information that is created and managed by authorized providers in a digital format capable of being shared with other providers across more than one health care organization. • Electronic Medical Records o Electronic medical records (EMRs) are a digital version of the paper charts in the clinician’s office. o EMR contain medical information used by clinicians mostly for diagnosis and treatment.. o An EMR contains the medical and treatment history of the patients in one practice. o Information in EMRs cannot easily be shared out of the medical practice. o The patient’s record can easily be printed out and shared with other members of the care team. HMIS NOTES B.Boy ELECTRONIC FILLING Filling A filing system is a plan or method of arranging documents in a prescribed order. The purpose of filing documents is to enable a quick retrieval of complete information Whenever it is required. Requirements of a good filing system o Simplicity-The filing method must be easy to understand and simple to operate. o Easy access-Documents should be easily identified and located to enable speedy pulling and filing. o Security-Documents should be safely kept and well preserved. o Tracer system-The whereabouts of documents removed from the storage must be known. Methods of Filing in Medical Records There are four common methods of filing patient records used in health facilities o Alphabetical o Chronological o Geographical o Numerical HMIS NOTES B.Boy Explanation of each method Alphabetical Filing System • Alphabetical filing is a very commonly used method for filing in general. • Examples of alphabetical filing system are, Abdallah, followed by Bakari, then Charles. Chronological Filing System Chronological filing means filing in time order. • It is used in combination with another method. • Letters for example are usually filed alphabetically according to name or subject and within each group in date order. Example of chronological filing system is, those patients who are expected to be admitted on 14th February 2010, Abdallah/14, Bakari/14, Charles/14. The 14 is a filing position in filing waiting list. • The waiting list is having filing position from 1 up to 31 according to dates. Geographical Filing System Geographical filing is based on geographical units like countries, regions, and town.