PST04210 Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry

NTA Level 4 • Semester 2 • PST04210 Uses of Inorganic Elements in Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry • Source Session/Topic 1 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 04210: PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY REVIEW QUESTIONS VOLUME 01: USES OF INORGANIC ELEMENT IN PHARMACY PST04210: VOL 01.Uses Of Inorganic Elements In Pharmacy @ lucas JM Page 1 1. Shortlist five (5) medicinal uses of sodium element in pharmacy, i. Sodium Hypochlorite Solution USP (Dakin's Solution) is an effective germicide ii. Sodium bicarbonate used as gastric antacids iii. Sodium iodide 131 (131I) used for treatment of thyroid cancer iv. Sodium chloride a component of Normal saline (NS) infusion used as electrolyte replenisher v. As radioactive isotope, sodium-24 has been used as tracer in medicine vi. Sodium nitroprusside USP, used as a vasodilator vii. Sodium borate is an ingredient of cold creams, eye washes, and mouthwashes viii. Sodium Nitrite USP is used as an antidote to cyanide poisoning. 2. Enumerate five (5) medicinal uses of magnesium element in pharmacy. i. Magnesium ions are important for transportation of material in and outside of the cell ii. Magnesium is also very crucial for the normal function of the heart iii. Magnesium hydroxide has been used as an ingredient in cathartic preparation iv. Magnesium sulfate as an anticonvulsant v. Magnesium insoluble compounds are used in the preparation of gastric antacids 3. Outline five (5) medicinal uses of calcium. i. Calcium ions are important for transportation of material in and outside of the cell ii. Calcium are also very crucial for the normal function of the heart iii. Calcium is also important for preparation of antacids iv. Calcium is important for preparation of calcium replenishers. v. A complex basic calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite) constitutes the main inorganic component of bones and teeth vi. Calcium hypochlorite as bleaching powder is used as disinfectant 4. List five (5) medicinal uses of aluminium element in pharmacy. i. Elemental aluminium is employed in topical preparations as a protective ii. Many insoluble aluminium compounds are used in preparing gastric antacids iii. Aluminium salts such as Kaolin is used as an adsorbent and demulcent iv. Aluminium salts such as Bentonite is useful as a suspending agent v. Magnesium preparations are used as ant-flatulent. vi. Salts such as Aluminium Chloride hydrate are used in preparation of astringents PST04210: VOL 01.Uses Of Inorganic Elements In Pharmacy @ lucas JM Page 2 5. Outline five (5) medicinal uses of oxygen. i. Oxygen USP is employed as a therapeutic gas in the treatment of conditions involving hypoxia ii. Ozone, 03, an allotropic form of oxygen, is a powerful oxidizing agent iii. Ozonized air (air treated to convert some of its oxygen into ozone) is used in various disinfecting and bleaching operations iv. Hydrogen peroxide as oxidizing agent is used in various pharmaceutical preparations such as mouthwashes and disinfectants v. Water compound containing oxygen is vital for any living cell. vi. Nitrogen (I) Oxide (nitrous oxide) USP, is used as an inhalatory general anesthetic. 6. Enumerate five (5) medicinal uses of sulphur element in pharmacy. i. Precipitated Sulphur as ointment is used as the scabicide ii. Sulphur ointments and lotions are used in dermatological applications as keratolytics iii. Elemental Sulphur also has fungicidal action iv. Zinc sulphate is used in management of diarrhoea v. Anhydride of Sulphurous acid and its salts, the sulphites are used in pharmaceutical practice as antioxidants and preservatives vi. Sodium Thiosulfate USP is used as an antidote for cyanide poisoning 7. List uses medicinal uses of carbon element. i. Carbon is used in preparation of activated charcoal ii. Sodium bicarbonate and the slightly soluble carbonates or basic carbonates of calcium, magnesium, and aluminium are used as gastric antacids iii. Potassium bicarbonate is used as source of potassium ion in electrolyte replenishers. iv. Bismuth sub carbonate is an astringent and protective v. Ammonium carbonate is an effective reflex stimulant and expectorant PST04210: VOL 01.Uses Of Inorganic Elements In Pharmacy @ lucas JM Page 3 8. A). List group one elements of the periodic table. i. Lithium (Li) ii. Sodium (Na) iii. Potassium (K) iv. Rubidium (Rb) v. Caesium (Cs) vi. Francium (Fr) B). Describe uses of group one elements in pharmacy. i. Preparation of Antiseptics and disinfectants Potassium compounds are used in preparation of potassium permanganate Some sodium compound are being used to prepare disinfectants example sodium hypochlorite ii. Preparation of Electrolytes replenishers Some sodium compounds are being used in the preparation of sodium chloride, the major component of Normal saline (NS) infusion iii. Compound of Lithium has been used in treatment of Hypomanic and manic states Lithium Carbonate USP and Lithium Citrate USP iv. Diagnosis in medicine As radioactive isotope, sodium-24 has been used as tracer in medicine 9. A). List group two elements of the periodic table. i. Beryllium (Be), ii. Magnesium (Mg) iii. Calcium (Ca) iv. Strontium (Sr) v. Barium (Ba) vi. Radium (Ra) B). Describe uses of group two elements in pharmacy. i. Physiological role -Magnesium ions and calcium ions are important for transportation of material in and outside of the cell -Magnesium and calcium are also very crucial for the normal function of the heart ii. Preparation pharmaceuticals -Magnesium insoluble compounds are used in the preparation of gastric antacids -Calcium is also important for preparation of antacids -Calcium is important for preparation of antacids and calcium replenishers -Magnesium hydroxide has been used as an ingredient in cathartic preparation -Magnesium sulfate as an anticonvulsant iii. Medical analysis and diagnosis iv. -Barium hydroxide is applied in analytical and synthetic operations PST04210: VOL 01.Uses Of Inorganic Elements In Pharmacy @ lucas JM Page 4 10. A). List group three elements of the periodic table. i. Boron (B) ii. Aluminium (Al) iii. Gallium (Ga) iv. Indium (In) v. Thallium (Tl) B). Describe uses of group three elements in pharmacy. As ingredients in various pharmaceutical formulations i. Boric acid is included in topical preparations as

NTA Level 4 • Semester 2 • PST04210 Acids, Bases, Salts, Dissociation, Buffers and Periodic Table Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry • Source Session/Topic 2 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 04210: PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY REVIEW QUESTIONS VOLUME 02: Acid, Base, Salt, Degree Of Dissociation, Buffer Solution, Importance Of Chemistry In Pharmacy, Arrangement Of Elements In The Periodic Table. PST04210: VOL 02 @ lucas JM Page 1 1. Give the definition of acid with reference of the following. i. Arrhenius definition of acid A substance that produce H+ only as a positively charged ion Example HCL, HBr, H2SO4 This definition applies only in aqueous media (water) ii. Lewis definition of acid Any species capable of accepting a pair of electrons (electron acceptor). Examples: H+, and metal cations, molecules such as BF3 with incomplete octets, and ones such as SiF4 where octet expansion is possible iii. Brønsted definition of Acid A proton donor 2. List two (2) classes of acids with an example on each. i. Strong acid The acid that ionizes completely Example HCl, H2SO4 and HNO3 ii. Weak acid The acid that ionizes partially Example CH3COOH 3. Outline four (4) distinctive properties of an acid. i. Acids taste sour ii. Aqueous solutions of all Arrhenius acids contain hydrogen ions iii. Acids have a pH of less than 7 iv. Acids turn phenolphthalein COLOURLESS and litmus RED 4. List seven (7) physical properties of acid. i. Acids taste sour ii. Acids have a pH of less than 7 iii. Acids are harmful to living cells iv. Aqueous solutions of all acids contain hydrogen ions v. Acid turns blue litmus red vi. Strong acids are corrosive vii. Aqueous acid solutions conduct electricity PST04210: VOL 02 @ lucas JM Page 2 5. Enumerate three (3) chemical properties of acids. i. Metals above copper in the reactivity series react with acids, giving off hydrogen gas, forming a salt ii. Reacts with bases to form salts (neutralization reaction) iii. Reacts with metal carbonates to produce salt, water and carbon dioxide gas (effervescence is observed) 6. Outline seven (7) importance of acid in pharmacy. i. Preparation of analgesics ii. Improve solubility of drugs iii. Preparation of skin remedies as keratolytic (soften the outer layer of skin) iv. Used as reagents for analytical procedures v. As buffer systems to maintain the pH of a medicinal agent at an optimal value vi. Preparation of effervescent mixtures (a medicinal dosage form sometimes used to render a medicinal more palatable for oral administration) vii. Preparation of germicides 7. Give the definition of base with reference of the following. i. Arrhenius base Base is a substance that produce OH- only as a negatively charged ion Example NaOH, Mg(OH)2 This definition applies only in aqueous media (water) ii. Lewis base Base is any species with a pair of non-bonding electrons available for donation (electron donor) Examples molecules such as NH3, and anions such as F- iii. Brønsted Base A proton acceptor 8. List two (2) classes of bases with an example on each. i. Strong Base The base that ionize completely Examples NaOH and KOH ii. Weak Base The base that ionize partially Examples NH3 PST04210: VOL 02 @ lucas JM Page 3 9. Outline six (6) distinctive properties of a base. i. Bases have a pH of more than 7 ii. Dilute solutions of bases taste bitter iii. Bases turn phenolphthalein PINK and litmus BLUE iv. Aqueous solutions of all Arrhenius alkalis contain hydroxide ion v. Soapy touch vi. Bases react with fats to form soap and glycerol (saponification) 10. State six (6) physical properties of bases i. Bases have a pH of more than 7 ii. Dilute solutions of bases taste bitter iii. Bases turn phenolphthalein PINK and litmus BLUE iv. Aqueous solutions of all alkalis contain hydroxide ion v. Bases feel slippery; for example, soaps, which contain bases vi. Aqueous base solutions conduct electricity 11. List four (4) Chemical Properties of Bases i. Bases react with fats to form soap and glycerol (saponification) ii. Reacts with acids to form salts (neutralization reaction) iii. React with Ammonium salts to produce ammonia detected by its pungent odour (strong smell) and by turning damp red litmus blue iv. Alkali's are used to produce the insoluble hydroxide precipitates of many metal ions from their soluble salt solutions. 12. Outline four (4) importance of bases in pharmacy. i. Improve solubility of drugs ii. Preparation of effervescent mixtures iii. Development of gastric antacids iv. As systemic alkalizers and acidifiers 13. Define the term salt. A compound that results from the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base Composed of related number of cations (positively charged ions) and anions (negatively charged ions) to make an electrically neutral product. PST04210: VOL 02 @ lucas JM Page 4 14. Outline three (3) categories of salt with an example on each category. i. Normal Salts • Normal salts are formed when all the replaceable hydrogen ions in the acid have been completely replaced by metallic ions • Normal salts are neutral to litmus paper • Example NaCl and ZnSO4 • Acidic salt ii. Acidic salts are formed when replaceable hydrogen ions in acids are only partially replaced by a metal • Acid salts are produced only by acids containing more than one replaceable hydrogen ion • An acid salt will turn blue litmus red • In the presence of excess metallic ions an acid salt will be converted into a normal salt as its replaceable hydrogen ions become replaced • Example NaH2PO4, Na2HPO and KHSO4 iii. Basic salt • Basic salts contain the hydroxide ion, OH- • They are formed when there is insufficient supply of acid for the complete neutralization of the base • A basic salt will turn red litmus blue and will react with excess acid to form normal salt • Example Zn(OH)Cl and Mg(OH)NO3 15. Describe six general properties of salts. i.