Skip to main content

Author name: contact@devinevisiontech.com

Pharmaceutical Sciences Notes, PST Level 5 Semester 2, PST NTA Level 5, PST05209 Health Information Management

Report and Presentation of Health Related – PST05209 Health Information Management

/

NTA Level 5 • Semester 2 • PST05209 Report and Presentation of Health Related Health Information Management • Source Session/Topic 6 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 6: Report and Presentation of Health Related Information Using Computer Packages Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Explain principles of report writing REPORT • Report o The report is a practical document that describes deals or analyses a situation such that the reader can take specific actions about the situation. o The report as a whole asks if there is a problem. o The conclusion draws the various elements of this question together, typically acknowledging that there is a problem and breaking it down into its component parts. o The recommendations suggest the range of options available to solve the problem. Describe three (3) Types of report i. Factual report: gathering information that explain or define a situation ii. Instructional report: gathering information that explain a problem and offer a range of solutions iii. Persuasive report: gathering information that explain a problem and recommend a solution. HMIS NOTES B.Boy Explain the six (6) Basic Principles of Good Report Writing • Accuracy o Report factual information, for example “I saw.” o Report information gained from the physical senses, for example, sight, smell, taste, auditory, and touch. o Be aware of feelings that may destroy objective descriptions. Strong feelings can cause the writer to seek evidence to support her feelings and reject evidence that does not support them. o Make distinctions between fact and hearsay, fact and opinion, and fact and conclusions. o Be clear about the meaning of words; avoid jargon. o Clarify all abbreviations, such as SOB for shortness of breath. o Proofread the report and rewrite as needed. • Completeness o Completeness is achieved by reporting all the facts discovered during the course of an investigation or data collection. o Information that appears irrelevant to the investigator may be relevant to the reviewer. o In most cases, the only information the reader will have will be the information in the report. o Partially stated facts can be misleading and misinterpreted. o Explain why certain information is lacking or incomplete. o Provide a detailed explanation of the possible source of additional information and undeveloped leads. • Conciseness o Avoid unrelated, extraneous, incidental, and nonessential information and detail. o Pay attention to grammar. o Avoid adjectives, wit, sarcasm, flowery expressions, and repetition. A report is not a literary or creative writing exercise. o Use singleness of thought and purpose. A good report will give the reader a clear idea or picture of the investigation or the information collected. HMIS NOTES B.Boy o Use headings, paragraphing, sentence structure, indentations, underlining, and capitalization to emphasize and give weight and/or visibility to information the investigator deems more important. • Impartiality/Objectivity o The investigator is a fact finder. Report the material and evidentiary facts without addition or subtraction. o Do not conceal or withhold information. o Do not assume. o Do not conclude. o Maintain an unbiased and open mind about the case. o Avoid formulating preconceived ideas about the guilt of the accused. o Avoid becoming emotionally involved in the process of seeking information. • Clarity and Report Formatting o Arrange the contents of the report in discrete sections to facilitate the reader’s review and understanding of the report. o Write in chronological order. o Avoid ambiguous sentences and vague statements. o Additional parts of the complete report may include the title page, information on undeveloped leads, investigator’s conclusions, witness list, and exhibit/evidence list. • Summarize Succinctly • The reader should be able to look in both your introduction and your discussion to find a summary of your report, including the main focus, or problem, and the results of your investigation. • While your introduction should include a thorough explanation of the topic and the reason why your report is important, you may also include a brief description of your findings. This summary should only be a general statement, without any detail or explanation. While your introduction should include a thorough explanation of the topic and the reason why your report is important, you may also include a brief description of your findings. This summary should only be a general statement, without any detail or explanation. Once you have explained your results, begin your discussion section with a reminder of the main topic of your report. Remind the reader of what and why you were originally investigating before launching into your interpretation of the results. HMIS NOTES B.Boy Methodological of Report Writing • Typical report structure: Title page ▼ Contents ▼ Introduction ▼ Methodology ▼ Findings ▼ Conclusion ▼ Recommendations ▼ Bibliography ▼ Appendices ▼ Glossary HMIS NOTES B.Boy Numerate eight (8) Points to consider during report writing: o Read journals for your subject. o Remember that each finding should have a conclusion. o Think about what a report does. o Check department style and use that. o Clarify your aims before you start. o Consider who the reader is. o Gather information to explain or define a situation. o Swap with a friend; proof-read each other’s reports. o Consider what you will need to tell your reader to get them there. o Proof-read from end to beginning; this disrupts expectations. HMIS NOTES B.Boy Evaluation Questions • What is report? The report is a practical document that describes deals or analyses a situation such that the reader can take specific actions about the situation. • What are the types of report? o Factual report: gathering information that explain or define a situation o Instructional report: gathering information that explain a problem and offer a range of solutions o Persuasive report: gathering information that explain a problem and recommend a solution. • What are the principles of report writing? i. Accuracy ii. Completeness iii. Conciseness

Pharmaceutical Sciences Notes, PST Level 5 Semester 2, PST NTA Level 5, PST05209 Health Information Management

Creation of Histogram from Health Data Using – PST05209 Health Information Management

/

NTA Level 5 • Semester 2 • PST05209 Creation of Histogram from Health Data Using Health Information Management • Source Session/Topic 5 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 5: Creation of Histogram from Health Data Using Spreadsheet Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define Histogram • Explain Histogram data used in Ms Excel • Create Histogram using Ms Excel HISTOGRAM • A histogram is a column chart that shows frequency data. • A histogram is "a representation of a frequency distribution by means of rectangles whose widths represent class intervals and whose areas are proportional to the corresponding frequencies." The Histogram Data Used in Microsoft Excel • To create a histogram in Excel, the designer should provide two types of data: o The data that required to analyze o The bin numbers that represent the intervals by which it measures the frequency. • The user must organize the data in two columns on the worksheet. o These columns must contain the following data: List two Types of Data required to create Histogram  Input data: This is the data that used to analyze by using the Histogram tool.  Bin numbers: These numbers represent the intervals that the Histogram tool is used for measuring the input data in the data analysis. • When user uses the Histogram tool, Excel counts the number of data points in each data bin. • A data point is included in a particular bin if the number is greater than the lowest bound and equal to or less than the greatest bound for the data bin. HMIS NOTES B.Boy • If the user omits the bin range, Excel creates a set of evenly distributed bins between the minimum and maximum values of the input data. • The output of the histogram analysis is displayed on a new worksheet or in a new workbook and shows a histogram table and a column chart that reflects the data in the histogram table. The Procedures for Creating Histogram in Microsoft Excel Creating Histogram using Ms Excel i. First, enter the bin numbers (upper levels) in the range C3:C7. HMIS NOTES B.Boy ii. On the Data tab, in the Analysis group, click Data Analysis. NOTE: If you can't find the Data Analysis button; click here to load the Analysis ToolPak add- in. iii. Select Histogram and click OK. iv. Select the range A2:A19. v. Click in the Bin Range box and select the range C3:C7. vi. Click the Output Range option button, click in the Output Range box and select cell F3. viii. Check Chart Output. HMIS NOTES B.Boy viii. Click OK. • Click the legend on the right side and press Delete. • Properly label your bins. • To remove the space between the bars, right click a bar, click Format Data Series and change the Gap Width to 0%. • To add borders, right click a bar, click Format Data Series, click the Fill & Line icon, click Border and select a colour. • Result: HMIS NOTES B.Boy Evaluation Questions • What is histogram? A histogram is a column chart that shows frequency data. A histogram is "a representation of a frequency distribution by means of rectangles whose widths represent class intervals and whose areas are proportional to the corresponding frequencies." • What is a bin in Excel? Bin numbers: These numbers represent the intervals that the Histogram tool is used for measuring the input data in the data analysis. • What is frequency distribution in Excel? Frequency Distribution in Excel is an array function used to give an impression of how the data is spread out. HMIS NOTES B.Boy • Explain the merits and demerits of using Histogram in healthcare data presentation. The main advantages of a histogram are its simplicity and versatility. It can be used in many different situations to offer an insightful look at frequency distribution. For example, it can be used in sales and marketing to develop the most effective pricing plans and marketing campaigns Demerits are: 1) Cannot read exact values because data is grouped into categories. 2) More difficult to compare two data sets. 3) Use only with continuous data • Explain the different between Ms Excel 2013 and 2016 in creation of Histogram. o On a worksheet, type the input data in one column, and the bin numbers in ascending order in another column. Click Data > Data Analysis > Histogram > OK. Under Input, select the input range (your data), then select the bin range. … For more information, see Create a histogram. o Before creating a histogram chart, there is one more preparation to make – add the bins in a separate column. Bins are numbers that represent the intervals into which you want to group the source data (input data). The intervals must be consecutive, non-overlapping and usually equal size HMIS NOTES B.Boy ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Health Information Management topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

Pharmaceutical Sciences Notes, PST Level 5 Semester 2, PST NTA Level 5, PST05209 Health Information Management

Creation of Chart from Health Data Using – PST05209 Health Information Management

/

NTA Level 5 • Semester 2 • PST05209 Creation of Chart from Health Data Using Health Information Management • Source Session/Topic 4 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 4: Creation of Chart from Health Data Using Spreadsheet Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define a chart as applied in Ms Excel • Explain types of Ms Excel charts • Create a chart using Ms Excel principles • Format data using condition formatting CHART AS APPLIED IN MICROSOFT EXCEL • A chart is a visual representative of data in both columns and rows. • Charts are usually used to analyse trends and patterns in data sets. • For example, the district hospital pharmacist have been recorded the malaria drugs inventory figures in Excel for the past three years; using charts, the pharmacist can easily tell which year had the most consumption of Malaria drugs and which year had the least. • Charts are used to compare set targets against actual achievements. • Use the following data for chart practice. Table 4: Sales of Computer Appliances at AB Computer Shop Item 2012 2013 2014 2015 Desktop Computer 20 12 13 12 Laptops 34 45 40 39 Monitors 12 10 17 15 Printers 78 13 90 14 HMIS NOTES B.Boy A chart is a tool you can use in Excel to communicate data graphically. Charts allow your audience to see the meaning behind the numbers. The Types of Microsoft Excel Charts Types of charts • Different scenarios require different types of charts. • Excel provides a number of chart types • The type of chart depends on the type of data that used during chart design. • To help simplify things for the users, Excel has an option that analyses data and makes a recommendation of the chart type used. List Excel Chart Types i. Pie ii. Column iii. Line iv. Bar v. Combo vi. Scatter HMIS NOTES B.Boy Explanation with Diagrams The following table shows some of the most commonly used charts S/N CHART WHEN SHOULD EXAMPLE TYPE USE IT? 1 Pie Chart When user want to quantify items and show them as percentages. 2 Bar Chart When user want to compare values across a few categories. The values run horizontally HMIS NOTES B.Boy 3 Colum When user want chart to compare values across a few categories. The values run vertically 4 Line chart When user want to visualize trends over a period of time i.e. months, days, years, etc. 5 Combo When user want Chart to highlight different types of information HMIS NOTES B.Boy The Scatter Chart The purpose of a Scatter Chart is to observe how the values of two series compares over time or other category. HMIS NOTES B.Boy PARTS OF EXCEL CHART i. Chart area ii. Data marker iii. Data series iv. Axis v. Tick mark vi. Plot area vii. Gridlines viii. Chart text ix. Legend HMIS NOTES B.Boy Explanation of Each part of the Graph  Chart area: Everything inside the chart window, including all parts of the chart (labels, axes, data markers, tick marks, and other elements listed here).  Data marker: A symbol on the chart that represents a single value in the worksheet. A data marker (or data point) may be a bar in a bar chart, a pie in a pie chart, or a line on a line chart. Data markers with the same shape or pattern represent a single data series in the chart.  Data series: A group of related values, such as all the values in a single row in the chart. A chart can have just one data series (shown in a single bar or line), but it usually has several.  Axis: A line that serves as a major reference for plotting data in a chart. In two- dimensional charts there are two axes — the x-axis (horizontal/category) and the y-axis (vertical/value).  Tick mark: A small line intersecting an axis. A tick mark indicates a category, scale, or chart data series. A tick mark can have a label attached.  Plot area: The area where Excel plots your data, including the axes and all markers that represent data points.  Gridlines: Optional lines extending from the tick marks across the plot area, thus making it easier to view the data values represented by the tick marks.  Chart text: A label or title that you add to the chart. Attached text is a title or label linked to an axis such as the Chart Title, Vertical Axis Title, and Horizontal Axis Title that you can’t move independently of the chart.  Legend: A key that identifies patterns, colors, or symbols associated with the markers of a chart data series. The legend shows the data series name corresponding to each data marker (such as the name of the blue columns in a column chart). HMIS NOTES B.Boy The Procedures of Creating a Chart Using Microsoft Excel Procedures for creating charts in Excel • Open Excel • Enter the data from the sample data table above (Table 4) • The workbook should now look as follows • To get the desired chart the user should follow the following steps HMIS NOTES B.Boy • Select the data you want to represent in graph • Click on INSERT tab from the ribbon • Click on the Column chart drop down button • Select the chart type you want • The user can able to see the following chart HMIS NOTES B.Boy • When you select the chart, the ribbon activates the following tabs: • Try to apply the different chart styles, and other options presented in your chart. HMIS NOTES B.Boy The Procedures of Using Conditional Format in Microsoft Excel Conditional Formatting • Conditional formatting refers to formatting that is only applied when the specified condition is true.

Pharmaceutical Sciences Notes, PST Level 5 Semester 2, PST NTA Level 5, PST05209 Health Information Management

Creation of Table from Health Data Using – PST05209 Health Information Management

/

NTA Level 5 • Semester 2 • PST05209 Creation of Table from Health Data Using Health Information Management • Source Session/Topic 2 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 2: Creation of Table from Health Data Using Spreadsheet Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Explain the structure of Microsoft Excel spreadsheet • Use Microsoft Excel procedures to open spreadsheet • Use Microsoft Excel procedures to formatting data • Use Microsoft Excel procedures to create borders • Use Microsoft Excel procedures to print a table The Structure of Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet Microsoft Excel • Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet program that is used to record and analyse numerical data. • Spreadsheet is a collection of columns and rows that form a table. • Alphabetical letters are assigned to columns. • Numbers are usually assigned to rows. • The point where a column and a row meet is called a cell. • The address of a cell is given by the letter representing the column and the number representing a row. HMIS NOTES B.Boy Parts of Microsoft Excel/ Elements of Microsoft Excel/ Elements of Excel Window HMIS NOTES B.Boy From the Diagram above Explanations on the Elements found in Excel i. Cell Is the Intersection of Row and Column Each contains the unique value called Address i.e A1, B1 CELLS ii. Column Is the Vertical Stock of data or values. Each column is represented by Alphabets as A, B, C etc COLUMNS HMIS NOTES B.Boy iii. Row Is the Horizontal Stock of data or values. Each column is represented by Alphabets as A, B, C etc ROWS iv. Worksheet Is the collection of sheets that contains data or Information. By default Office 2007 Spreadsheet comes with 3 sheets SHEETS HMIS NOTES B.Boy v. Workbook Is the collection of Worksheet. It displays on Top As Book means if contains data in sheet thus is Workbook. Workbook vi. Active Cell Is the cell ready for use. By default when you open Excel its located at cell A1 Active Cell HMIS NOTES B.Boy vii. Range Is the collection of Cells. The separate is (:) between one cell and another i.e A2:G2 viii. Name box Is a space that is used to show the name of the active cell.  The active cell is A1.  The name box can also be used to rename an active cell. Active Cell HMIS NOTES B.Boy ix. Formula bar It shows the cell contents including formulas or text  This space shows the contents of a cell.  It is preceded by the fx symbol as it is also used to search for mathematical functions that are inbuilt the excel itself. Formula Bar HMIS NOTES B.Boy Microsoft Excel Ribbon • The ribbon provides shortcuts to commands in Excel. • A command is an action that the user performs. • An example of a command is creating a new document, printing a documenting. • Ribbon start button o It is used to access commands i.e. creating new documents, saving existing work, printing, accessing the options for customizing Excel. • Ribbon tabs o The tabs are used to group similar commands together. The home tab is used for basic commands such as formatting the data to make it more presentable, sorting and finding specific data within the spreadsheet. • Ribbon bar o The bars are used to group similar commands together. As an example, the Alignment ribbon bar is used to group all the commands that are used to align data together. HMIS NOTES B.Boy Worksheet and Workbook • A worksheet is a collection of rows and columns. o When a row and a column meet, they form a cell. o Cells are used to record data. o Each cell is uniquely identified using a cell address. o Columns are usually labelled with letters while rows are usually numbers. • A workbook is a collection of worksheets. o A workbook has three cells in Excel. o Sheet can be added or deleted to suit the requirements. o The sheets are named Sheet1, Sheet2 and so on and so forth. o The sheet can be rename to more meaningful names i.e. Daily Expenses, Monthly Budget, etc. Ms Excel data formats • Number – Stores data as a number • Currency – Stores data in the form of currency • Date – Data is stored as dates • Percentage – Stores numbers as a percentage • Text Formats – Stores data as string of texts HMIS NOTES B.Boy The Procedures for Opening Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet Procedures for open Microsoft Excel • Click on start menu • Point to all programs • Point to Microsoft Excel • Click on Microsoft Excel Add, Subtract, Multiply, divided in Excel • Create a folder on computer in my documents folder and name it HIM Excel. • Open Excel. • Enter the data in the worksheet. • Perform the calculations using the respective arithmetic operators. • When performing calculations in Excel, start with the equal (=) sign. • Start with the one for addition. • Write the following formula in E2 Excel (Result column) = C2+D2 o "=" tells Excel to evaluate whatever follows after the equal sign o "C2" is the cell address of the first number given by C representing the column letter and 2 representing the row number o "D2" is the cell address of the second number given by D representing the column letter and 2 representing the row number HMIS NOTES B.Boy STEP 4: The Procedures for Formatting Microsoft Excel Data (30 minutes) Formatting data in Microsoft Excel table • Use data formatting arithmetic operations o Bold o Align serial numbers to the left, center or right Procedure for make column names bold • Highlight the cells that have the column names by dragging them. • Click on the bold button

Pharmaceutical Sciences Notes, PST Level 5 Semester 2, PST NTA Level 5, PST05209 Health Information Management

Organization of Health Related Data Using Computer – PST05209 Health Information Management

/

NTA Level 5 • Semester 2 • PST05209 Organization of Health Related Data Using Computer Health Information Management • Source Session/Topic 1 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 1: Organization of Health Related Data Using Computer Packages Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Explain concepts of electronic data storage and arrangement • Demonstrate electronic filing and application of security to electronic data • Explain the methods of summarizing data What is Data Storage • Data storage Data storage is the recording (storing) of information (data) in a storage medium. Numerate four (4) storage media i. Handwriting ii. Phonographic recording iii. Magnetic tape iv. Optical discs List four (4) electronic Data storage formats i. Music ii. Video iii. Document iv. Pictures HMIS NOTES B.Boy List five (5) storage devices i. CD ii. DVD iii. Internal Hard disk iv. External Hard disk v. Flash vi. FDD vii. Memory card Numerate Three (3) common type’s data storage i. Hard drive ii. USB flash drive iii. Memory card. Explanation of each type of Storage • Hard drive (HD) o The term "hard drive" is actually short for "hard disk drive." o The term "hard disk" refers to the actual disks inside the drive. o The hard drive is a non-volatile memory hardware device that permanently stores and retrieves data on a computer.  Non-volatile memory is a term used to describe any memory or storage that is saved regardless if the power to the computer is on or off.  The best example of non-volatile memory and storage is a computer hard drive, flash memory, and ROM. HMIS NOTES B.Boy o A hard drive is a secondary storage device that consists of one or more platters to which data is written using a magnetic head, all inside of an air-sealed casing. o A typical hard drive is only slightly larger than a human hand and can hold over 100 GB of data. • USB flash drive o A USB flash drive is a device used for data storage that includes a flash memory and an integrated Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface. o Most USB flash drives are removable and rewritable. o Physically, they are small, durable and reliable. o The larger their storage space, the faster they tend to operate. o USB flash drives are mechanically very robust because there are no moving parts. o They derive the power to operate from the device to which they are connected (typically a computer) via the USB port. o A USB flash drive may also be known as a flash drive or USB drive. • Memory card o A memory card is a type of storage device that is used for storing media and data files. o It provides a permanent and non-volatile medium to store data and files from the attached device. Define the Term Memory Card Memory cards are commonly used in small, portable devices, such as cameras and phones. List five (5) most popular forms of memory cards are: i. Secure Digital (SD) card ii. Compact Flash (CF) card iii. Smart Media iv. Memory Stick v. Multi Media Card (MMC) HMIS NOTES B.Boy In the healthcare system, data are store in the electronic systems, and these systems are called electronic health records (EHR) and electronic medical records (EMR) Define the following Terms • Electronic Health Records o An electronic health record (EHR) is a digital version of a patient’s paper chart. o It contains a patient’s medical history, diagnoses, medications, treatment plans, immunization dates, allergies, radiology images, and laboratory and test results in electronic format. o It is health information that is created and managed by authorized providers in a digital format capable of being shared with other providers across more than one health care organization. • Electronic Medical Records o Electronic medical records (EMRs) are a digital version of the paper charts in the clinician’s office. o EMR contain medical information used by clinicians mostly for diagnosis and treatment.. o An EMR contains the medical and treatment history of the patients in one practice. o Information in EMRs cannot easily be shared out of the medical practice. o The patient’s record can easily be printed out and shared with other members of the care team. HMIS NOTES B.Boy ELECTRONIC FILLING Filling A filing system is a plan or method of arranging documents in a prescribed order. The purpose of filing documents is to enable a quick retrieval of complete information Whenever it is required. Requirements of a good filing system o Simplicity-The filing method must be easy to understand and simple to operate. o Easy access-Documents should be easily identified and located to enable speedy pulling and filing. o Security-Documents should be safely kept and well preserved. o Tracer system-The whereabouts of documents removed from the storage must be known. Methods of Filing in Medical Records There are four common methods of filing patient records used in health facilities o Alphabetical o Chronological o Geographical o Numerical HMIS NOTES B.Boy Explanation of each method Alphabetical Filing System • Alphabetical filing is a very commonly used method for filing in general. • Examples of alphabetical filing system are, Abdallah, followed by Bakari, then Charles. Chronological Filing System Chronological filing means filing in time order. • It is used in combination with another method. • Letters for example are usually filed alphabetically according to name or subject and within each group in date order. Example of chronological filing system is, those patients who are expected to be admitted on 14th February 2010, Abdallah/14, Bakari/14, Charles/14. The 14 is a filing position in filing waiting list. • The waiting list is having filing position from 1 up to 31 according to dates. Geographical Filing System Geographical filing is based on geographical units like countries, regions, and town. • Very often it is

Pharmaceutical Sciences Notes, PST Level 5 Semester 2, PST NTA Level 5, PST05208 Pharmaceutics Theory and Compounding

Preservation of Pharmaceutical Product ………………………………………………………… 157 – PST05208 Pharmaceutics Theory and Compounding

/

NTA Level 5 • Semester 2 • PST05208 Preservation of Pharmaceutical Product ………………………………………………………… 157 Pharmaceutics Theory and Compounding • Source Session/Topic 23 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 23: Preservation of Pharmaceutical Product ………………………………………………………… 157 PST 05208 Pharmaceutics Theory & Compounding NTA Level 5 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide iii Background There is currently an ever-increasing demand for pharmaceutical personnel in Tanzania. This is due to expanding investment in public and private pharmaceutical sector. Shortage of trained pharmaceutical human resource contributes to poor quality of pharmaceutical services and low access to medicines in the country (GIZ, 2012). Through Public-Private-Partnership (PPP) the Pharmacy Council (PC) together with Development Partners (DPs) in Germany and Pharmaceutical Training Institutions (PTIs) worked together to address the shortage of human resource for pharmacy by designing a project named “Supporting Training Institutions for Improved Pharmaceutical Services in Tanzania” in order to improve quality and capacity of PTIs in training. CSSC prepared a Multi-actor Partnership (MAP) project proposal on how to sustain and strengthen health care in Tanzania through improvement of pharmaceutical training and an inter-institutional coordination of actors. This will harmonize and improve access to quality pharmaceutical service in Tanzania. The project has a various key stakeholders like; CSSC, NACTE, PC, TCU, CEDHA and Pharmaceutical Training Institutions (PTIs). Through this project, few PTIs will receive infrastructural improvements to increase the quantitative and qualitative capacities (CUHAS, RUCU and KSP). Furthermore this project will train Pharmaceutical tutors from different PTIs on teaching and assessment methods in Tanzania and thus improved health delivery through increased qualified human resource. It was also observed that in the previous stakeholder‟s meetings there was a need for the development of training manuals and assessment plans for NTA Level 5 & 6, in order to support the establishment and implementation of the curriculum in PTIs. During MAP kick- off workshop done in February 2018, Stakeholders agreed that there was a need for development of the said manuals and it was among the highest priority in Pharmacy education in Tanzania. Therefore this project aims at developing facilitator‟s guide and assessment plans for NTA Level 5 & 6. Pharmacy Council, CSSC and action medeor developed the Terms of Reference and selected a qualified service provider with experience in material development to develop the mentioned training manuals and assessment plan. Centre for Educational Development in Health Arusha (CEDHA) was selected and offered a contract to develop Facilitators guide for NTA level 5 & 6 and assessment plan. Centre for Educational Development in Health Arusha (CEDHA) was offered a leading role with the instructions to include experts who have developed teaching materials for NTA Level 4. These experts are primarily experienced pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical tutors. The mode of operation used by CEDHA to develop facilitators guide and assessment plan was participatory approach which included a number of activities through various workshops PST 05208 Pharmaceutics Theory & Compounding NTA Level 5 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide iv such as planning, and orientation of material development. After these preliminary workshops, experts developed materials individually and in-groups. Thereafter, developed draft materials were reviewed, edited and formatted and draft one was finalized and shared to stakeholders for inputs. Finally, CEDHA submitted the finalized Facilitator‟s guides and assessment plans for NTA level 5 and 6 to CSSC for endorsement, printing, dissemination and sharing with relevant authorities. There are 11 modules for NTA level 5 making 11 facilitator guides including one practicum guide. PST 05208 Pharmaceutics Theory & Compounding NTA Level 5 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide v PST 05208 Pharmaceutics Theory & Compounding NTA Level 5 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide vi Acknowledgment The development of standardized training materials of a competence-based curriculum for pharmaceutical sciences has been accomplished through involvement of different stakeholders. Special thanks go to the Pharmacy Council for spearheading the harmonization of training materials in the pharmacy after noticing that training institutions in Tanzania were using different curricula and train their students differently. I would also like to extend my gratitude to Christian Social Service Commission (CSSC) for their tireless efforts to mobilize funds from development partners (German Ministry of Industry and action medeor). It is through the implementation of the Multi-Actors Partnership (MAP) project, CSSC has been able to provide the financial and technical support needed during the development of this training material. Many thanks go to the Centre for Educational Development in Health Arusha (CEDHA) experts on health material development and training who coordinated the development of these module sessions particularly Ms. Diana H. Gamuya for her commitment in coordinating and facilitating the planning and development to its completion. Particular acknowledgements are sent to Mr. Dickson Mtalitinya and Members from the secretariat of National Council for Technical Education (NACTE) for facilitating and providing their expertise to the success of this work. It will be unfair if I will not recognize the efforts and contributions of all CEDHA supportive staff that made this process a success; accountant, secretary, drivers and printers Finally, I very much appreciate the contributions of the tutors and content experts representing PTIs, hospitals, and other health training institutions. Their participation in meetings and workshops, and their input in the development of this training manual/facilitators guide have been invaluable. These participants are listed with our gratitude below: Ms. Elizabeth Shekalaghe Registrar, Pharmacy Council of Tanzania Dr. Fadhili Lyimo Assistant Director Allied Health,MoHCDGEC Dr. Catherine Jincen Acting Principal, CEDHA Dr. Sungwa N. Kabissi Project Manager – MAP, CSSC Ms. Diana H. Gamuya CEDHA Ms. Grace Mallange PC Ms. Emily Mwakibolwa Pharmacy Council PST 05208 Pharmaceutics Theory & Compounding NTA Level 5 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide vii Ms. Tumaini H. Lyombe MUHAS Ms. Dilisi J. Makawia KSP Director of Human Resources Development Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children PST 05208 Pharmaceutics Theory & Compounding NTA Level 5 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide viii Introduction Module Overview This module content is a guide for tutors of Pharmaceutical schools

Pharmaceutical Sciences Notes, PST Level 5 Semester 2, PST NTA Level 5, PST05208 Pharmaceutics Theory and Compounding

Calculations Involving Buffer Solutions – PST05208 Pharmaceutics Theory and Compounding

/

NTA Level 5 • Semester 2 • PST05208 Calculations Involving Buffer Solutions Pharmaceutics Theory and Compounding • Source Session/Topic 22 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 22: Calculations Involving Buffer Solutions Total Session Time: 60minutes + 6 hours of Practices Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Give overview of calculations involving buffer solutions • Perform calculations involving buffer solution Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board, chalk and whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 45minutes Introduction to Calculations Involving Buffer 2 Presentation Solutions 60 minutes Presentation Performing Calculations Involving Buffer 3 Solutions Demonstration 4 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 5 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation 150 SESSION CONTENTS STEP1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: Buffer Solution (45 minutes) • When a minute trace of hydrochloric acid is added to pure water, a significant increase in hydrogen – ion concentration occurs immediately • In similar manner, when a minute trace of sodium chloride is added to pure water, it causes a correspondingly large increase in in the hydroxyl – ion concentration • These changes takes place because water alone cannot neutralize even traces of acid or base, that is, it has no ability to resist changes in hydrogen – ion concentration or pH. A solution of a neutral salt, such as sodium chloride, also lacks this ability. Therefore it is said to be unbuffered • The presence of certainly substances or combination of substances in aqueous solution imparts to the system the ability to maintain a desired pH at a relatively constant level, even with the addition of materials that may be expected to change the hydrogen – ion concentration. • These substances or combinations of substances are called buffers, their ability to resist changes in PH is referred to as buffer action; their efficiency is measured by the function known as buffer capacity; solutions of them are called buffer solutions • By definition, then, a buffer solution is a system, usually an aqueous solution, that possesses the property of resisting changes in PH with the addition of small amounts of a strong acid or base • Buffers are used to establish and maintain an ion activity within rather narrow limits • In pharmacy, the most common buffer systems are used in o The preparation of such dosage forms as injections and ophthalmic solutions, which are placed directly into pH sensitive body fluids; o The manufacture of formulations in which the pH must be maintained at a relatively constant level to ensure maximum product stability: and o Pharmaceutical tests and assays requiring adjustment to or maintenance of a specific pH for analytic purposes • A buffer solution is usually composed of a weak acid and a salt of the acid, such as acetic acid and sodium acetate, or weak base and a salt of the base, such as ammonium hydroxide and ammonium chloride • Typical buffer systems that may be used in pharmaceutical formulations include the following pairs; acetic acid and sodium acetate, boric acid and sodium borate, and disodium phosphate and sodium acid phosphate 151 • Formulas for standard buffer solutions for pharmaceutical analysis are given in the united States Pharmacopeia • In the selection of a buffer system, due consideration must be given to the dissociation constant of the weak acid or base to ensure maximum buffer capacity. This dissociation constant, in the case of an acid, is a measure of the strength of acid; the more readily the acid dissociates, the higher its dissociation constant and the stronger the acid • Selected dissociation constants, or ka value, the dissociation constant, or Ka value, of a weak acid is given by the equation: Ka = (H+) (A-) Where A- == salt (HA) HA == acid • Because the numerical values of most dissociation constants are small numbers and may vary over many powers of 10, it is more convenient to express them as negative logarithms pKa = – log Ka When equation Ka = (H+) (A-) is expressed in logarithmic form, it is written: (HA) pKa = – log (H+) – log salt acid + Since pH = – log (H ): then pKa = pH – log salt acid and pH = pKa + log salt acid 152 Buffer Equation: • The equation just derived is the Henderson –Hasselbalch equation for weak acids, commonly known as the buffer equation • Similarly, the dissociation constant, or Kb value, of a weak base is given by the equation: Kb = (B+) (OH -) in which B+ = salt (BOH) and BOH = Base And the buffer equation for weak bases, which is derived from this relationship, may be expressed as: pH = pKw – pKb + log base salt • The buffer equation is useful for calculating o The pH of a buffer system if its composition is known o The molar ratio of the components of a buffer system required to give a solution of a desired pH. The equation can also be used to calculate the change in pH of a buffered solution with the addition of a given amount of acid or base STEP 3: Performing Calculations Involving Buffer Solutions (60 Minutes) Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 30 minutes) DIVIDE students in small manageable groups ASK students to discuss in groups on the following questions • pKa Value of a Weak Acid with known Dissociation Constant • Calculate the pKa value of a weak acid, given its dissociation constant, Ka. REFER • Students to Pharmaceutical Calculation. 13th Edition by HOWARD C. ANSEL: Chapter 11, for

Pharmaceutical Sciences Notes, PST Level 5 Semester 2, PST NTA Level 5, PST05208 Pharmaceutics Theory and Compounding

Calculations Involving Rate of Flow of Intravenous – PST05208 Pharmaceutics Theory and Compounding

/

NTA Level 5 • Semester 2 • PST05208 Calculations Involving Rate of Flow of Intravenous Pharmaceutics Theory and Compounding • Source Session/Topic 21 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 21: Calculations Involving Rate of Flow of Intravenous Fluid Total Session Time: 120minutes + 6 hours of Practices Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Give overview of calculations involving rate flow of Intravenous Fluid • Perform calculations Involving rate of flow of Intravenous Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board, chalk and whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 45minutes Introduction to Calculations Involving Rate Flow 2 Presentation of Intravenous Fluid 60 minutes Presentation Performing Calculations Involving Rate of flow 3 of Intravenous Fluids Demonstration 4 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 5 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation 145 SESSION CONTENTS STEP1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: Rate of Flow of Intravenous Fluid (45 minutes) • On medication orders, the physician specifies the rate of flow of intravenous fluids in milliliters per minute, drops per minute, amount of drug(as milligrams per hour), or, more frequently, as the approximate duration time of administration of the total volume of the infusion. • Pharmacist may be called on to perform or check rate of flow calculations as those described in the following example problems in this session • Oftentimes, the following equation finds use in rate – of flow calculations Rate of flow (drops/minute) == Volume infusion (mL) x Drip set Drops/m Time (minutes) • In common usage are macro sets that deriver 10, 15, or 20 drops per milliliter and micro drip or mini drip sets that deriver 60 drops per milliliter STEP 3: Performing Calculations Involving Rate of Flow of Intravenous Fluid (60minutes) Activity: Small Group Discussion (30 minutes) DIVIDE students in small manageable groups ASK students to discuss in groups on the following questions • A medication order calls for 100mL of D5W to be administered over an 8-hour period. Using an IV administration set that drivers 10 drops/mL, how many drops per minute should be delivered to the patient? REFER Students to Pharmaceutical Calculation. 13th Edition by HOWARD C. ANSEL: Chapter 11, for reference ALLOW students to discuss for 20 minutes 146 ALLOW each groups to present for 5 minutes CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below Volume of fluid = 1000mL 8hours = 480minutes 1000(mL) = 2.08 per minute 480(minutes) 2.08mL/min x 10 (drops/mL) = 20.8 or 21 drops per minutes OR, Solving by the equation: Rate of flow (drop/min) = Volume infused (mL) x Drip set (drops/mL) Time (min) 1000mL x 10drops/mL ==20.8 or 21drops per minutes 480minutes STEP 4: Key Points (5 minutes) • On medication orders, the physician specifies the rate of flow of intravenous fluids in milliliters per minute, drops per minute, amount of drug(as milligrams per hour), or, more frequently, as the approximate duration time of administration of the total volume of the infusion. • Pharmacist may be called on to perform or check rate of flow calculations as those described in the following example problems in this session STEP 5: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What is formula used to calculate rate of flow of intravenous fluids? 147 STEP 6: Take Home Assignment (15 minutes) Activity: Take home Assignment (15 minutes) ASK each individual student to do the following assignment • Ten (10) milliliters of 10% calcium gluconate injection and 10 mL of multivitamin infusion are mixed with 500mL of a 5% dextrose injection. The infusion is to be administered over 5 hours. If the dropper in the venoclysis set calibrates 15drops/mL, at what rate, in drops per minutes, should the flow be adjusted to administer the infusion over the desired time interval? ALLOCATE time for students to do the assignment and submit REFER students to recommended references 148 References Ansel, H. C &Stocklosa, M. J. (2001). Pharmaceutical Calculations (11th ed.). Philadelphia, United States: LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS Ansel, H. C (2010) Pharmaceutical Calculations (13rd ed.). Philadelphia, United States: LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS Senya, S. S, Mwasha, C.Y, Muyinga, A. M, Amiri,R. I. and Mauga E.A.S.K. (2011) Tanzania Pharmaceutical Handbook (2nd ed.). Dar eS Salaam, Tanzania: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Zatz, J.L and Teixeira, M.G. (2005). Pharmaceutical Calculation (4th ed.). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc 149 ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Pharmaceutics Theory and Compounding topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

Pharmaceutical Sciences Notes, PST Level 5 Semester 2, PST NTA Level 5, PST05208 Pharmaceutics Theory and Compounding

Calculations Involving Intravenous Admixture – PST05208 Pharmaceutics Theory and Compounding

/

NTA Level 5 • Semester 2 • PST05208 Calculations Involving Intravenous Admixture Pharmaceutics Theory and Compounding • Source Session/Topic 20 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 20: Calculations Involving Intravenous Admixture Total Session Time: 120minutes + 6 hours of Practices Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Give overview of calculations involving intravenous admixture • Perform calculations Involving of intravenous admixture Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board, chalk and whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 45minutes Introduction to calculations involving intravenous 2 Presentation admixture 60 minutes Presentation Performing Calculations Involving Intravenous 3 Admixture Demonstration 4 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 5 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation 140 SESSION CONTENTS STEP1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: Introduction to Calculations Involving Intravenous Admixture (45 Minutes) • The preparation of intravenous admixtures involves the addition of one or more drugs to large volume sterile fluid such as sodium chloride injection, dextrose injection, lactated ringer‟s injection and others. • The additives are generally in the form of small volume sterile solutions packed in ampules, vials, small – volume minibags for use as piggybacks, or sterile solids, some requiring constitution with a sterile solvent before transfer • Although a wide variety of drugs and drug combinations are used in preparing dilute infusions for intravenous therapy, some of the more common additives include electrolytes, antibiotics, vitamins, trace minerals, heparin, and, in some instances, insulin • In any properly administered intravenous admixture programme, all basic fluids(large volume solutions), additives (already in solution or extemporaneous constituted), and calculations must be carefully checked against the medication • Patient care facilities often adopt standard concentrations of intravenous solutions of commonly used drugs to provide uniformity within the institution • Common examples are dopamine 400mg in 250mL of D5W, insulin 25 units in250mL of NS, and nitroglycerin 50mg in 250mL D5W. • In preparing these standard concentrations, the pharmacist withdraws the determined volume From an ampule or vial containing the concentrated drug solution and transfers it to the specified volume of D5W, NS, or other intravenous fluid. 141 STEP 3: Performing Calculations Involving Intravenous Admixture (60minutes) Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 30 minutes) DIVIDE students in small manageable groups ASK students to discuss in groups on the following questions • A medication order for a patient weighing 154lb. calls for 0.25mg of amphotericin B per kilogram of body weight to be added to 500mL of 5% dextrose injection. If amphotericin B is to be obtained from a constituted injection that contains 50mg/10mL, how many milliliters should be added to the dextrose injection? REFER Students to Pharmaceutical Calculation. 13th Edition by HOWARD C. ANSEL: Chapter 11, for reference ALLOW students to discuss for 20 minutes ALLOW each groups to present for 5 minutes CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below 1kg == 2.2 lb. 154(lb.) = 70 2.2(lb.) 0.25mg x 70 = 17.5mg Constituted solution contains 50 mg/ 10mL 50 (mg) == 10 (mL) x = 3.5mL 17.5(mg) x (mL) OR, solving by dimensional analysis: 154 lb. x1kg x 0.25mg x 10mL = 3.5mL 2.2lb 1kg 50mg 142 STEP 4: Key Points (5 minutes) • The preparation of intravenous admixtures involves the addition of one or more drugs to large volume sterile fluid such as sodium chloride injection, dextrose injection, lactated ringer‟s injection and others. • The additives are generally in the form of small volume sterile solutions packed in ampules, vials, small – volume minibags for use as piggybacks, or sterile solids, some requiring constitution with a sterile solvent before transfer STEP 5: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What are the procedures for preparation of intravenous admixtures? STEP 6: Take Home Assignment (15 minutes) Activity: Take home Assignment (15 minutes) ASK each individual student to do the following assignment • An intravenous infusion is to contain 15mEq of potassium ion and 20mEq of sodium ion in 500mL of 5%. Using potassium chloride injection containing 6g/30mL and 0.9% sodium chloride injection, how many milliliters of each should be used to supply the required ions? ALLOCATE time for students to do the assignment and submit REFER students to recommended references 143 References Ansel, H. C &Stocklosa, M. J. (2001). Pharmaceutical Calculations (11th ed.). Philadelphia, United States: LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS Ansel, H. C (2010) Pharmaceutical Calculations (13rd ed.). Philadelphia, United States: LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS Senya, S. S, Mwasha, C.Y, Muyinga, A. M, Amiri,R. I. and Mauga E.A.S.K. (2011) Tanzania Pharmaceutical Handbook (2nd ed.). Dar eS Salaam, Tanzania: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Zatz, J.L and Teixeira, M.G. (2005). Pharmaceutical Calculation (4th ed.). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc 144 ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Pharmaceutics Theory and Compounding topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

Pharmaceutical Sciences Notes, PST Level 5 Semester 2, PST NTA Level 5, PST05208 Pharmaceutics Theory and Compounding

Calculations Involving Constituted Solutions – PST05208 Pharmaceutics Theory and Compounding

/

NTA Level 5 • Semester 2 • PST05208 Calculations Involving Constituted Solutions Pharmaceutics Theory and Compounding • Source Session/Topic 19 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 19: Calculations Involving Constituted Solutions Total Session Time: 120minutes + 6 hours of Practices Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Give overview of calculations involving constituted solutions • Perform calculations involving constituted solutions Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board, chalk and whiteboard markers • LCD projector and computer SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks 45minutes Introduction to Calculations Involving Constituted 2 Presentation Solutions 60 minutes Presentation Performing Calculations Involving Constituted 3 Solutions Demonstration 4 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 5 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation 131 SESSION CONTENTS STEP1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: Introduction to Calculations Involving Constituted Solutions (45 Minutes) • Process of mixing and diluting solutions • Parts of Solutions Terms • Solute o Substance to be dissolved or diluted o Can be either solid or liquid • Solvent o Substance (liquid) that dissolves another substance to prepare solution o Often referred to as diluent • Solution o Resulting mixture of solute plus solvent Caution o Before reconstituting injectable drugs, read and follow label or package insert directions carefully o Check drug o Check diluent dates • When reconstituting injectable medications, must determine both type and amount of diluent to be used o Sterile water and 0.9 percent NaCl commonly used o Some drugs supplied with special diluent o Determine volume in mL of diluent to be used 132 o Check that route noted on drug label matches route ordered o Reconstitute drug and note resulting supply dosage on vial o Note if single-dose or multiple-dose vial Example Drug Label 133 STEP 3; Performing Calculations Involving Constituted Solutions (60 Minutes) Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 30 minutes) DIVIDE students in small manageable groups ASK students to discuss in groups on the following questions • Reconstituting Parenteral Solutions: Single Strength o Order: Zithromax 400 mg IV daily for 2 days o Available: Zithromax 500 mg vial for IV infusion o Drug is in powder form with directions on label that state, “Constitute to 100 mg/mL with 4.8 mL of Sterile Water for Injection REFER Students to Pharmaceutical Calculation. 13th Edition by HOWARD C. ANSEL: Chapter 11, for reference ALLOW students to discuss for 20 minutes ALLOW each groups to present for 5 minutes CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below Procedure: 1. How much and what type of diluent is needed? • 4.8 mL of sterile water 2. What is the dosage concentration after reconstitution? • 100 mg per mL 3. What is the total volume after reconstitution? • 5 mL 4. Given the ordered dose, how many doses are available in the vial? • One To reconstitute Zithromax: • Choose 5 mL syringe • Withdraw 4.8 mL of sterile water • Add 4.8 mL of sterile water to Zithromax powder and shake well Determine amount needed for dose ordered 1. Convert • No conversion needed 2. Think • Need 400 mg 134 Have 100 mg per mL • Need four times that amount 3. Calculate Dosage on hand = Amount on hand Dosage desired X Amount desired 100 mg = 400 mg 1 mL X 100 X = 400 100 X= 400 X = 4 mL 100 100 Withdraw 4 mL of reconstituted Zithromax using 5 mL syringe • Further dilute and give IV • Since single-dose vial, discard any remaining drug Reconstituting Parenteral Solutions: Multiple Strength • Some parenteral powdered medications have directions for preparing several different solution strengths • Penicillin G potassium 1,000,000 units vial Reconstitution instructions note four different solution concentrations as determined by amount of diluent added Units per mL mL Diluent 20 mL 50,000 10 mL 100,000 4 mL 250,000 1.8 mL 500,000 • Order: Penicillin G potassium 300,000 units IM every 6 h for adult patient o Available: Penicillin G potassium 1,000,000 unit vial o Given the reconstitution concentrations on the previous slide, which should you use when preparing to administer the ordered dose? • Consider: o Dose ordered o Patient receiving dose o Consider: o Volume and concentration that results with each noted diluent volume o Smaller the amount of diluent added, stronger the resulting solution concentration 135 o Consider maximum recommended volumes for injection by patient and parenteral route • Considering previously mentioned factors, adding 4 mL of diluent results in reasonable volume and medication concentration o Results in concentration of 250,000 units per mL o How many mL are needed to deliver ordered dose of 300,000 units? 1. Convert o No conversion necessary 2. Think o 250,000 units in 1 mL need 300,000 units o Slightly more than what is available in 1 mL 250,000 units = 300,000unit 1mL x mL 250, 000x = 300,000 250,000 = 300,000 x = 1.2 mL 250,000 250,000 o Rule o When reconstituting multiple-dose injectable medications: o Label reconstituted drug noting resulting supply dosage o In previous example, 250,000 units per mL o Verify length of drug potency and storage directions o Label on penicillin G potassium notes that solution “may be kept in refrigerator for one (1) week” o Complete label of reconstituted multiple-dose vial, noting:  Date and time of preparation  Supply dosage  Length of potency o Expiration date o Complete label of reconstituted multiple-dose vial, noting:  Storage directions  Own initials o Different IM and IV Reconstitution Instructions  Reconstitution instructions can differ in amount and/or type of diluent based on administration route  Must carefully check route ordered and related reconstitution directions

banner
Scroll to Top
Adsterra publisher referral